/*
    Title:       SO_upload_02_class_annotations.sql
    Description: Generating OWL class annotation in SQL format
    Written by:  Java class OWL_CreaOWLclassAnnotation
    Date:        2025-10-14 13:41:55.747
 */

USE   DBFOsociology ;

SET   TRANSACTION READ WRITE ;
START TRANSACTION ;

INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Absolute_Poverty' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Absolute poverty, also known as subsistence poverty, defines a condition where individuals or families lack the minimal resources to meet their basic needs for survival, including food, shelter, warmth, and safety. This standard is based on a minimum level of subsistence below which families should not be expected to exist. It signifies a severe deprivation of essential necessities required for human well-being. The measurement of absolute poverty often involves a fixed income threshold that remains constant over time, although the specific level can vary between countries based on their economic conditions. The World Bank defines extreme poverty as living on less than US $1.25 or $1.90 a day. While useful for tracking income changes over time, this measure may not fully capture the realities of living in poverty, such as the inability to buy in bulk or social and cultural needs.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Achieved_Status' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Achieved status refers to a social position that a person attains largely through their own efforts, skills, abilities, and choices. It is earned or chosen based on merit and reflects personal accomplishments. Examples include becoming an Olympic medalist, a college graduate, a technical professional, or even a criminal. This is in contrast to ascribed status, which is assigned at birth or is beyond an individual\'s control, such as race or sex. Achieved status comes with associated rights, obligations, behaviours, and duties expected of those in that position, known as roles. While ideally based on merit, the ability to achieve certain statuses can be influenced by ascribed statuses and cultural capital. Achieved status plays a significant role in open societies where social mobility, the ability to move up or down the social hierarchy, is possible.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Adoption' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Adoption is a legal process that allows for the permanent transfer of the legal rights, responsibilities, and privileges of parenthood to a new legal parent or parents from the biological or legal parents. Unlike guardianship, adoption is intended to create a permanent change in status, requiring societal recognition through legal or religious sanction. Historically, adoption practices often emphasised the adopter\'s political and economic interests, such as ensuring male heirs. However, modern adoption laws prioritise the child\'s welfare and development. Different types of adoption include foster care adoption, international adoption, and embryo adoption. Adoption is a complex process with emotional implications for adoptees, adoptive parents, and birth parents, often involving questions of identity and belonging. The evolution of adoption reflects changing societal values towards prioritizing the best interests of the child.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Affirmative_Action' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Affirmative action refers to actions favouring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, representing positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities. It aims to increase the representation of groups historically excluded from areas like employment and education. Unlike equal opportunity, which is passive, affirmative action is proactive, involving measures to avert discrimination. Policies may include preferential selection and monitoring workforce composition. Originating in the 1960s, affirmative action seeks to remedy past and present discrimination and promote diversity. However, it has faced debate, with opponents arguing it constitutes reverse discrimination, while proponents emphasise its necessity for addressing ongoing inequalities and fostering inclusion. The legal landscape surrounding affirmative action is complex and has evolved over time.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Ageing' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Ageing, or aging, is the combination of biological, psychological, and social processes that affect people as they grow older. Biologically, it involves physical maturation and changes in the body over time. Psychologically, it can involve shifts in cognitive function and emotional development. Sociologically, ageing entails changes in social roles, relationships, and societal expectations at different life stages. The experience of ageing is also shaped by cultural factors, with different societies having varying views on what it means to be a certain age. The human life course is often divided into stages like infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age, though these are somewhat arbitrary. Social gerontology is a field that specifically studies the social aspects of ageing.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Ageism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Ageism is discrimination or prejudice against a person on the grounds of age. While older people are the most common targets, younger individuals can also experience it. Ageism can manifest as institutional ageism through discriminatory policies, interpersonal ageism in social interactions, and internalised ageism where individuals adopt ageist beliefs about themselves. It is often rooted in negative stereotypes, such as the belief that older people are frail or incapable. Ageism is considered by some to be the last socially acceptable prejudice. It can negatively impact mental and physical health and may even be associated with earlier death. Efforts to combat ageism include policy changes, education, and intergenerational programs.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Agencies_Of_Socialisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Agencies of socialisation are groups or social contexts within which processes of socialisation take place. Socialisation is the lifelong process through which individuals learn the norms, values, beliefs, and behaviours of their society.[25, 26] The family is typically considered the primary agent of socialisation, having the most influence during early childhood, teaching basic social norms, values, language, and behaviour. Secondary agents of socialisation become more influential as individuals mature and include peer groups, schools, the media, religion, government, and the workplace. These agents contribute to learning societal expectations, academic knowledge, social skills, and professional roles. The community and neighborhood also play a role by providing opportunities for social interaction and learning local norms.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Aging_Study' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Aging Studies is an interdisciplinary field dedicated to the comprehensive examination of the multifaceted process of human aging. This academic domain draws insights from sociology, psychology, biology, public health, economics, and policy studies to understand the physiological, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur throughout the life course, particularly in later life. It focuses on the experiences of older adults, the social roles they occupy, the challenges they face (such as ageism, health issues, and retirement), and the societal responses to an increasingly aging population. Researchers in Aging Studies investigate topics like social support networks, elder care systems, generational differences, healthy aging initiatives, and the impact of demographic shifts on social institutions. The field also addresses the social construction of old age and the cultural perceptions of longevity, aiming to promote well-being and equitable policies for all age groups within society. It is crucial for informing public policy and promoting a nuanced understanding of later life.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Agrarian_Society' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'An agrarian society is the most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society, where members are primarily engaged in the production of food but increase their crop yield through innovations such as the plow. It is any community whose economy is fundamentally based on the production and maintenance of crops and farmland, with agriculture serving as the primary source of wealth. Agrarian societies emerged after hunter-gatherer and horticultural societies, marking a transition to settled agricultural communities around 10,000 years ago. Key characteristics include a predominantly rural population, social hierarchies often based on land ownership, the use of agricultural technologies, and cultural practices tied to agricultural cycles. The surplus of food enabled population growth and the development of more complex social structures, including specialised occupations and trade.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Alienation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Alienation is the condition of being estranged or disassociated from the surrounding society. It involves a feeling of separation from one\'s milieu, work, the products of work, or self. The sense that our own abilities, as human beings, are taken over by other entities is also a key aspect. Sociologists like Marx described alienation in capitalist labor, where workers feel disconnected from their labor and its products. Durkheim focused on anomie, a state of normlessness leading to social alienation. Common variations of alienation include powerlessness, meaninglessness, normlessness, cultural estrangement, social isolation, and self-estrangement. Alienation is a recurring theme in sociological analysis of modern life and is often depicted in literature and popular culture as psychological isolation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Alternative_And_Nontraditional_Family_Form' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Alternative_And_Nontraditional_Family_Form encompasses family structures that diverge from conventional nuclear or extended family models, representing the diversity and adaptability of family organisation in contemporary society. These aggregates reflect changing social norms, economic pressures, and cultural values that have expanded definitions of what constitutes a family beyond traditional biological and legal ties. They demonstrate how individuals create meaningful kinship networks and family-like relationships based on emotional bonds, mutual support, and shared commitment rather than solely on biological connection or legal recognition. These family forms often emerge in response to social marginalisation, economic necessity, or personal choice, highlighting the resilience and creativity of human social organisation in meeting fundamental needs for belonging, support, and care.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Alternative_Cultural_Formations_And_Behaviour' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Alternative_Cultural_Formations_And_Behaviour represents social phenomena that emerge as variations, challenges, or alternatives to dominant cultural patterns and mainstream social arrangements. This class encompasses subcultures that deliberately oppose mainstream values (Counterculture, Deviant_Subculture), alternative relationship arrangements that exist outside traditional marriage (Cohabitation), and dynamic cultural expressions that reflect temporary collective preferences (Fashion). It also includes informal behavioural norms that guide everyday social interaction (Folkway) and theoretical concepts that explain unintended social consequences (Latent_Function). These phenomena demonstrate the diversity and adaptability of human social organisation, showing how societies accommodate difference, manage deviance, and generate new forms of cultural expression. This grouping highlights the dynamic tension between conformity and innovation that characterises all social systems.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Amalgamation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Amalgamation is the process by which a majority group and a minority group combine through intermarriage to form a new group. This process, also known as miscegenation, involves biological and cultural merging, often leading to a new, unified group identity. The concept of a "melting pot" is often used to describe amalgamation, where different cultures blend to create an entirely new culture, unlike assimilation where one group adopts the dominant culture, or pluralism where groups coexist while retaining their distinct identities. Cultural amalgamation involves a mutual appreciation and integration of social norms, traditions, and both material and nonmaterial aspects of each contributing culture. Historically, laws against miscegenation existed, highlighting societal resistance to this process.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Animism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Animism is the belief that events in the world are mobilised by the activities of spirits, suggesting that inanimate objects, natural phenomena, and even abstract concepts possess a soul or spiritual essence. This belief system often involves the idea that spirits inhabit the natural world and influence human affairs. In animistic worldviews, spirits are not necessarily seen as supernatural beings separate from the material world but rather as integral parts of it. These spirits can be benevolent, malevolent, or neutral, and they may require appeasement or interaction through rituals and offerings. Animism is a broad category encompassing diverse beliefs and practices found in many indigenous cultures around the world. It often forms the basis of traditional religions and can influence various aspects of life, including social customs, moral codes, and explanations of natural events. The concept of animism was notably explored by early anthropologists like Sir Edward Tylor, who considered it to be the earliest form of religious belief.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Anomie' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Anomie is a sociological concept, primarily associated with Emile Durkheim, that describes a state of normlessness or social disorganisation within a society or a social group. It occurs when there is a breakdown or absence of clear moral guidelines, social norms, and shared values, leading to a sense of confusion, disorientation, and lack of social regulation among individuals. Durkheim argued that rapid social change, such as industrialisation or economic crises, can disrupt traditional social bonds and norms, thereby contributing to anomie. When individuals experience anomie, they may feel disconnected from society, lack a sense of purpose, and be unsure of what behaviours are expected or appropriate. This state can lead to various negative consequences, including increased rates of deviance, crime, despair, and suicide, as individuals struggle to find meaning and direction in a deregulated social environment. Robert Merton later expanded on the concept, applying it to the strain individuals feel when culturally prescribed goals are not attainable through legitimate means.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Anomie_Theory_Of_Deviance' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The anomie theory of deviance, developed by Robert Merton, explains deviance as an adaptation either of socially prescribed goals or of the norms governing their attainment, or both. This theory posits that societal norms and values can create strain or anomie when individuals are unable to achieve culturally valued goals through legitimate means. Merton identified five modes of adaptation to this strain: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion. Conformity involves accepting both the goals and the means to achieve them. Innovation involves accepting the goals but rejecting the legitimate means, often resorting to deviant behaviour to achieve success. Ritualism occurs when individuals abandon the pursuit of societal goals but rigidly adhere to the established norms. Retreatism involves rejecting both the goals and the means, often leading to social withdrawal. Rebellion involves rejecting the existing goals and means and attempting to replace them with new ones. Merton\'s theory highlights how social structures can unintentionally lead to deviance by creating a disconnect between cultural goals and the available means to achieve them.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Anti-Semitism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Antisemitism or Jew-hatred is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who harbours it is called an antisemite. Whether antisemitism is considered a form of racism depends on the school of thought. Antisemitic tendencies may be motivated primarily by negative sentiment towards Jews as a people or negative sentiment towards Jews with regard to Judaism. In the former case, usually known as racial antisemitism, a person\'s hostility is driven by the belief that Jews constitute a distinct race with inherent traits or characteristics that are repulsive or inferior to the preferred traits or characteristics within that person\'s society. In the latter case, known as religious antisemitism, a person\'s hostility is driven by their religion\'s perception of Jews and Judaism, typically encompassing doctrines of supersession that expect or demand Jews to turn away from Judaism and submit to the religion presenting itself as Judaism\'s successor faith—this is a common theme within the other Abrahamic religions.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Anticipatory_Socialisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Anticipatory socialisation refers to the processes of socialisation in which a person "rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships. This involves learning the norms, values, and behaviours associated with a status or role that the individual expects to occupy in the future. By engaging in anticipatory socialisation, individuals can prepare themselves for the challenges and expectations of new roles, making the transition smoother when they eventually occupy those positions. Examples include teenagers who start dressing or behaving in ways they associate with adulthood, or students who take on internships to learn about a future profession. This process can help individuals develop the necessary skills and understanding to navigate new social environments and fulfill the requirements of future roles effectively. It plays a crucial role in facilitating social mobility and adaptation to changing life circumstances.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Apartheid' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Apartheid was the former policy of the South African government designed to maintain the separation of Blacks and other non-Whites from the dominant Whites. This system of racial segregation and discrimination was implemented through legislation that classified people into racial groups and enforced their separation in all aspects of life, including housing, education, employment, healthcare, and political participation. The apartheid regime systematically privileged the White minority and subjected the Black majority to severe oppression and denial of basic human rights. This policy was in effect from 1948 to 1994 and drew widespread international condemnation, leading to various sanctions and boycotts against South Africa. The dismantling of apartheid began in the early 1990s with the release of Nelson Mandela and the subsequent reforms that led to multiracial elections and the establishment of a democratic government in South Africa. The legacy of apartheid continues to impact South African society, with ongoing efforts to address the deep-seated inequalities and social divisions created by this discriminatory system.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Applied_And_Institutional_Study' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Applied_And_Institutional_Study encompasses sociological domains that examine major social institutions and organised collective activities that structure contemporary social life. These fields analyse how formal and informal institutions shape social behaviour, distribute resources and power, and respond to social challenges and changes. The domain emphasises the intersection between institutional structures and social action, examining how organisations, movements, and institutional arrangements both constrain and enable human agency. These studies contribute to understanding how societies organise themselves around fundamental challenges such as governance, health, communication, environmental sustainability, and social change. They bridge academic sociology with practical applications, often informing policy development and institutional reform. The domain recognises that modern societies are characterised by complex institutional arrangements that require specialised analytical attention. These fields collectively examine how institutions mediate between individual experience and broader social structures, analysing the dynamics of institutional change, the relationship between formal and informal institutional arrangements, and the ways institutions both reproduce and transform social relationships and power structures in contemporary societies.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Applied_Social_Research' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Applied social research is research which aims not just to understand a social problem, but also to make a contribution to solving it. Unlike basic research, which focuses on expanding fundamental knowledge, applied research is directed towards addressing specific real-world issues and informing practical solutions. Much criminological research, for example, is applied research, aiming to reduce levels of crime through the study of its causes and effective interventions. Applied social research is a feature of all social science disciplines and often demands the involvement of multi-disciplinary teams to tackle complex social problems effectively. This type of research can involve evaluating the effectiveness of social programs, developing new interventions, or informing policy decisions to improve social outcomes. The findings from applied research are intended to have practical implications and contribute to positive social change.