In the early study of global migration, push and pull factors were identified as the internal and external forces believed to significantly influence patterns of migration. 'Push factors' refer to the dynamics and conditions within the country of origin that compel people to leave, such as high rates of unemployment, economic hardship, war or conflict, famine or natural disasters, political persecution, or lack of opportunities. 'Pull factors' describe the features and characteristics of destination countries that attract migrants, such as a buoyant labor market with available jobs, higher wages, lower population density, a higher standard of living, better educational or healthcare opportunities, political stability, or the presence of established communities of migrants from the same origin country. While this model provides a basic framework for understanding migration decisions, contemporary migration studies recognise that the process is often more complex and influenced by a wider range of interconnected factors, including social networks, government policies, and individual agency.