Biographical methods involve research techniques that focus on collecting and analysing data related to individual lives or life experiences. These methods often include oral histories, where individuals recount their life stories in interviews; life stories, which are narrative accounts of a person's life, either told by themselves or others; autobiographies, which are self-written accounts of one's own life; and biographies, which are accounts of someone's life written by another person. Biographical methods aim to understand social phenomena from the perspective of individuals and to explore the meanings they attach to their experiences. They are particularly useful for studying life course transitions, personal narratives, and the impact of social and historical contexts on individual lives.