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Argot' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Argot refers to the specialised language used by members of a group or subculture. This jargon or slang serves to distinguish members of the group from outsiders and can reinforce group identity and cohesion. Argot often includes unique vocabulary, expressions, and meanings that are understood by those within the group but may be incomprehensible to others. It can develop in various social contexts, such as among occupational groups, criminal subcultures, hobbyist communities, or even within specific age groups. The use of argot can facilitate communication among group members, create a sense of exclusivity, and signal belonging. It can also evolve over time as the group\'s activities, interests, and social dynamics change. Studying argot can provide insights into the values, norms, and social structure of a particular group or subculture.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Ascribed_Status' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Ascribed status is a social position "assigned" to a person by society without regard for the person\'s unique talents or characteristics. It is a status that is beyond an individual\'s control, often based on factors such as race, ethnicity, sex, age, family background, or birth order. Unlike achieved status, which is earned through personal effort, ascribed status is something an individual is born with or involuntarily acquires. While ascribed statuses may not directly reflect an individual\'s abilities or efforts, they can significantly influence their opportunities and social interactions within a society. For example, in many societies, gender and race are ascribed statuses that can lead to differential treatment and expectations. The relative importance of ascribed versus achieved status varies across societies and over time, with modern societies often emphasizing achieved status as a basis for social standing, although ascribed statuses continue to play a significant role in social stratification.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Authority' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Authority is power that has been institutionalised and is recognised by the people over whom it is exercised. It is a form of legitimate power, meaning that those subject to it accept its rightfulness. Sociologist Max Weber identified three main types of authority: traditional authority, charismatic authority, and rational-legal authority. Traditional authority is based on long-established customs and traditions, often associated with hereditary leadership. Charismatic authority stems from the exceptional personal qualities or appeal of a leader, inspiring devotion and obedience. Rational-legal authority is based on formal rules, laws, and procedures, typically associated with bureaucratic systems and elected officials. The recognition and acceptance of authority are crucial for maintaining social order and stability within a society. When power is perceived as legitimate authority, it is more likely to be obeyed and less likely to be challenged.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Authority_And_Power_Disposition' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Authority_And_Power_Disposition encompasses the fundamental capacities and tendencies through which social actors exercise influence, control, and legitimate dominance within social systems. This class includes the general disposition for exercising will over others (Power), the institutionalised and recognised forms of legitimate power (Authority), and the specific manifestations of legitimate authority based on different sources of legitimacy: traditional customs and hereditary status (Traditional_Authority), exceptional personal appeal and extraordinary qualities (Charismatic_Authority), and formal rules and bureaucratic procedures (Legal-rational_Authority). These dispositions represent the core mechanisms through which social order is maintained, decisions are made, and social hierarchies are established and sustained. The variation within this class reflects different cultural and institutional approaches to organizing legitimate power relations, from personal charisma to bureaucratic rationality to customary tradition.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Back_Region' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'In the context of Erving Goffman\'s dramaturgical theory, the back region is an area away from \'front region\' performances. It is where individuals can relax their public image, step out of their roles, and behave more spontaneously. The back region is characterised by informality, where performers can prepare for their front stage performances, discuss them with fellow performers, and contradict the impression they present to the audience. This space allows for behaviours that might be considered inappropriate or inconsistent with the front stage persona. The contrast between the front and back regions highlights the conscious effort individuals make to manage impressions in social interactions.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Bilateral_Descent' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Bilateral descent is a kinship system in which both sides of a person\'s family are regarded as equally important in determining familial relationships and inheritance. This means that an individual traces their ancestry and kinship ties through both their mother\'s and father\'s sides of the family. In societies with bilateral descent, there is no strong emphasis on either the paternal or maternal line; both are considered equally significant. This system is common in many modern Western societies. It contrasts with unilineal descent systems, such as patrilineal descent (where kinship is traced through the father\'s line) and matrilineal descent (where kinship is traced through the mother\'s line), where one side of the family is considered more important than the other. Bilateral descent often leads to a wider network of recognised relatives compared to unilineal systems.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Bilingualism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Bilingualism refers to the use of two or more languages in particular settings, such as workplaces or educational facilities, treating each language as equally legitimate. It can also refer to an individual\'s ability to speak and understand two or more languages fluently. In a broader sense, multilingualism encompasses the use of more than two languages. Bilingualism can have significant social, cultural, and cognitive benefits, fostering communication and understanding between different linguistic groups. In societies with diverse populations, bilingualism in institutions can promote inclusivity and equal access to services and opportunities. The recognition of multiple languages as equally legitimate acknowledges the value and importance of linguistic diversity.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Biographical_Method' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Biographical methods involve research techniques that focus on collecting and analysing data related to individual lives or life experiences. These methods often include oral histories, where individuals recount their life stories in interviews; life stories, which are narrative accounts of a person\'s life, either told by themselves or others; autobiographies, which are self-written accounts of one\'s own life; and biographies, which are accounts of someone\'s life written by another person. Biographical methods aim to understand social phenomena from the perspective of individuals and to explore the meanings they attach to their experiences. They are particularly useful for studying life course transitions, personal narratives, and the impact of social and historical contexts on individual lives.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Biographical_Research' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Biographical research is a qualitative research approach that takes individual lives or life histories as its main focus of interest. It seeks to understand the social world through the detailed examination of personal experiences and the stories people tell about their lives. This type of research often involves in-depth interviews, analysis of personal documents (such as letters or diaries), and sometimes ethnographic observations to gain a rich and holistic understanding of the individual\'s life within their social context. Biographical research can provide valuable insights into social processes, cultural norms, and the ways individuals shape and are shaped by their social environments. It is used in various social science disciplines, including sociology, psychology, and anthropology, to explore topics such as identity formation, social change, and the impact of historical events on personal lives.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Birthrate' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Birthrate, also known as the crude birthrate, is the number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year. It is a basic measure of fertility in a population. The birthrate is influenced by various social, economic, and cultural factors, including the age and sex structure of the population, the average age at which people have children, the availability of contraception, cultural norms around family size, and economic conditions. A high birthrate can contribute to population growth, while a low birthrate may lead to population decline if not offset by immigration. Birthrates vary significantly across different countries and regions, reflecting diverse social and developmental contexts.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Bisexual' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Bisexual describes an orientation of sexual activities or feelings towards other people of either sex (both men and women). It is one of the main categories of sexual orientation, alongside heterosexual (attraction to the opposite sex) and homosexual (attraction to the same sex). Bisexuality is characterised by attraction to more than one gender, although the degree and nature of attraction can vary among individuals who identify as bisexual. It is important to recognise bisexuality as a distinct and valid sexual orientation, not merely a transitional phase or an equal attraction to both sexes. The understanding and acceptance of bisexuality have evolved over time, and it continues to be a topic of discussion and increasing visibility in contemporary society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Black_Power' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Black power is a political philosophy promoted by many younger Blacks in the 1960s that supported the creation of Black-controlled political and economic institutions. This movement emerged during the Civil Rights era, advocating for self-determination, racial pride, and the development of Black political and economic power to achieve equality and liberation. It represented a shift from earlier strategies of nonviolent integration to a more assertive stance emphasizing Black autonomy and the need to address systemic racism and oppression. The Black Power movement encompassed a range of ideologies and goals, including Black nationalism, Black separatism, and Black self-reliance. It led to the formation of various organisations and initiatives aimed at empowering Black communities and challenging racial inequality in the United States. The legacy of the Black Power movement continues to influence discussions about race, identity, and social justice today.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Bourgeoisie' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Bourgeoisie, in the theory of Karl Marx, refers to the capitalist class, comprising the owners of the means of production, such as factories, land, and capital. In capitalist society, the bourgeoisie stands in opposition to the proletariat, or working class, who do not own the means of production and must sell their labor power to the bourgeoisie in order to survive.[1, 2] According to Marx, the bourgeoisie\'s primary goal is the accumulation of capital and profit, which they achieve through the exploitation of the proletariat. This class structure and the inherent conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat are central to Marx\'s critique of capitalism.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Bureaucracy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Bureaucracy is an organisation of a hierarchical sort, which takes the form of a pyramid of authority, with clear lines of command and responsibility. The term \'bureaucracy\' was popularised by Max Weber, who considered it the most efficient type of large-scale human organisation in modern society. According to Weber, bureaucracy is characterised by a division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, formal rules and regulations, impersonality, and a focus on technical competence. As organisations grow in size and complexity, Weber argued, they inevitably tend to become more and more bureaucratised to manage their operations effectively.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Bureaucratisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Bureaucratisation is the process by which a group, organisation, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic in its structure and operation. This involves the adoption of the characteristics of a bureaucracy, such as hierarchical organisation, formal rules and procedures, specialisation of tasks, and impersonal relationships. Bureaucratisation often occurs as organisations grow and seek greater efficiency and standardisation in their activities. While it can lead to increased efficiency, it can also result in rigidity, red tape, and a decrease in flexibility and personal initiative.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Capital_Punishment' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Capital punishment is the state-sanctioned execution of a person who has been convicted of a crime that is punishable by death. Commonly known as the \'death penalty\', it is a highly debated topic with strong ethical, moral, and legal arguments both for and against its use. Proponents often argue for its effectiveness as a deterrent to crime and as a just retribution for heinous offenses, while opponents raise concerns about its irreversibility, potential for error, and moral implications, often citing issues of human rights and cruel and unusual punishment. The application of capital punishment varies significantly across countries and jurisdictions, with differing views on which crimes warrant such a severe penalty.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Capitalism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Capitalism is a system of economic enterprise based on market exchange, private ownership of the means of production, and the pursuit of profit. \'Capital\' refers to any asset, including money, property, and machines, which can be used to produce commodities for sale or invested in a market with the hope of achieving a profit. Key features of capitalism include free markets, competition, wage labor, and the accumulation of capital. While it can drive innovation and economic growth, capitalism has also been criticised for its potential to create social inequalities and economic instability. Karl Marx argued that capitalism leads to alienation of workers from their labor and the products they produce.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Capitalist' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Capitalist are those who own companies, land, or stocks and shares, using these assets to generate economic returns or profits through investment and production. In a capitalist system, capitalists control the means of production and employ workers to produce goods and services, aiming to maximise their profits. They play a central role in the economy by investing capital and taking risks in the pursuit of economic growth. The relationship between capitalists and workers is often characterised by an imbalance of power, as capitalists own the resources necessary for production and workers depend on them for employment and wages.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Causal_Logic' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Causal logic refers to the relationship between a condition or variable and a particular consequence, with one event or factor leading to the other in a predictable way. It involves understanding the mechanisms through which a cause produces its effect. Establishing causal logic in social research requires demonstrating correlation, temporal order (the cause precedes the effect), and the absence of spurious relationships (where a third variable might be responsible for the observed association). Identifying causal relationships is a key goal of sociological analysis, as it allows for explanations of social phenomena and the development of effective interventions to address social problems.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Causation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Causation refers to the causal influence of one factor on another, where a change in one variable directly produces a change in another. Causal factors in sociology include the reasons individuals give for what they do, as well as external influences on their behaviour, such as social structures, cultural norms, and economic conditions. Establishing causation in sociological research is often challenging due to the complexity of social phenomena and the difficulty of isolating specific causes. Researchers use various methods, including experiments, surveys, and statistical analysis, to try to identify and understand causal relationships between social variables. Understanding causation is crucial for developing sociological theories and for informing social policies aimed at creating positive social change.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Census' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A census is an enumeration, or counting, of a population, typically conducted by a government at regular intervals. It aims to gather comprehensive demographic, social, and economic data about all individuals residing within a country or region at a specific point in time. The information collected in a census can include age, sex, race, ethnicity, education level, occupation, income, and household characteristics. This data is crucial for various purposes, such as allocating government resources, determining political representation, and informing policy decisions. The methodology of a census can vary, but it often involves distributing questionnaires to households or conducting door-to-door surveys. Ensuring accuracy and completeness in a census can be challenging due to factors like population mobility and reluctance to participate. Modern censuses often utilise technology to improve data collection and processing.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Charismatic_Authority' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Charismatic authority, as defined by Max Weber, is a type of power made legitimate by a leader\'s exceptional personal or emotional appeal to their followers. This authority rests on the extraordinary qualities or perceived heroism of an individual, which inspire devotion, trust, and obedience in their followers. Unlike traditional authority, which is based on established customs, or rational-legal authority, which is based on rules and laws, charismatic authority is highly personal and often emerges during times of social upheaval or crisis. Leaders with charismatic authority may possess exceptional speaking abilities, a compelling vision, or a perceived connection to a higher power. However, charismatic authority can be unstable and often depends on the continued belief and support of the followers in the leader\'s unique qualities. It typically needs to be routinised into either traditional or rational-legal authority to ensure its long-term stability and continuity after the charismatic leader is gone.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Church' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A church is a large body of people belonging to an established religious organisation. Churches normally have a formal structure, with a hierarchy of religious officials, and the term is also used for the building where their religious ceremonials are held. Churches tend to be well-integrated into the broader society and often have a significant influence on social norms and values. They typically have a long history and established doctrines and practices. In sociological terms, a church is often contrasted with other types of religious organisations, such as sects and cults, which tend to be smaller, less formally organised, and may have more unconventional beliefs or practices. Churches often play a role in providing social services, education, and community support to their members.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Class' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'In sociology, the term \'class\' is used by Max Weber to refer to a group of people who have a similar level of wealth and income. Weber\'s concept of class also includes factors such as occupation and market situation, reflecting an individual\'s economic opportunities and life chances. While Marx focused primarily on the ownership of the means of production as the basis of class, Weber provided a more multidimensional view, distinguishing between class (economic position), status (social prestige or honor), and power (political influence). According to Weber, these three dimensions of social stratification can intersect and influence an individual\'s overall position in society. The study of class remains a central topic in sociology, with researchers examining its impact on various aspects of social life, including health, education, and political behaviour.