Stigma refers to a negative label, mark of disgrace, or social disapproval that is used to devalue members of deviant social groups or individuals who possess certain characteristics or attributes that are seen as undesirable or different from the prevailing social norms. A stigma can be attached to various conditions, behaviours, or identities, such as mental illness, criminal history, physical disabilities, certain lifestyles, or membership in particular social groups. The process of stigmatisation can lead to social exclusion, discrimination, prejudice, and a loss of social status for the stigmatised individuals or groups, often impacting their self-esteem, social interactions, and opportunities in life. Labeling theory in sociology highlights the role of stigma in the social construction of deviance and its consequences for those who are labeled.