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Class_Consciousness' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'In Karl Marx\'s view, class consciousness is a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and need for collective political action to bring about social change. Marx argued that for the proletariat (working class) to overcome their exploitation by the bourgeoisie (capitalist class), they needed to develop an understanding of their shared economic situation and their common interests in challenging the capitalist system. This awareness would then lead to collective action, such as organizing into labor unions and engaging in political struggle, to ultimately transform society and establish a communist system where the means of production are collectively owned. The development of class consciousness is a crucial step in Marx\'s theory of social change.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Class_System' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A class system is a form of social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence mobility. Unlike caste systems, where social position is ascribed at birth and cannot be changed, class systems allow for social mobility, the movement of individuals or groups up or down the social hierarchy, based on factors such as education, occupation, and income (achieved characteristics). While economic factors are central to class systems, social status and power also play a role. Class systems are characteristic of modern industrial societies and are considered more open than caste systems, although the extent of social mobility can vary significantly. Sociologists often study class systems to understand patterns of inequality and the factors that influence social mobility.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Coalition' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A coalition is a temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal, often formed by individuals or groups who may have different interests or goals in other areas but come together to achieve a specific shared objective. Coalitions can be found in various social contexts, including politics, business, and social movements. They are often formed to increase the collective power and influence of the participating members in order to achieve a goal that might be difficult or impossible to achieve individually. The stability and effectiveness of a coalition can depend on factors such as the clarity of the common goal, the commitment of the members, and the distribution of power within the alliance. Coalitions can be fluid and may dissolve once the shared goal is achieved or if internal conflicts arise.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Cognitive_Theory_Of_Development' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Jean Piaget\'s cognitive theory of development explains how children\'s thought progresses through four distinct stages, each characterised by different ways of understanding and interacting with the world. The first stage, the sensorimotor stage (birth to about 2 years), involves learning through senses and motor actions. The preoperational stage (about 2 to 7 years) is marked by the development of symbolic thought and language but also by egocentrism and a lack of logical reasoning. The concrete operational stage (about 7 to 11 years) sees the development of logical thinking about concrete events and objects, including the understanding of conservation. Finally, the formal operational stage (from about 12 years and into adulthood) involves the ability to think abstractly and hypothetically. Piaget\'s theory emphasises that cognitive development is a continuous process of adaptation through assimilation (incorporating new information into existing schemas) and accommodation (modifying existing schemas to fit new information).'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Cohabitation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Cohabitation is the practice of living together as a male-female couple in an intimate relationship without being legally married. This living arrangement has become increasingly common in many Western societies since the late 20th century. Cohabitation can occur for various reasons, including as a precursor to marriage, as an alternative to marriage, or as a trial period for a relationship. The legal rights and responsibilities of cohabiting couples are generally different from those of married couples, although some jurisdictions have laws in place to protect the rights of cohabiting partners, particularly after a certain period of time. The social acceptance of cohabitation has also grown significantly, and it is no longer viewed as negatively as it once was in many cultures.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Collective_Behaviour' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Collective behaviour encompasses activities of people and social groups that typically emerge spontaneously (such as crowds, riots, and so on) rather than arising from established processes of socialisation leading to conformity to social rules and norms. These behaviours often occur in response to a shared situation or stimulus and can involve large numbers of people acting in relatively unstructured ways. Examples of collective behaviour include panics, fads, rumors, social movements, and disasters. Sociologists study collective behaviour to understand the dynamics of group actions that are not governed by typical social structures or institutions. Factors such as anonymity, suggestibility, and the rapid spread of information can play a significant role in shaping collective behaviour.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Colonialism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Colonialism is the maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural dominance over a people by a foreign power for an extended period of time. This often involves the establishment of settlements and the exploitation of resources in the colonised territory for the benefit of the colonizing power. Colonialism has had a profound and lasting impact on the political, economic, and social structures of many regions around the world, leading to significant cultural changes and often resulting in inequalities and conflicts that persist even after the end of colonial rule. The motivations for colonialism have varied throughout history, including economic gain, political power, strategic advantage, and the spread of religious or cultural beliefs. The study of colonialism examines its historical roots, its various forms and impacts, and its enduring legacies in the contemporary world.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Collective_Causal_Event' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Collective_Causal_Event represents complex social phenomena that emerge from the coordinated interaction of multiple social entities, processes, and conditions acting together to produce significant sociological outcomes. These events transcend simple binary relationships by capturing the multidimensional causal networks inherent in social reality, where individual actors, institutional structures, cultural forces, and historical contexts converge to generate observable social changes. Unlike atomic social events, collective causal events embody the systemic nature of social causation, where emergent properties arise from the dynamic interplay between diverse social elements. This class provides the ontological foundation for modelling complex sociological relationships that require multiple participants, conditions, and causal pathways to adequately represent their full explanatory scope, enabling more nuanced analysis of how social transformation occurs through interconnected webs of influence rather than isolated causal chains.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Communism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'As an ideal type, communism is an economic system under which all property is communally owned, and no social distinctions are made based on people\'s ability to produce. In its theoretical form, as envisioned by Karl Marx, communism represents a stateless, classless society where resources are distributed based on need ("from each according to his ability, to each according to his need"). Private property is abolished, and the means of production are owned by the community as a whole. While various political movements and states have identified as communist, the ideal type of a fully communist society has never been fully realised in practice. These attempts have often involved authoritarian rule and state control over the economy and social life.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Comparative_Research' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Comparative research is a research methodology that compares one set of findings on one society with the same type of findings on other societies. This approach allows sociologists to identify similarities and differences across different social contexts, providing insights into the generalizability of findings and the influence of specific cultural or institutional factors. By examining social phenomena in multiple settings, comparative research can help to develop broader sociological theories and understand the diversity of human social behaviour. It can involve comparing different countries, regions within a country, or different groups within a society. Methodological rigor is crucial in comparative research to ensure that the comparisons are valid and meaningful, taking into account potential cultural and contextual differences in the meaning and measurement of social variables.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Comprehensive_Economic_System_Model' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Comprehensive_Economic_System_Model encompasses complete economic systems and ideologies that provide holistic frameworks for organizing production, distribution, and consumption within society. These realizable entities represent distinct approaches to economic organisation that can be instantiated across entire societies or major sectors of societies. They include both market-based systems that emphasise private ownership and competition, and collective systems that prioritise public ownership and social planning. These models differ fundamentally in their approach to property rights, resource allocation, and the role of government in economic affairs. Each system embodies particular values about equality, efficiency, individual freedom, and collective welfare. Understanding these comprehensive models is essential for analysing different approaches to economic organisation and their implications for social structure, inequality, and human welfare.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Concentric-zone_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The concentric-zone theory is a theory of urban growth that sees growth in terms of a series of rings radiating from the central business district. Developed by Ernest Burgess in the 1920s, this model suggests that cities expand outward from a central point in a pattern of concentric zones, each with distinct social and economic characteristics. The innermost zone is typically the central business district, followed by a zone of transition characterised by mixed residential and commercial uses and often experiencing social problems. Subsequent zones include working-class housing, middle-class residential areas, and finally, the commuter zone in the outer suburbs. While this model has been influential, it has also been criticised for its oversimplification of urban patterns and its limited applicability to cities outside of the early 20th-century American context.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Conflict_Perspective' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The conflict perspective is a major sociological approach that assumes that social behaviour is best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing groups over scarce resources. Unlike the functionalist perspective, which emphasises social harmony and stability, the conflict perspective highlights power struggles, inequality, and social change as inherent features of society. Key theorists associated with the conflict perspective include Karl Marx, who focused on class conflict, and Max Weber, who considered conflict arising from differences in class, status, and power. Contemporary conflict theorists examine various sources of social conflict, including those based on race, ethnicity, gender, age, and other forms of social inequality. This perspective views social institutions and social order as often reflecting the interests of the dominant groups in society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Conflict_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Conflict theories represent a sociological perspective that focuses on the inherent tensions, divisions, and competing interests present in human societies. Unlike functionalist perspectives that emphasise social harmony, conflict theorists believe that the scarcity and value of resources in society inevitably produce conflict as different groups struggle to gain access to and control those resources. These resources can include wealth, power, status, and opportunities. Many conflict theorists have been strongly influenced by the writings of Karl Marx, who emphasised class conflict as the primary driver of social change. However, contemporary conflict theories also examine other sources of conflict, such as those based on race, ethnicity, gender, age, and sexual orientation. This perspective views social order as often maintained by the dominance of certain groups over others, with dominant groups using their power to protect their interests and maintain the existing social hierarchy. Social change, from this viewpoint, often occurs through the struggles and conflicts between these competing groups as they challenge existing power structures.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Consumer_Society' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A consumer society is a type of society that promotes the consumption of mass-produced products as a central aspect of social life and individual identity. These societies are characterised by a high level of material consumption and a culture that values the acquisition of goods and services. Consumer societies also generate an ideology of consumerism, which assumes that ever-increasing mass consumption is beneficial for both individuals and the economy. This ideology often links personal happiness and success to the accumulation of material possessions. Consumer culture is heavily influenced by advertising and marketing, which constantly create new desires and needs. While consumer societies can lead to economic growth and innovation, they have also been criticised for their potential negative impacts on the environment, social inequality, and individual well-being due to the emphasis on materialism over other values.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Contact_Hypothesis' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The contact hypothesis is an interactionist perspective that states that interracial contact between people of equal status in cooperative circumstances will reduce prejudice. This theory suggests that increased interaction under the right conditions can lead to greater understanding, empathy, and a reduction in negative stereotypes and biases between groups. For contact to be effective in reducing prejudice, several conditions are typically considered important: equal status of the groups in the contact situation, common goals that require intergroup cooperation, intergroup cooperation and interdependence, and the support of authorities or social norms for intergroup contact. When these conditions are met, intergroup contact can challenge existing stereotypes, increase awareness of similarities between groups, and foster positive attitudes, ultimately leading to a decrease in prejudice.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Content_Analysis' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Content analysis is a systematic coding and objective recording of data, guided by some rationale, to identify patterns and themes within communication. This research method is used to analyse the content of various forms of communication, such as texts, images, audio, and video. The process involves developing a coding scheme to categorise the content based on specific variables or themes of interest to the researcher. The data is then systematically analysed to quantify the frequency and relationships between these categories. Content analysis can be used to study a wide range of topics, including media representations, political discourse, cultural trends, and social interactions. Its strength lies in its ability to provide a quantitative and objective analysis of qualitative data, allowing researchers to draw conclusions based on empirical evidence.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Control_Group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'In an experiment, the control group consists of subjects who are not introduced to the independent variable by the researcher. This group serves as a baseline for comparison to the experimental group, which does receive the independent variable. By comparing the outcomes of the control group with those of the experimental group, researchers can determine the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. The control group helps to isolate the impact of the intervention or treatment being studied by accounting for other factors that might influence the results. Random assignment of subjects to the control and experimental groups is crucial for ensuring that the groups are as similar as possible at the beginning of the experiment, thereby increasing the validity of the findings.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Control_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Control theory is a view of conformity and deviance that suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to society\'s norms. This theory, notably developed by Travis Hirschi, posits that individuals are less likely to engage in deviant behaviour when they have strong social bonds. Hirschi identified four elements of social bonds: attachment (strong relationships with others), commitment (investment in conventional activities), involvement (participation in legitimate activities), and belief (acceptance of societal norms and values). According to control theory, these bonds create a stake in conformity, making individuals more likely to adhere to social norms and less likely to engage in deviance because they fear losing these connections and investments. Weak or broken social bonds, on the other hand, can increase the likelihood of deviance.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Control_Variable' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A control variable is a factor held constant by a researcher to test the relative impact of an independent variable on a dependent variable. By keeping the control variable the same across different conditions or groups in a study, researchers can better isolate the effect of the independent variable they are interested in. This helps to rule out the possibility that changes in the dependent variable are due to the control variable rather than the independent variable. Using control variables is a key aspect of experimental and quantitative research designs aimed at establishing causal relationships between variables. For example, in a study examining the effect of a new teaching method (independent variable) on student test scores (dependent variable), researchers might control for students\' prior academic performance (control variable) to ensure that any observed changes in test scores are indeed due to the new teaching method and not pre-existing differences in academic ability.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Convenience_Sample' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A convenience sample is the arbitrary selection of respondents for a study, based on simple opportunity rather than a rigorous quest for representativeness of the larger population. This non-probability sampling method involves choosing participants who are easily accessible to the researcher, such as students in a classroom or people walking by on the street. While convenience samples are easy and cost-effective to obtain, they are often not representative of the broader population, which limits the generalizability of the research findings. Despite this limitation, convenience samples are frequently used in much applied social research with practical applications, where the primary goal is to gather preliminary data or explore specific issues rather than to make broad generalisations. They can also be useful for pilot studies or when time and resources are limited.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Core_Country' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'According to world-systems theory, core countries are the most advanced industrial countries, which take the lion\'s share of profits in the world economic system. These nations possess high levels of industrialisation, technological innovation, and economic diversification. They typically have strong state institutions, well-developed infrastructure, and a highly skilled workforce. Core countries dominate global trade and finance, often exploiting peripheral and semi-peripheral countries for raw materials and cheap labor. Examples of core countries include the United States, Japan, and Germany. This dominance allows core countries to maintain their economic and political power in the global arena, perpetuating a system of unequal exchange. World-systems theory, developed by Immanuel Wallerstein, emphasises the interconnectedness of the global economy and the hierarchical relationship between core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral nations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Core_Socialisation_And_Learning_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Core_Socialisation_And_Learning_Process encompasses the fundamental mechanisms through which individuals acquire cultural knowledge, develop social identities, and learn to function as competent members of society. These processes represent the essential pathways by which social norms, values, beliefs, and behaviours are transmitted from society to individuals and internalised as part of personal identity. The overarching process of socialisation provides the general framework for cultural transmission, while primary and secondary socialisation represent distinct phases with different agents, contexts, and developmental outcomes. Political socialisation represents a specialised domain focusing on civic and political learning. Education serves as both a formal agent of socialisation and a structured process for knowledge transmission. These processes collectively ensure cultural continuity across generations while enabling individual adaptation to social environments. They demonstrate how societies reproduce themselves through systematic processes of cultural learning and identity formation that begin in early childhood and continue throughout the life course.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Cornucopian_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Cornucopian Theory is an optimistic viewpoint regarding population growth and resource availability, asserting that technological advancements and human ingenuity will always find ways to overcome resource scarcity and environmental limits. Proponents of this theory believe that as resources become scarcer, human innovation will be stimulated to develop new technologies, discover alternative resources, or improve efficiency, thereby expanding the available supply and preventing catastrophic outcomes often predicted by Malthusian perspectives. They argue that market mechanisms, driven by rising prices of scarce resources, will incentivise innovation and substitution, ensuring continuous progress and an ever-increasing capacity for the Earth to support a growing population. This theory often emphasises the role of free markets, technological innovation, and human adaptability as key solutions to environmental and resource challenges, maintaining that humanity\'s creativity is an unlimited resource that can always provide for its needs, thus rejecting a pessimistic outlook on the planet\'s carrying capacity.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Corporate_Crime' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Corporate crime refers to offences committed by large corporations in society in the pursuit of profit or to avoid losses. These crimes are often non-violent but can have significant social, environmental, and economic consequences. Examples of corporate crime include pollution of air and water, false advertising and deceptive marketing practices, violations of health and safety regulations in the workplace, financial fraud, and the production and sale of unsafe products. Unlike street crime, corporate crime is often more complex and difficult to detect and prosecute, as it may involve intricate financial transactions and decision-making processes within large organisations. The impact of corporate crime can be widespread, affecting consumers, employees, the environment, and the public trust in corporations and regulatory agencies.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Corporate_Culture' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Corporate culture is a branch of management theory that seeks to increase productivity and competitiveness through the creation of a unique organisational culture involving all members of a firm. It encompasses the shared values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviours that characterise an organisation and influence how work is done. A dynamic corporate culture, often involving company events, rituals, and traditions, is thought to enhance employee loyalty, promote group solidarity, and foster a sense of shared identity and purpose among employees. A strong and positive corporate culture can contribute to improved communication, collaboration, innovation, and overall organisational performance. It can also play a role in attracting and retaining talented employees who align with the company\'s values and mission.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Correlation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Correlation refers to a regular relationship or association between two dimensions or variables, often expressed in statistical terms. Correlations can be positive or negative. A positive correlation between two variables exists where a high rank or value on one variable is regularly associated with a high rank or value on the other. For example, there is often a positive correlation between years of education and income level. A negative correlation exists where a high rank or value on one variable is regularly associated with a low rank or value on the other. For instance, there might be a negative correlation between the price of a product and the quantity demanded. It is important to note that correlation does not necessarily imply causation; a correlation between two variables may be due to a third, unmeasured variable, or it may simply be a coincidental relationship.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Correlation_Coefficient' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A correlation coefficient is a statistical measure of the degree of correlation between two variables, indicating the strength and direction of their linear relationship. The value of a correlation coefficient typically ranges from -1.0 to +1.0. A coefficient of +1.0 indicates a perfect positive correlation, meaning that as one variable increases, the other variable increases proportionally. A coefficient of -1.0 indicates a perfect negative correlation, meaning that as one variable increases, the other variable decreases proportionally. A coefficient of 0 indicates no linear correlation between the two variables. The closer the coefficient is to +1.0 or -1.0, the stronger the correlation; the closer it is to 0, the weaker the correlation. Correlation does not imply causation, meaning that just because two variables are correlated does not necessarily mean that one causes the other.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Counterculture' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A counterculture is a subculture that deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture, often challenging its dominant norms, values, beliefs, and practices. Countercultures typically emerge as a reaction against mainstream culture and may advocate for alternative lifestyles, social structures, or political systems. Examples of countercultures throughout history include the hippie movement of the 1960s, which rejected mainstream consumerism and traditional values, and various punk subcultures that expressed rebellion through music, fashion, and attitudes. Countercultures can play a significant role in social change by questioning established norms and pushing the boundaries of cultural expression. While some aspects of a counterculture may eventually be absorbed into the mainstream, others may remain as distinct alternatives to the dominant culture.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Creationism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Creationism is a literal interpretation of the Bible regarding the creation of man and the universe, used to argue that evolution should not be presented as established scientific fact in educational settings. Adherents of creationism often believe that the universe and all living organisms were created in their present forms by a divine creator, as described in the Book of Genesis. This view directly contradicts the scientific theory of evolution, which explains the diversity of life on Earth through natural selection and descent with modification over vast periods of time. The debate between creationism and evolution has been a long-standing source of controversy, particularly in the United States, with ongoing discussions about the appropriate place of each perspective in school curricula. The scientific community overwhelmingly supports the theory of evolution as the best explanation for the origins and development of life.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Crime' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Crime is a violation of criminal law for which formal penalties are applied by some governmental authority. What constitutes a crime is defined by legal statutes at the local, state, or federal level, and these definitions can vary across jurisdictions and change over time. Crimes are typically classified based on their severity, ranging from minor offenses (misdemeanors) to serious felonies. The criminal justice system, including law enforcement agencies, courts, and correctional institutions, is responsible for enforcing criminal laws, apprehending offenders, and administering penalties, which can include fines, probation, imprisonment, or, in some cases, capital punishment. Sociologists study crime from various perspectives, examining its social causes, patterns, and consequences, as well as the functioning of the criminal justice system and its impact on society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Criminal_And_Illegal_Activity_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Criminal_And_Illegal_Activity_Process encompasses systematic patterns of behaviour that violate established legal codes and criminal statutes, representing various forms of organised and individual criminal conduct. These processes involve deliberate actions that transgress legal boundaries and often require coordinated responses from criminal justice systems. The category includes both traditional forms of criminal activity and emerging forms enabled by technological advancement. Crime serves as the general framework for understanding legal violations, while specialised forms like organised crime involve systematic criminal enterprises with hierarchical structures and ongoing operations. Corporate crime represents violations committed by business entities in pursuit of profit, often involving complex regulatory frameworks. Cybercrime demonstrates how technological advancement creates new venues and methods for criminal activity. White-collar crime highlights how criminal processes can occur within legitimate professional contexts. These processes collectively represent challenges to social order and legal authority, requiring sophisticated law enforcement and judicial responses to maintain societal stability and justice.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Crowd' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A crowd is a temporary gathering of people who share a common focus of attention and whose members influence one another. Crowds can vary in size, purpose, and emotional intensity. They can form for various reasons, such as attending a sporting event, a concert, a protest, or in response to an emergency. The behaviour of individuals within a crowd can be influenced by factors such as anonymity, social contagion (the spread of emotions and behaviours through a crowd), and the perceived unity of the group. Sociologists study crowds to understand the dynamics of collective behaviour and how individuals act in group settings, which can sometimes differ significantly from their behaviour when alone. Theories of crowd behaviour have evolved over time, from early ideas about the "mob mentality" to more nuanced understandings of the social processes and interactions that occur within crowds.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Crude_Birth_Rate' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The crude birth rate is the number of live births in a given year for every thousand people in a population. It is a fundamental measure in demography, providing a snapshot of the reproductive activity within a population during a specific time period, typically a year. This rate is calculated by taking the total number of live births in a year, dividing it by the total population (usually the mid-year population), and then multiplying the result by 1,000. The crude birth rate is influenced by a variety of social, economic, and cultural factors, including the age and sex structure of the population, levels of education (especially among women), access to contraception and family planning services, cultural norms and religious beliefs about family size, and economic conditions such as levels of development and urbanisation. A high crude birth rate generally indicates a younger population with high fertility levels, while a low crude birth rate may suggest an aging population or lower fertility rates due to factors like increased access to education and contraception, or changing societal norms. It is considered "crude" because it includes all people in the population in the denominator, regardless of their age or sex, and does not specifically account for the number of women of childbearing age, which is a more refined measure of fertility. Nevertheless, the crude birth rate is a widely used and easily understood indicator of population change and is essential for making comparisons across different populations and tracking demographic trends over time.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Crude_Death_Rate' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The crude death rate is the number of deaths in a given year for every thousand people in a population. Similar to the crude birth rate, it is a basic but widely used measure in demography that provides an overview of the mortality level within a population during a specific year. The crude death rate is calculated by dividing the total number of deaths recorded in a year by the total population (usually the mid-year population) and then multiplying the result by 1,000. This rate is influenced by various factors such as the age structure of the population (populations with a higher proportion of older people tend to have higher crude death rates), levels of healthcare and sanitation, prevalence of diseases, nutritional status, environmental conditions, and socioeconomic factors. A high crude death rate can indicate a population with poor health conditions, high levels of poverty, or a large proportion of elderly individuals, while a low crude death rate may suggest better healthcare, sanitation, and a younger population structure. Like the crude birth rate, the crude death rate is considered "crude" because it does not take into account the age and sex composition of the population, which can significantly affect mortality levels. For instance, a population with a large number of young people might have a lower crude death rate even if the mortality rates for specific age groups are relatively high. Despite this limitation, the crude death rate is a valuable tool for comparing mortality levels across different populations and for monitoring changes in mortality trends over time.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Cultural_Capital' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Cultural capital, a concept developed by sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, refers to the types of knowledge, skills, education, and other cultural resources that confer advantages on those who acquire them, providing them with social mobility and status within a society. Bourdieu identified three forms of cultural capital: embodied, objectified, and institutionalised. Embodied cultural capital exists in the form of knowledge and skills that are consciously acquired and passively inherited, such as language proficiency, manners, tastes, and dispositions. These are often learned through socialisation within a particular social class or cultural environment. Objectified cultural capital refers to cultural goods such as books, artworks, musical instruments, and other material objects that can be owned and transmitted. However, the possession of these objects is not sufficient; one must also have the cultural competence to understand and appreciate them to fully benefit from this form of capital. Institutionalised cultural capital consists of academic credentials, professional qualifications, and other forms of formal recognition that legitimate an individual\'s cultural competence and confer social advantages in the labor market and other social institutions. Cultural capital plays a significant role in social reproduction, as individuals from privileged backgrounds often possess more cultural capital, which helps them succeed in educational systems and gain access to higher-status occupations, thereby perpetuating social inequalities across generations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Cultural_Concept' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Cultural Concepts serve as abstract ideas or mental constructs that sociologists and other scholars use to categorize, analyse, and understand the intangible aspects of culture within human societies. As a meta-category, Cultural Concepts encompass fundamental building blocks such as values, which are culturally defined standards of desirability; norms, which are rules and expectations guiding behaviour; and beliefs, which are shared understandings about the nature of reality. They also include broader ideas like symbols, language, cultural capital, and the very notion of culture itself. These concepts provide a shared vocabulary and analytical framework for researchers to dissect and interpret the complex cultural patterns, meanings, and practices that shape social life. By applying these concepts, sociologists can explore how culture is created, maintained, transmitted across generations, and how it influences individual identities, social interactions, and societal structures, enabling a systematic study of diverse cultural phenomena.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Cultural_Diversity' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Cultural Diversity refers to the variety and richness of different cultures, subcultures, and ethnic groups that coexist within a given society or across the globe. It encompasses the wide array of unique values, norms, beliefs, languages, customs, traditions, social practices, and forms of expression that distinguish these groups from one another. This diversity contributes to the multifaceted nature of human society, reflecting the myriad ways in which people organise their lives, understand the world, and express themselves. Cultural diversity is often celebrated for enriching society by fostering innovation, creativity, a broader range of perspectives, and a more vibrant cultural landscape, thereby enhancing cultural vitality and mutual understanding. However, it can also present challenges related to social cohesion, intergroup relations, and potential conflicts arising from differing values, competing interests, or the historical legacies of power imbalances and discrimination. Sociologists study cultural diversity to understand how different groups maintain their distinct identities while interacting within a larger social framework, and how societies manage diversity to promote inclusion, equality, and social harmony, moving beyond assimilationist models towards valuing cultural pluralism and multiculturalism, and addressing issues like prejudice and segregation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Cultural_Element' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Cultural Elements are the fundamental components or building blocks that collectively constitute a culture, shaping the way of life for members of a society. These elements can be broadly categorised into two main types: material culture and non-material culture. Material culture comprises the tangible, physical aspects of a culture, such as tools, technology, clothing, food, architecture, and other artifacts that people create and use. Non-material culture, on the other hand, consists of the intangible aspects, including values, norms, beliefs, language, symbols, customs, traditions, and knowledge. Both material and non-material elements are interconnected and mutually influential, reflecting a society\'s adaptations to its environment, its historical development, and its shared understandings of the world. Understanding these distinct but intertwined cultural elements is crucial for analysing how cultures are structured, how they function, and how they evolve over time, providing a comprehensive view of a society\'s way of life.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Cultural_Integration' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Cultural integration refers to the close relationship and interconnectedness among various elements of a cultural system, such as its norms, values, beliefs, symbols, and practices. In a well-integrated culture, these different components are largely consistent with one another and work together to create a coherent and stable social order. For example, the core values of a society might be reflected in its laws, its educational system, its religious beliefs, and its everyday customs. When cultural integration is high, there is a greater degree of consensus and shared understanding among members of the society regarding how to behave and what is considered important. This can contribute to social cohesion and stability. However, no culture is perfectly integrated, and there can often be tensions and contradictions between different cultural elements, particularly in diverse and rapidly changing societies. The study of cultural integration helps sociologists understand how different parts of a culture fit together and how changes in one area can affect other aspects of the cultural system.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Cultural_Lag' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Cultural lag is a concept in sociology that describes the fact that cultural elements change at different rates, which can sometimes disrupt a cultural system and lead to social strain or conflict. This term was popularised by William F. Ogburn, who argued that material culture (such as technology) often changes more rapidly than non-material culture (such as values, beliefs, norms, and laws). When a significant gap develops between these two aspects of culture, it can create a period of maladjustment or social problems as the non-material culture struggles to adapt to the changes in the material culture. For example, the rapid development of the internet and social media has outpaced the development of social norms and laws to govern online behaviour, leading to issues such as cyberbullying, privacy concerns, and the spread of misinformation. Cultural lag highlights the dynamic and sometimes uneven nature of cultural change and the challenges societies face in adapting their values and social structures to new technologies and other material innovations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Cultural_Organisation_And_Adaptation_Quality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Cultural_Organisation_And_Adaptation_Quality encompasses characteristics related to how societies organise their cultural systems, manage cultural change, and adapt to new circumstances. These qualities include aspects of cultural integration, adaptation to cultural differences, and the challenges societies face in managing cultural diversity and change. They represent both the stability of cultural systems and their capacity for adaptation and transformation. These qualities highlight how societies balance cultural continuity with change and how they manage the tensions that arise from cultural diversity, technological advancement, and social transformation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Cultural_Pluralism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Cultural pluralism refers to the coexistence of several subcultures within a given society on equal terms, where no single culture dominates and all are recognised and respected for their distinct contributions. In a culturally pluralistic society, different ethnic, racial, religious, and other cultural groups are able to maintain their unique identities, traditions, and practices while participating fully in the broader society. This is often contrasted with assimilation, where minority groups are expected to adopt the culture of the dominant group. Cultural pluralism emphasises the value of diversity and the benefits of having a society enriched by multiple perspectives and traditions. It requires a degree of tolerance and mutual respect among different cultural groups and often involves policies and practices that protect the rights and promote the inclusion of all cultural groups within the society. The concept of a "salad bowl" is often used as a metaphor for cultural pluralism, where different ingredients (cultures) are mixed together but retain their individual flavors and characteristics, rather than being completely blended into a single entity like in a "melting pot" (often used to describe amalgamation).'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Cultural_Relativism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Cultural relativism is a principle in social science that emphasises the viewing of people\'s behaviour from the perspective of their own culture, rather than judging it based on the standards of another culture. It suggests that different cultures have different norms, values, beliefs, and practices that are meaningful and functional within their own context. Therefore, to understand and analyse human behaviour, it is essential to consider the cultural framework in which it occurs. Cultural relativism encourages an attitude of openness and understanding towards cultural differences, helping to avoid ethnocentrism, which is the tendency to view one\'s own culture as superior and to judge other cultures based on one\'s own cultural norms. While cultural relativism is important for promoting cross-cultural understanding and tolerance, it does not necessarily imply that all cultural practices are equally acceptable or morally justifiable. Sociologists often use cultural relativism as a methodological tool to study and describe different cultures without imposing their own cultural biases.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Cultural_Reproduction' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Cultural reproduction refers to the process by which a society transmits dominant knowledge, values, beliefs, and social inequalities from one generation to another. This transmission occurs through various social institutions, including the family, education system, media, and religion. Cultural reproduction theory, particularly associated with the work of Pierre Bourdieu and Basil Bernstein, highlights how the dominant culture in a society tends to be perpetuated, often reinforcing existing power structures and social hierarchies. For example, the education system may prioritise certain forms of knowledge and cultural capital that are more readily accessible to children from privileged backgrounds, thereby contributing to their continued success and the reproduction of social class differences across generations. Similarly, the media can play a role in shaping and reinforcing dominant ideologies and cultural norms. Understanding cultural reproduction helps sociologists analyse how social inequalities are maintained and transmitted over time, even in the absence of overt discrimination.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Cultural_Systems_And_Concept' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Cultural_Systems_And_Concept encompasses the fundamental theoretical frameworks and analytical tools used to understand how culture operates as a system of shared meanings, practices, and organisational principles within society. This class includes both the abstract conceptual apparatus (Cultural_Concept, Culture_Related_Concept) and core cultural phenomena (Culture, Cultural_Element, Cultural_Universal) that constitute the building blocks of cultural analysis. It incorporates principles of cultural interpretation and evaluation (Cultural_Relativism, Cultural_Integration) alongside mechanisms of cultural transmission and change (Sociocultural_Evolution). The class also addresses contemporary manifestations of cultural systems, including specialised organisational cultures (Corporate_Culture) and global cultural connectivity (Global_Village). This grouping represents the comprehensive theoretical and empirical foundation for understanding culture as both an analytical concept and lived social reality.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Cultural_Transmission' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Cultural transmission is the process by which one generation passes culture to the next, ensuring the continuity of societal norms, values, beliefs, traditions, and practices. This process occurs through various mechanisms, including socialisation within the family, formal education in schools, informal learning from peers and community members, and exposure to media and cultural products. Language is a fundamental tool for cultural transmission, allowing for the communication of knowledge, history, and cultural values across generations. Traditions, rituals, and storytelling also play important roles in passing down cultural heritage. Cultural transmission is essential for the survival and development of societies, as it enables each new generation to learn from the experiences and knowledge of those who came before them, contributing to social stability and cultural evolution. The effectiveness of cultural transmission can influence the rate and direction of cultural change within a society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Cultural_Universal' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Cultural universals are general practices, behaviours, and social institutions that are found in every culture across the globe, despite the vast differences that exist between them. These commonalities suggest fundamental aspects of human life and social organisation that are shared across diverse societies. While the specific forms these universals take can vary greatly from one culture to another, the underlying patterns are consistent. Examples of cultural universals include the presence of language and some form of communication, the existence of family structures (though their forms may differ), systems of social norms and rules governing behaviour, rituals and ceremonies (often related to birth, death, and marriage), some form of art or aesthetic expression (such as music, dance, or visual arts), and mechanisms for dealing with the supernatural or religious beliefs. The study of cultural universals helps sociologists and anthropologists identify core elements of human culture and understand the fundamental ways in which societies organise themselves to meet basic human needs and address common life experiences. The existence of these universals suggests that despite cultural diversity, there are underlying commonalities in human nature and social life.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Culture' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Culture encompasses the values, beliefs, ceremonies, ways of life, norms, symbols, and material goods characteristic of a given group or society. Like the concept of society, the notion of culture is very widely used in sociology, as well as in other social sciences, particularly anthropology. Culture is one of the most distinctive properties of human social association, differentiating human societies from animal societies in its complexity and transmission through learning rather than solely through instinct. It includes everything that is learned and shared by the members of a society, shaping their behaviour and their understanding of the world. Culture can be broadly divided into material culture, which includes tangible objects created by a society (such as tools, technology, clothing, and art), and nonmaterial culture, which includes intangible aspects such as ideas, values, beliefs, norms, language, and social institutions. Culture provides a framework for social interaction, defines what is considered acceptable and unacceptable behaviour, and gives meaning to people\'s lives. It is dynamic and constantly evolving through processes of innovation, diffusion, and adaptation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Culture_Related_Concept' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Culture-Related Concepts serve as a higher-level classification within an ontology for terms that describe specific phenomena, theories, or applications concerning culture that are more abstract or interpretative than basic cultural elements or types of cultural diversity. This category groups concepts that help to analyse how culture operates, changes, or is interpreted within society. Examples include phenomena like cultural lag (the discrepancy between material and non-material culture change), cultural integration (the coherence among cultural elements), cultural reproduction (how culture is transmitted and perpetuated), and culture shock (personal disorientation from unfamiliar ways of life). It also encompasses theoretical frameworks such as cultural relativism and ethnocentrism, which relate to how cultures are viewed and judged. This category provides a structured home for concepts that illuminate the dynamic and complex nature of culture beyond its fundamental components.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Culture_Shock' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Culture shock is the feeling of surprise and disorientation that is experienced when people witness cultural practices, values, norms, and beliefs that are significantly different from their own. This phenomenon typically occurs when individuals are immersed in a new and unfamiliar cultural environment, such as when traveling to a foreign country, moving to a different region within their own country with distinct cultural norms, or even when experiencing a significant change in social environment, like starting a new job with a very different organisational culture. The disorientation arises from the lack of familiar cues and expectations that guide behaviour in one\'s own culture, leading to feelings of uncertainty, anxiety, and sometimes even hostility towards the new cultural context. Culture shock can affect various aspects of daily life, including communication styles, social etiquette, food, customs, and even basic assumptions about how the world works. While often challenging, experiencing and overcoming culture shock can also lead to personal growth, increased cultural awareness, and a deeper understanding of both one\'s own culture and others. The process of adapting to a new culture involves learning new norms, values, and behaviours, and gradually adjusting one\'s own perspectives and practices to fit the new environment.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Cybercrime' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Cybercrime refers to criminal activities carried out by means of electronic networks, primarily the internet, or involving the use of new information technologies such as computers and mobile devices. These crimes exploit the digital realm to commit offenses that can range from individual acts to large-scale organised operations. Emergent forms of cybercrime include electronic money laundering, which involves concealing the origins of illegally obtained money through digital transactions; personal identity theft, where an individual\'s personal information is stolen and used for fraudulent purposes; electronic vandalism, which involves damaging or disrupting computer systems or data; and the monitoring of electronic correspondence, such as hacking into email accounts or intercepting online communications. Other common types of cybercrime include phishing scams, malware attacks, denial-of-service attacks, and the distribution of illegal content. The borderless nature of cyberspace makes cybercrime particularly challenging to investigate and prosecute, often requiring international cooperation among law enforcement agencies. The increasing reliance on digital technologies in all aspects of life has made cybercrime a significant and growing concern for individuals, businesses, and governments worldwide.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Cyberspace' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Cyberspace refers to electronic networks of interaction between individuals at different computer terminals, linking people at a level – in a dimension – that has no regard for territorial boundaries or physical presence. It is a virtual realm created by interconnected computer networks, primarily the internet, where individuals can communicate, interact, and exchange information regardless of their physical location. Cyberspace encompasses a wide range of online activities, including social networking, email communication, online shopping, virtual gaming, and accessing information through the World Wide Web. The nature of cyberspace allows for the formation of online communities based on shared interests, identities, or goals, transcending geographical limitations. This virtual environment has become an increasingly significant space for social interaction, economic activity, and cultural exchange in modern society. The lack of physical presence and territorial boundaries in cyberspace raises unique social, ethical, and legal challenges related to issues such as privacy, security, and governance.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Data_Analysis_Concept' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Data Analysis Concepts refer to the theoretical and methodological principles, techniques, and procedures that underpin the systematic process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and modelling data in social research with the goal of discovering useful information, informing conclusions, and supporting decision-making. This category encompasses various statistical measures, including measures of central tendency (like mean, median, mode) and measures of dispersion (like range, standard deviation, interquartile range), which summarise and describe the distribution of data. It also includes concepts related to understanding relationships between variables, such as correlation (the degree to which variables vary together) and causation (where one variable directly influences another), as well as the logical reasoning (causal logic) behind establishing such relationships. Furthermore, it covers key aspects of measurement quality, including the operational definition of concepts, and principles that ensure the reliability (consistency) and validity (accuracy) of data analysis, as well as specific metrics like incidence and prevalence in demographic or epidemiological studies. These concepts are crucial for interpreting empirical material, testing hypotheses, and drawing valid and reliable conclusions about social phenomena in sociological inquiry.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Data_Collection_And_Fieldwork_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Data_Collection_And_Fieldwork_Process encompasses systematic methods for gathering empirical information and evidence about social phenomena through direct engagement with research subjects and settings. These processes involve researchers actively collecting primary data through various techniques that range from highly structured to completely unstructured approaches. They include both quantitative methods that seek to measure and enumerate social phenomena and qualitative methods that aim to understand meaning, experience, and social context. These processes require researchers to establish relationships with research subjects, navigate ethical considerations, and develop skills in data collection techniques. The choice among these methods depends on research questions, theoretical orientation, and practical constraints. These processes are fundamental to empirical sociology and provide the foundation for evidence-based understanding of social life and social phenomena.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Death_Rate' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The death rate, also known as the crude death rate, is the number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year. It is a fundamental demographic indicator that measures the mortality level of a population. The crude death rate is calculated by dividing the total number of deaths recorded in a year by the total population (usually the mid-year population estimate) and then multiplying the result by 1,000. This rate is influenced by various factors, including the age structure of the population (a population with a larger proportion of elderly individuals will typically have a higher death rate), the prevalence of diseases, levels of healthcare and sanitation, nutritional standards, environmental conditions, and socioeconomic factors. A high death rate can indicate a population facing health crises, poverty, or a large elderly population, while a low death rate may suggest better health conditions and a younger population structure. Like the crude birth rate, the crude death rate is considered "crude" because it does not account for the age and sex distribution of the population, which can significantly affect mortality rates. However, it provides a useful overall measure for comparing mortality levels across different populations and tracking changes over time.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Defended_Neighborhood' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A defended neighborhood is a neighborhood that residents identify through defined community borders and through a perception that adjacent areas are geographically separate and socially different. This concept highlights the social construction of neighborhood boundaries and the sense of territoriality and identity that residents develop in relation to their local area. Residents of a defended neighborhood often feel a strong sense of belonging and may actively work to maintain the perceived social and physical boundaries of their community, sometimes in response to perceived threats or differences from neighboring areas. This can involve social activities, community organisations, and even informal surveillance to reinforce the neighborhood\'s identity and distinctiveness. The concept of a defended neighborhood is relevant to understanding urban sociology, community studies, and issues related to social cohesion and inter-neighborhood relations. The perceived differences between a defended neighborhood and adjacent areas can be based on factors such as socioeconomic status, ethnicity, lifestyle, or levels of crime.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Deforestation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Deforestation is the destruction of forested land, often by commercial logging, agriculture, urbanisation, and other human activities. It involves the clearing or removal of forests and woodlands, leading to a reduction in the area covered by trees. Deforestation has significant environmental consequences, including habitat loss for countless plant and animal species, soil erosion, disruption of water cycles, increased greenhouse gas emissions contributing to climate change, and reduced biodiversity. The drivers of deforestation are complex and often interconnected, involving economic pressures, population growth, and unsustainable land management practices. While logging can provide timber for various uses and agriculture can create land for food production, when these activities are not managed sustainably, they can lead to widespread deforestation with long-lasting negative impacts on ecosystems and human societies. Efforts to combat deforestation include promoting sustainable forestry practices, reforestation initiatives, protecting existing forests through conservation efforts, and addressing the underlying economic and social factors that drive forest clearing.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Degradation_Ceremony' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A degradation ceremony is an aspect of the socialisation process within total institutions, such as prisons, military boot camps, and mental hospitals, in which people are subjected to humiliating rituals and procedures designed to strip away their existing identities and self-concepts. The purpose of these ceremonies is to break down the individual\'s sense of self and replace it with an identity that is more compliant with the rules and expectations of the institution. These rituals can involve public shaming, the confiscation of personal belongings, the assignment of dehumanizing labels, and the enforcement of strict rules and routines that leave little room for individual expression or autonomy. The degradation ceremony marks the individual\'s entry into the total institution and signals the beginning of their resocialisation into the institutional culture. By systematically undermining the individual\'s former identity, the institution aims to create a blank slate upon which a new, institutionally defined identity can be inscribed. This process is a key mechanism through which total institutions maintain control and order over their populations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Deindustrialisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Deindustrialisation is the systematic, widespread withdrawal of investment in basic aspects of productivity such as factories and plants, leading to a decline in manufacturing and industrial activity in a region or country. This process is often accompanied by a shift towards a service-based economy, with a greater emphasis on sectors like finance, information technology, and healthcare. Deindustrialisation can be caused by various factors, including technological advancements that automate production, the globalisation of manufacturing leading to production moving to countries with lower labor costs, and a shift in consumer demand towards services rather than manufactured goods. While deindustrialisation can lead to economic restructuring and the emergence of new industries, it can also result in job losses in the manufacturing sector, economic hardship for affected communities, and increased social inequality if new opportunities are not readily available or accessible to all. The social and economic consequences of deindustrialisation have been a significant area of study in sociology, with researchers examining its impact on employment, social class, and community well-being.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Democracy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Democracy is a political system in which power is exercised by the people as a whole, either directly or through elected representatives. Key principles of democracy typically include free and fair elections, the rule of law, protection of individual rights and freedoms (such as freedom of speech, assembly, and the press), and the accountability of government to the people. Democratic systems can take various forms, such as parliamentary democracies, presidential democracies, and direct democracies, each with its own specific structures and processes for decision-making and governance. The concept of democracy is often associated with values such as equality, participation, and the consent of the governed. The spread and consolidation of democracy have been major themes in political sociology, with researchers studying the factors that contribute to the establishment and maintenance of democratic institutions around the world.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Demographic_And_Biological_Identity_Quality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Demographic_And_Biological_Identity_Quality represents fundamental characteristics based on biological attributes, life course position, and basic demographic categories that serve as primary markers of social identity and classification. These qualities include biological sex distinctions, age-related characteristics, and reproductive patterns that influence social roles, expectations, and life experiences. They encompass both individual attributes and population-level characteristics that shape social organisation and demographic patterns. These qualities often serve as the basis for social categorisation and can influence access to resources, social roles, and life opportunities. While biologically grounded, these qualities are also socially interpreted and can carry different meanings and implications across cultures and historical periods.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Demographic_And_Social_Integration_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Demographic_And_Social_Integration_Process encompasses fundamental population dynamics and social processes that shape demographic patterns and promote social integration across different groups within society. These processes include both biological reproduction patterns that determine population growth and composition, and social processes that facilitate the integration of different groups through intimate relationships and family formation. Fertility represents the demographic foundation of population change, while miscegenation involves the social and biological integration of different racial or ethnic groups through intermarriage and reproduction. These processes are central to understanding how societies maintain demographic stability, manage diversity, and create new forms of social identity through the blending of different cultural and ethnic backgrounds. They highlight the intersection of demographic change with social integration and identity formation in diverse societies.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Demographic_And_Spatial_Transformation_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Demographic_And_Spatial_Transformation_Process encompasses the fundamental changes in population characteristics, residential patterns, and spatial organisation that accompany broader socioeconomic development and create new forms of social organisation and community structure. These processes involve significant shifts in where and how people live, the age structure of populations, and the spatial distribution of economic and social activities. Urbanisation represents one of the most significant spatial transformations in human history, concentrating populations in cities and creating new forms of social organisation, economic coordination, and cultural life. This process fundamentally alters social relationships, economic opportunities, and environmental conditions. Demographic transition involves systematic changes in birth and death rates that reshape the age structure of societies and create new challenges and opportunities for social organisation. Greying represents a specific demographic transformation where societies experience significant increases in elderly populations, requiring adaptations in healthcare systems, social support networks, and economic arrangements. Gentrification illustrates how spatial transformation can involve the displacement of existing communities and the reconfiguration of urban social geography. These processes are interconnected and mutually reinforcing, as urbanisation often accompanies demographic transitions, while changing age structures influence spatial patterns of residence and community development. Understanding these processes is essential for analysing contemporary social challenges related to housing, community development, social services, and the sustainability of different forms of social organisation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Demographic_Transition' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Demographic transition is an interpretation of population change, which holds that a stable ratio of births to deaths is achieved once a certain level of economic prosperity and modernisation has been reached. This process involves a shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a society develops economically and socially. The transition typically occurs in stages, as described in the demographic transition theory, moving from a period of high fertility and mortality to one of low fertility and mortality, with a period of rapid population growth in between when death rates decline before birth rates do. The end result is a stabilisation of the population at a new size, often larger than the pre-transition level, with a different age structure. Factors contributing to this transition include improvements in healthcare, sanitation, education, and changes in cultural norms and values related to family size. Understanding the demographic transition is crucial for analysing population trends, planning for resource allocation, and addressing social and economic challenges associated with population change.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Demographic_Transition_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Demographic transition theory is a thesis linking population patterns to a society\'s level of technological development, suggesting that as societies industrialise and modernize, they go through a predictable sequence of changes in birth and death rates. The theory typically outlines four or five stages. In the first stage (pre-industrial), both birth rates and death rates are high, resulting in a relatively stable and low population size. In the second stage (early industrialisation), death rates begin to decline due to improvements in sanitation, healthcare, and nutrition, while birth rates remain high, leading to rapid population growth. In the third stage (late industrialisation), birth rates also start to decline as societies become more urbanised, education levels rise (especially for women), and contraception becomes more widely available, resulting in a slowing of population growth. In the fourth stage (post-industrial), both birth rates and death rates are low, leading to a stable or even declining population size. Some versions of the theory include a fifth stage where death rates may slightly exceed birth rates, leading to further population decline. This theory provides a framework for understanding historical population changes and for making projections about future population trends based on a society\'s level of development.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Demography' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Demography is the scientific study of the characteristics of human populations, including their size, composition (such as age, sex, race, and ethnicity), distribution, and dynamics (changes over time due to births, deaths, and migration). Demographers use statistical methods to analyse population data and trends, seeking to understand the factors that influence population growth, decline, and structure. Key areas of study in demography include fertility (birth rates), mortality (death rates), and migration (the movement of people from one place to another). Demographic research provides essential information for governments, businesses, and other organisations for planning purposes, such as forecasting future population size, age structure, and geographic distribution, which can inform decisions related to healthcare, education, infrastructure, and social welfare programs. Demography also plays a crucial role in understanding social change and addressing issues related to population aging, urbanisation, and environmental sustainability.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Denomination' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A denomination is a large, organised religion that is not officially linked with the state or government, operating independently and typically accepting the existence of other religious groups within a pluralistic society. Unlike a state church, which is officially endorsed and supported by the government, a denomination maintains its own governance and financial autonomy. While denominations may have a significant presence and influence within a society, they do not hold a position of exclusive authority or official recognition by the state. They generally have a well-established history, a large membership base, and a formal organisational structure with defined doctrines and practices. The concept of denomination is particularly relevant in countries with a separation of church and state and a diverse religious landscape, such as the United States, where numerous Christian denominations, as well as other major religions, operate freely.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Descent' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Descent refers to the system by which members of a society trace kinship over generations, establishing their familial connections and lineage. This system dictates how individuals are related to one another and can influence inheritance patterns, social obligations, and group membership. Societies employ various descent systems, including patrilineal descent, where kinship is traced through the father\'s line; matrilineal descent, where it is traced through the mother\'s line; and bilateral descent, where both sides of the family are considered equally important. The way descent is reckoned shapes social organisation and the transmission of social status and property across generations. Understanding descent systems is crucial for analysing family structures and kinship relationships in different cultures.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Descent_And_Authority_System' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Descent_And_Authority_System represents the fundamental organisational principles that govern how societies trace lineage, distribute power, and structure social hierarchies within family and broader social contexts. This class encompasses both the mechanisms for determining kinship affiliation and inheritance rights (patrilineal and matrilineal descent) and the systems of social authority and control (patriarchy and matriarchy). These systems are interconnected as descent patterns often correlate with authority structures, creating comprehensive frameworks for organizing social relationships, property transmission, and decision-making processes. The variation within this class reflects different cultural solutions to questions of social organisation, gender roles, and intergenerational continuity, demonstrating how societies balance competing needs for stability, legitimacy, and social reproduction.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Desertification' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Desertification refers to instances of intense land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas, resulting in desert-like conditions over large areas where previously there was vegetated land. This process is primarily caused by human activities, such as overgrazing, deforestation, unsustainable agricultural practices, and improper irrigation, which exacerbate the effects of climate variations and droughts. Desertification leads to the loss of fertile topsoil, reduced agricultural productivity, decreased biodiversity, and can displace human populations, contributing to poverty and social instability. It is a significant environmental challenge, particularly in regions with fragile ecosystems, and addressing it requires sustainable land management practices and international cooperation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Developmental_And_Economic_Society_Type' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Developmental_And_Economic_Society_Type represents comprehensive social formations organised around distinct modes of economic production, technological capabilities, and social organisation that characterise different stages of societal development and economic complexity. These aggregates reflect how societies have evolved different approaches to organizing production, managing resources, and structuring social relationships based on their technological capabilities and environmental contexts. They demonstrate the relationship between economic organisation and social structure, showing how different modes of production generate distinct patterns of social stratification, cultural practices, and institutional arrangements. These society types illustrate both historical progression in human social organisation and contemporary diversity in approaches to economic and social development across the global system.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Deviance' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Deviance refers to behaviour that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society. What is considered deviant varies across cultures, social groups, and time periods, as it is defined by social norms and values. Deviant behaviour can range from minor infractions of social norms to serious violations of laws. Sociologists study deviance to understand why people violate norms, how societies react to deviance, and the role of deviance in social change. Various theories attempt to explain deviance, including anomie theory, differential association theory, control theory, and labeling theory. Deviance is not inherently negative; while some deviant acts are harmful, others can challenge existing norms and lead to social progress.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Deviance_And_Social_Control' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Deviance and Social Control is a core subfield within sociology that systematically examines behaviours, actions, and attributes that violate established social norms, rules, or laws, as well as the diverse mechanisms societies employ to regulate and respond to such norm-breaking. This field explores the social construction of deviance, investigating how and why certain behaviours are defined as deviant while others are not, and how these definitions vary across different cultures, time periods, and social groups. It delves into the causes and patterns of deviant behaviour, drawing on various sociological theories (e.g., anomie theory, labeling theory, control theory, differential association). Concurrently, it analyses the formal mechanisms of social control, such as law enforcement and the criminal justice system (police, courts, prisons, capital punishment), and informal mechanisms, like social approval or disapproval, peer pressure, and gossip, which maintain social order. The subfield also studies the consequences of deviance for individuals (e.g., stigma, rehabilitation) and society, and the interplay between deviance and social change.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Deviant_Subculture' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A deviant subculture is a subculture whose members hold values, norms, beliefs, and behaviours that differ substantially from those of the majority or dominant culture in a society. These subcultures often emerge as a form of resistance or reaction to mainstream norms and may provide alternative ways of life and social identities for their members. Examples of deviant subcultures can include some youth gangs, radical political groups, or groups with unconventional lifestyles. The values and practices of a deviant subculture may be seen as negative or threatening by the wider society, leading to social stigma and conflict. Studying deviant subcultures helps sociologists understand the diversity of cultural expressions within a society and the processes through which certain behaviours and values come to be defined as deviant.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Diaspora' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Diaspora refers to the dispersal of an ethnic population from an original homeland into foreign areas, often in a forced manner or under traumatic circumstances such as war, famine, or persecution. The term can also refer to the communities formed by these dispersed people in their new locations, who often maintain a sense of connection to their homeland and a shared cultural identity. Examples of diasporas include the Jewish diaspora, the African diaspora resulting from the slave trade, and the Armenian diaspora following the genocide. Diasporic communities often play a significant role in transnational networks, maintaining cultural traditions, and sometimes engaging in political or economic activities related to their homeland. The study of diasporas examines issues of identity, belonging, cultural adaptation, and the complex relationships between diasporic communities and both their homeland and their adopted countries.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Differential_Association' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Differential association is a theory of deviance proposed by Edwin Sutherland that holds that violation of rules results from exposure to attitudes favourable to criminal acts. This theory suggests that criminal behaviour is learned through interactions with others, particularly in intimate personal groups. Individuals learn not only the techniques of committing crimes but also the attitudes, values, and rationalisations that support criminal behaviour. The likelihood of engaging in deviance depends on the frequency, intensity, priority, and duration of an individual\'s association with those who hold deviant attitudes compared to those who hold conventional attitudes. Differential association theory emphasises the social learning aspect of deviance, suggesting that it is not simply the result of individual pathology but rather a product of social interaction and learning within specific social environments.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Diffusion' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Diffusion is the process by which a cultural item, such as an idea, innovation, practice, or material object, is spread from one group to another or from one society to another. This can occur through various forms of contact, including trade, migration, communication, and conquest. Cultural diffusion plays a significant role in cultural change, as societies are constantly borrowing and adapting elements from other cultures. The rate and extent of diffusion can be influenced by factors such as the compatibility of the new cultural item with existing cultural elements, the social status of the adopters, and the intensity of contact between the groups. Diffusion can lead to both cultural enrichment and cultural homogenisation, depending on the specific context and the nature of the cultural exchange.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Disability_Study' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Disability studies is a field of inquiry that critically investigates the position of disabled people in societies, including their experiences, history, and the social, political, and cultural factors that shape their lives. It examines how disability is defined, understood, and represented in society, often challenging medicalised and deficit-based models of disability that focus solely on individual impairments. Instead, disability studies emphasises the social model of disability, which posits that disability is primarily a result of societal barriers and attitudes that exclude and disadvantage people with impairments. This field also explores the history of disability activism and the ongoing campaigns by disabled people and their organisations to achieve equality, inclusion, and social justice. Disability studies is an interdisciplinary field drawing on sociology, anthropology, history, literature, and other disciplines to provide a comprehensive understanding of disability as a social phenomenon.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Discovery' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Discovery is the process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality that was previously unknown or unrecognised. In the context of culture and society, discovery can involve the identification of new elements of the natural world, the uncovering of existing but previously unknown knowledge, or the recognition of new ways of understanding or perceiving reality. Discoveries can have significant impacts on societies, leading to technological advancements, scientific breakthroughs, and changes in cultural beliefs and practices. Unlike invention, which involves creating something new, discovery involves finding or becoming aware of something that already exists. The social impact of a discovery often depends on how it is interpreted, disseminated, and integrated into the existing cultural framework.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Discrimination' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Discrimination is the process of denying opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or other arbitrary reasons, often stemming from negative stereotypes and biases. This can manifest in various forms, including individual acts of prejudice and systemic or institutional discrimination embedded in policies and practices. Discrimination can target individuals based on a wide range of characteristics, such as age, sex, nationality, religion, skin color, disability, or physical appearance. It involves treating people unfairly or unequally due to their membership in a particular group, rather than based on their individual merits or abilities. The consequences of discrimination can be significant, leading to social exclusion, economic disadvantage, limited access to resources, and psychological harm for those who experience it. While overt forms of discrimination are often condemned, more subtle or indirect forms can persist and continue to perpetuate inequalities within society. Addressing discrimination requires not only legal and policy measures but also efforts to challenge underlying prejudices and stereotypes through education and awareness. The impact of discrimination can be particularly pronounced when individuals face multiple forms of discrimination based on intersecting aspects of their identity, such as age combined with gender, race, or disability.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Discrimination_And_Marginalisation_Quality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Discrimination_And_Marginalisation_Quality represents characteristics and experiences related to systematic exclusion, prejudice, and disadvantage based on group membership or social identity. These qualities include various forms of bias, discrimination, and marginalisation that create and maintain social inequalities. They encompass both individual experiences of prejudice and systemic patterns of exclusion that affect entire groups. These qualities highlight how social differences become the basis for unequal treatment and how certain groups face systematic barriers to full social participation. Understanding these qualities is essential for analysing patterns of social exclusion and the mechanisms through which inequality is perpetuated across different social categories.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Disengagement_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Disengagement theory is a functionalist theory of aging introduced by Cumming and Henry that contends that society and the aging individual mutually sever many of their relationships as the individual approaches death. This theory suggests that this mutual withdrawal is a natural and inevitable process that benefits both the individual and society. For the aging individual, disengagement allows for a peaceful transition out of social roles and responsibilities, reducing stress and providing time for introspection. For society, the disengagement of older individuals allows younger generations to take over positions of power and responsibility, ensuring social continuity and preventing disruption caused by the potential incapacity or death of older members in key roles. This theory has faced criticism for its assumption that disengagement is always functional and beneficial, as many older adults remain active and engaged in society and may experience negative consequences from forced or unwanted social withdrawal, such as loneliness and a decline in well-being. Alternative theories of aging emphasise the importance of continued social engagement and activity for maintaining health and life satisfaction in later years.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Documentary_Research' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Documentary research is a method of data collection and analysis that involves the study of written texts and other documents, including personal diaries, government policies, fictional works, mass media output, historical records, and organisational reports. This type of research provides valuable insights into social phenomena, cultural values, historical trends, and individual experiences. Researchers using documentary methods analyse the content, context, and meaning of these documents to answer their research questions. Personal diaries and letters can offer rich qualitative data about individual lives and perspectives. Government policies and official reports can reveal institutional practices and societal priorities. Fictional works and mass media can reflect and shape cultural norms and ideologies. Historical documents provide evidence of past events and social structures. The strength of documentary research lies in its ability to provide access to information that might not be available through other methods, such as surveys or interviews, and to study phenomena over time. It is often used in historical sociology, media studies, and qualitative research to provide context and depth to sociological analysis.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Domestic_Partnership' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A domestic partnership is a legal or socially recognised status for two unrelated adults who have chosen to share one another\'s lives in a committed relationship of mutual caring, who reside together, and who agree to be jointly responsible for their dependents, basic living expenses, and other common necessities. While offering some of the rights and benefits of marriage, domestic partnerships typically do not grant the full range of legal protections afforded to married couples under federal law. The criteria for establishing a domestic partnership can vary depending on the jurisdiction or organisation, often requiring a formal registration process. Domestic partnerships were initially established to provide recognition and benefits to same-sex couples before the legalisation of same-sex marriage, but they are also available to heterosexual couples who choose not to marry. The specific rights and responsibilities associated with domestic partnership can include healthcare benefits, inheritance rights, and the ability to make medical decisions for a partner. The rise of domestic partnerships reflects changing social norms and a broader recognition of diverse forms of intimate relationships.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Downsizing' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Downsizing refers to reductions taken in a company\'s workforce as part of deindustrialisation or other economic restructuring efforts. This often involves laying off employees, eliminating positions, or offering early retirement packages to reduce the size of the organisation and lower labor costs. Downsizing can be a response to economic downturns, technological advancements that reduce the need for human labor, or a strategic decision to streamline operations and improve efficiency. While downsizing may benefit companies by increasing profits, it can have significant negative consequences for the affected workers and their communities, leading to job losses, financial insecurity, and social disruption. The social and economic impacts of downsizing are often studied by sociologists interested in the changing nature of work and the effects of economic restructuring on individuals and society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Dramaturgical_Analysis' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Dramaturgical analysis is an approach to the study of social interaction based on the use of metaphors derived from the theatre, famously developed by sociologist Erving Goffman. This perspective views social life as a performance, with individuals as actors on a stage, constantly trying to manage the impressions they make on others. Key concepts in dramaturgical analysis include the "front stage," where individuals present themselves in formal and expected ways to an audience; the "back stage," where individuals can relax their public image and behave more spontaneously; and "impression management," the conscious or unconscious effort to control how others perceive us. Goffman argued that social interaction is a delicate balancing act where individuals strive to maintain face (a positive social identity) and avoid embarrassment or disruption of the performance. By analysing social interactions through the lens of theatrical performance, dramaturgical analysis provides insights into the ways individuals construct and present their identities in social settings.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Dramaturgical_Approach' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The dramaturgical approach is a view of social interaction, popularised by Erving Goffman, under which people are examined as if they were theatrical performers on a stage. In this perspective, individuals in social situations are seen as actors who present themselves and their roles to an audience (others present in the interaction). Just like actors in a play, people use props (material objects), scripts (established behaviours and routines), and costumes (appearance and demeanor) to convey particular images and create desired impressions. The goal of this performance is often to manage how others perceive them and to maintain a certain definition of the situation. Goffman emphasised the importance of "face-work," the efforts individuals make to maintain their own sense of dignity and the positive image they present to others, as well as to uphold the face of those they are interacting with. The dramaturgical approach highlights the performative nature of social life and the active role individuals play in shaping social reality through their interactions.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Dyad' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A dyad is a two-member group, representing the smallest possible social group. Dyads are characterised by intense interaction and mutual dependence between the two members, as each person\'s participation is crucial for the group\'s existence. The intimacy and directness of interaction in a dyad can lead to strong emotional bonds, but also to potential instability, as the withdrawal or loss of one member dissolves the group entirely. Decision-making in a dyad is often more direct and personal compared to larger groups, as there are only two perspectives to consider. However, disagreements can be more challenging to resolve without the possibility of a third-party mediator. Dyads play a fundamental role in social life, forming the basis of many close relationships, such as romantic partnerships and close friendships. The unique dynamics of dyads have been a subject of interest in sociology, particularly in the study of small group interactions.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('E-commerce' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'E-commerce, short for electronic commerce, encompasses the numerous ways that people with access to the Internet can conduct business transactions from their computers or other digital devices. This includes a wide range of online activities such as buying and selling goods and services, conducting financial transactions, and exchanging information for commercial purposes. E-commerce has revolutionised the way businesses operate and consumers shop, offering convenience, accessibility, and a global marketplace. It includes various models, such as business-to-consumer (B2C) retail, business-to-business (B2B) transactions, and consumer-to-consumer (C2C) platforms. The growth of e-commerce has had significant economic and social impacts, transforming industries, creating new business opportunities, and altering consumer behaviour.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Ecclesia' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Ecclesia refers to a religious organisation that claims to include most or all of the members of a society and is recognised as the national or official religion, often closely aligned with the state. In an ecclesia, there is typically no sharp distinction between the religious and secular spheres, and membership is often by birth rather than by conscious choice. The ecclesia tends to have a hierarchical structure and may exert significant influence over government policies and social norms. While the concept of ecclesia is less common in modern, pluralistic societies with a separation of church and state, historical examples include the Church of England or state-supported religions in some European countries. In sociological terms, ecclesia represents one end of a continuum of religious organisations, with sects and cults at the other end, and denominations falling somewhere in between.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Economic_And_Corporate_Organisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Economic_And_Corporate_Organisation represents collective entities organised primarily for economic production, service delivery, or market participation within capitalist economic systems. These aggregates are characterised by hierarchical authority structures, specialised divisions of labor, and orientation toward efficiency and profit generation. They range from small-scale local enterprises to massive multinational entities that operate across global markets. These organisations serve as primary vehicles for economic activity, technological innovation, and wealth creation, while also representing sites of class relations and power dynamics within capitalist societies. Their structure and operations reflect the fundamental tensions between efficiency and worker welfare, between local and global interests, and between private profit and public benefit that characterise modern economic systems.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Economic_And_Industrial_Transformation_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Economic_And_Industrial_Transformation_Process encompasses the fundamental shifts in economic organisation, production systems, and industrial structures that characterise major transitions in societal development. These processes involve comprehensive changes in how societies organise production, distribute goods and services, and structure economic relationships between different social classes and institutions. The transformation from traditional agricultural economies to industrial systems, and subsequently to post-industrial arrangements, represents one of the most significant social changes in human history. These processes are characterised by technological innovation, changes in labor organisation, shifts in the relationship between capital and labor, and the emergence of new forms of economic coordination and control. The Industrial Revolution exemplifies how technological advancement can trigger cascading social changes that reshape entire societies. Post-Fordism demonstrates how production systems continue to evolve in response to technological capabilities and market demands. Deindustrialisation shows how economic transformation can also involve the decline of previously dominant sectors, creating new challenges and opportunities. These processes fundamentally alter social stratification, work experiences, community structures, and the overall organisation of social life, making them central to understanding modern socioeconomic development.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Economic_And_Material_Inequality_Quality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Economic_And_Material_Inequality_Quality represents characteristics related to the distribution of economic resources, material conditions, and financial security that create and reflect class-based stratification. These qualities include various measures of poverty, economic deprivation, and the concentration of resources among different social groups. They encompass both absolute measures of material need and relative assessments of economic position within society. These qualities are fundamental to understanding class structure, economic inequality, and the material conditions that shape life chances and opportunities. They highlight how economic systems create differential access to resources and how this translates into broader patterns of social stratification and inequality.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Economic_Interdependence' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Economic interdependence is the outcome of specialisation and the division of labor, where self-sufficiency is superseded and individuals, regions, or nations depend on others to produce many or most of the goods and services they need to sustain their lives. This interconnectedness arises when different entities focus on producing specific goods or services more efficiently than others and then trade with each other to meet their diverse needs and wants. Economic interdependence can lead to increased efficiency, productivity, and overall economic growth by allowing for specialisation and economies of scale. However, it also means that disruptions in one part of the interdependent system can have ripple effects across other parts, creating vulnerabilities to economic shocks and global events. The rise of globalisation has significantly increased economic interdependence between countries, making national economies more reliant on international trade and financial flows.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Economic_System' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'An economic system is the social institution through which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed within a society. It encompasses the organisational arrangements, rules, and practices that govern how a society allocates its resources to satisfy the needs and wants of its members. Different societies have adopted various types of economic systems throughout history, including traditional economies, command economies, market economies (capitalism), and mixed economies that combine elements of different systems. Each type of economic system has its own set of principles regarding ownership of resources, decision-making processes, and mechanisms for production, distribution, and consumption. The dominant economic system in a society has a profound impact on its social structure, levels of inequality, and the daily lives of its people.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Economy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The economy refers to the system of production and exchange which provides for the material needs of individuals living in a given society. It encompasses all activities related to the creation, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The economy is a fundamental aspect of social life, as it shapes how people earn a living, access resources, and interact with one another in the process of fulfilling their material needs and wants. The structure and functioning of the economy are influenced by a complex interplay of social, cultural, political, and technological factors. Sociologists study the economy to understand its impact on social inequality, social mobility, work, and other aspects of social life. Different types of economies, such as agrarian, industrial, and post-industrial economies, have distinct characteristics and social consequences.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Education' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Education is a formal process of learning in which some people consciously teach while others adopt the social role of learner, typically occurring in institutions like schools, colleges, and universities. However, education also encompasses informal learning that takes place outside of formal settings, such as through family, peers, and media. The goals of education are multifaceted, including the transmission of knowledge, skills, values, and cultural norms from one generation to the next, as well as the personal and intellectual development of individuals. Education plays a crucial role in socialisation, preparing individuals for their roles in society and contributing to social mobility. Sociologists study education to understand its impact on social inequality, its relationship to the economy, and its role in shaping individual identities and life chances.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Elite_Model' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The elite model is a view of society as ruled by a small group of individuals who share a common set of political and economic interests, effectively holding the majority of power and influence. This perspective suggests that despite the appearance of democracy, major decisions are made by a relatively cohesive group of elites who control key institutions, such as corporations, the government, and the military. These elites may come from similar social backgrounds, share similar values, and work to maintain their privileged positions and the existing social order. The elite model contrasts with the pluralist model, which argues that power is more widely distributed among various competing interest groups in society. Sociologists who subscribe to the elite model often study the social backgrounds, networks, and decision-making processes of those in power to understand how societal control is exercised.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Encounter' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'An encounter refers to a meeting between two or more individuals in a situation of face-to-face interaction, representing a basic unit of social interaction studied in sociology. Encounters can range from brief and fleeting interactions with strangers to more extended and meaningful interactions with people we know well. Sociologist Erving Goffman\'s work on micro-sociology extensively analysed the structure and dynamics of social encounters, highlighting how individuals present themselves, manage impressions, and negotiate social order in these face-to-face settings. The study of encounters examines the subtle cues, nonverbal communication, and shared understandings that shape how individuals interact and create social reality in their daily lives. Even seemingly minor encounters contribute to the ongoing construction and maintenance of social relationships and social structures.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Endogamy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Endogamy is the forbidding of marriage or sexual relations outside one\'s social group, often enforced through social pressure, norms, traditions, or even legal restrictions. The social group in question can be based on various factors such as caste, ethnicity, religion, social class, or kinship ties. The practice of endogamy aims to maintain the homogeneity, social boundaries, and cultural integrity of the group by encouraging marriage and reproduction within its confines. It can play a significant role in preserving group identity, values, and social hierarchies across generations. While endogamous practices are prevalent in many societies throughout history, the strictness of these rules and the specific groups to which they apply can vary widely. In modern, more open societies, while formal rules of endogamy may have weakened, informal social pressures and preferences for marrying within similar social backgrounds often persist.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Entrepreneur' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'An entrepreneur is someone who starts or owns a business venture and takes personal financial risks in the hope of making a profit. Entrepreneurs are often characterised by their innovativeness, initiative, and willingness to take on challenges to bring new ideas, products, or services to the market. They play a crucial role in economic development by creating jobs, driving innovation, and fostering competition. The success of an entrepreneur\'s venture is often dependent on factors such as market demand, effective business planning, access to resources, and the ability to adapt to changing circumstances. Entrepreneurship can be a driving force for economic growth and social change, as new businesses can disrupt existing industries and create new opportunities.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Environmental_Justice' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Environmental justice is a legal strategy and a social movement based on claims that racial minorities and low-income communities are subjected disproportionately to environmental hazards and pollution compared to wealthier, often white, communities. This perspective highlights the unequal distribution of environmental risks and benefits, arguing that marginalised groups often bear a greater burden of pollution, waste disposal sites, and other environmental hazards due to systemic inequalities and discriminatory practices. The environmental justice movement advocates for fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. It seeks to address the social and political dimensions of environmental problems and to ensure that all communities have a healthy and sustainable environment.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Environmental_Sociology' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Environmental Sociology is a specialised subfield within sociology that focuses on the complex and reciprocal interactions and relationships between human societies and the natural environment. It examines how social factors, such as economic systems, political structures, cultural values, and technological advancements, shape environmental conditions and problems (e.g., global warming, deforestation, desertification, pollution, resource depletion). Conversely, it also investigates how environmental changes and challenges impact human societies, influencing social inequalities, migration patterns, health outcomes, and social conflicts. Environmental sociologists analyse the social causes and consequences of environmental degradation, the social movements advocating for environmental protection and justice, and the development of environmental policies and sustainable practices. This field often highlights issues of environmental justice, which addresses the disproportionate exposure of marginalised communities to environmental hazards. It emphasises a critical and systemic approach to understanding the human-environment nexus in a globalised world, often drawing on concepts like risk society and manufactured risk.Aging_Study = Aging Studies is an interdisciplinary academic field dedicated to the comprehensive examination of the multifaceted process of human aging and the experiences of older adults within societal contexts. This domain draws insights from sociology, psychology, biology, demography, public health, economics, and policy studies to understand the physiological, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur throughout the life course, particularly in later life. It focuses on the social roles older people occupy, the challenges they face (such as ageism, health disparities, and retirement transitions), and the diverse societal responses to an increasingly aging global population. Researchers in Aging Studies investigate topics like social support networks, elder care systems, generational relations, healthy aging initiatives, and the broader impact of demographic shifts on social institutions and resource allocation. The field also addresses the social construction of old age and the cultural perceptions of longevity, aiming to inform public policy and promote well-being, social inclusion, and equitable opportunities for individuals across all life stages within society. It is crucial for anticipating future societal needs.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Equilibrium_Model' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The equilibrium model is Talcott Parsons\'s functionalist view of society as tending toward a state of stability or balance, where different parts of the social system work together to maintain overall equilibrium. Parsons argued that societies are complex systems with interdependent parts, each fulfilling certain functions that contribute to the system\'s survival and stability. When disruptions or changes occur in one part of the system, other parts will adjust to restore balance and maintain social order. This model emphasises the self-regulating nature of social systems and their tendency to seek a state of equilibrium. However, it has been criticised for its focus on stability and its limited attention to social conflict and social change.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Esteem' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Esteem refers to the reputation that a particular individual has earned within an occupation, profession, or social group, reflecting the respect and honor they receive from others based on their skills, achievements, and character within that specific context. It is often associated with competence, integrity, and the positive contributions an individual makes to their field or community. Esteem can be differentiated from prestige, which is a more general form of social honor and respect associated with one\'s social status or position in society, regardless of specific achievements. While prestige might be linked to factors like wealth, family background, or occupation in a broad sense, esteem is more specifically tied to how well an individual performs in their particular role or area of expertise and the recognition they receive for it from their peers and others in that domain.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Ethnic_Group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'An ethnic group is a group of people who are set apart from others because of their shared national origin or distinctive cultural patterns, which can include language, religion, traditions, customs, and shared history. Members of an ethnic group typically share a sense of common identity and belonging based on these cultural elements, which distinguish them from other groups in society. Ethnicity is a social construct, meaning that it is defined and maintained through social interaction and cultural practices rather than being based on fixed biological traits. The boundaries of ethnic groups can be fluid and may change over time due to factors such as migration, intermarriage, and social and political contexts. The study of ethnic groups is central to understanding cultural diversity, intergroup relations, and issues of identity and belonging in sociology.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Ethnocentrism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Ethnocentrism is the tendency to assume that one\'s own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others, leading to the evaluation of other cultures based on the standards and values of one\'s own culture. This can result in a biased or distorted view of other societies and their practices, often leading to misunderstandings, prejudice, and conflict. Ethnocentrism can manifest in various ways, from making negative judgments about the customs or beliefs of another culture to believing that one\'s own cultural practices are the only correct or natural way of doing things. While a certain degree of in-group preference is common in all cultures, extreme ethnocentrism can hinder cross-cultural understanding and cooperation. Sociologists strive to avoid ethnocentrism in their research by practicing cultural relativism, which involves understanding and evaluating other cultures from their own perspectives.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Ethnography' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Ethnography is a qualitative research method that involves the study of an entire social setting or cultural group through extended systematic observation and immersion in the field. Ethnographers aim to gain an in-depth understanding of the culture, behaviours, and social dynamics of the group being studied from the perspective of its members. This often involves the researcher spending a significant amount of time living among the people they are studying, participating in their daily activities, conducting interviews, and analysing cultural artifacts and symbols. The goal of ethnography is to provide a rich and detailed description of the social world of the group under study, capturing the nuances and complexities of their culture and social life. Ethnographic research is often used in anthropology and sociology to explore diverse cultural practices, social structures, and the meanings that people create and share in their everyday interactions.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Evolutionary_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'In sociology, evolutionary theory is a broad perspective that holds that society is moving in a definite direction of progress and increasing complexity over time, often drawing parallels to biological evolution. Early sociological thinkers like Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer applied evolutionary ideas to the development of human societies, suggesting that they evolve through stages from simpler to more complex forms, characterised by increasing specialisation, differentiation, and social organisation. While classical evolutionary theories often implied a linear and deterministic path of societal development, more contemporary approaches recognise that social change is more complex and can involve multiple pathways and even periods of regression. Modern evolutionary perspectives in sociology may focus on long-term processes of social change, the adaptation of societies to their environments, and the role of technological innovation in driving social evolution.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Exogamy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Exogamy is a social rule or norm that requires people to select mates outside certain groups to which they belong, such as their own family, lineage, clan, or village. The specific groups from which marriage is prohibited vary across cultures. The function of exogamy is often to promote social alliances and cooperation between different groups by creating ties of kinship through marriage. It can also help to prevent incest and maintain genetic diversity within a population. In many societies, the rules of exogamy are deeply embedded in cultural traditions and may be enforced through social sanctions or even legal prohibitions. The definition of the "out-group" for exogamous marriage can range from immediate family members to broader categories of relatives or members of the same local community, depending on cultural norms.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Experiment' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'An experiment is a carefully designed and artificially created situation that allows the researcher to manipulate one or more variables (the independent variables) to observe their effect on another variable (the dependent variable), while controlling for other factors that might influence the outcome. Experiments are a key method in quantitative research aimed at establishing causal relationships between variables. They typically involve an experimental group that is exposed to the independent variable and a control group that is not, with both groups being as similar as possible in all other respects, often achieved through random assignment of participants. By comparing the changes in the dependent variable between the experimental and control groups, researchers can draw conclusions about the causal impact of the independent variable. Experiments can be conducted in laboratory settings to maximise control or in field settings to increase ecological validity.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Experimental_Group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The experimental group in an experiment consists of the subjects who are exposed to an independent variable that is introduced or manipulated by the researcher. The purpose of exposing this group to the independent variable is to observe and measure its effect on the dependent variable, which is the outcome the researcher is interested in. The experimental group is compared to a control group, which does not receive the independent variable, to determine the impact of the manipulation. Researchers carefully design the experiment to ensure that the only systematic difference between the experimental and control groups is the presence or level of the independent variable, allowing them to infer causality if a significant difference in the dependent variable is observed. Random assignment of participants to the experimental and control groups helps to ensure that the groups are equivalent at the start of the experiment, minimizing the influence of confounding variables.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Exploitation_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Exploitation theory, particularly within a Marxist framework, views racial subordination in the United States and other capitalist societies as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism. This theory argues that racism and racial inequality serve the interests of the capitalist class by creating a split labor market, where workers are divided along racial lines, leading to lower wages for all workers and hindering the development of class consciousness and solidarity among the working class. By fostering racial antagonism, the bourgeoisie can maintain their power and profits by preventing the unified mobilisation of workers against their exploitation. Exploitation theory suggests that racial prejudice and discrimination are not simply matters of individual attitudes but are deeply embedded in the economic structure of capitalism and serve to perpetuate class inequality.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Expressiveness' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Expressiveness is a term used by sociologists Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales to refer to a concern for the maintenance of harmony and the internal emotional affairs of the family or a small group. This role is often traditionally associated with women in the family, involving providing emotional support, nurturing relationships, and managing interpersonal conflicts to ensure the well-being and cohesion of the group. Expressive roles focus on the affective and emotional needs of group members, contributing to social integration and solidarity. Parsons and Bales contrasted this with instrumentality, which refers to a focus on task-oriented goals, decision-making, and the external relationships of the group, often traditionally associated with men in the family. These concepts were part of their functionalist analysis of family roles and their contribution to the overall functioning of society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Extended_Family' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'An extended family is a family group consisting of close relatives extending beyond a couple and their children, living either within the same household or in a close and continuous relationship with one another. This can include grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and other kin who play a significant role in the family\'s social and economic life. Extended family structures were more common in pre-industrial societies and in many cultures around the world, where they often provided a strong network of support, shared resources, and collective caregiving. While the nuclear family (a couple and their dependent children) has become more prevalent in many Western industrialised societies, extended family ties continue to be important for many individuals and can provide valuable social, emotional, and practical support.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Face-work' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Face-work is a term used by sociologist Erving Goffman to refer to the efforts of people to maintain the proper image of themselves and others and to avoid embarrassment or social disruption in public or social interactions. Goffman argued that individuals are constantly engaged in presenting a particular "face" or social identity to others, and they actively work to maintain this face and to help others maintain theirs. Face-work involves various strategies, such as avoiding topics that might cause offense, offering apologies for social gaffes, and helping others to save face when they experience a social mishap. The goal of face-work is to ensure smooth social interaction and to uphold a shared sense of social order and respect among those present. It highlights the delicate and often unspoken rules that govern our interactions and the active role individuals play in managing social impressions.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Factual_Question' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Factual questions are questions that raise issues concerning matters of fact rather than theoretical interpretations or moral judgments. These questions seek to elicit information that can be verified through observation, measurement, or reliable sources of evidence. In sociological research, factual questions might ask about demographic characteristics (e.g., What is the population of a city?), social trends (e.g., Has the divorce rate increased in the last decade?), or specific events (e.g., What were the main causes of a particular social movement?). Answering factual questions is a fundamental part of sociological inquiry, providing the empirical basis for developing theories and understanding social phenomena. While seemingly straightforward, even factual questions can sometimes involve complex issues of data collection, interpretation, and the reliability of sources. They are distinct from theoretical questions, which explore explanations and relationships between social phenomena, and moral questions, which involve judgments about what is right or wrong.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('False_Consciousness' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'False consciousness is a term used by Karl Marx to describe an attitude held by members of a class, particularly the proletariat, that does not accurately reflect its objective position within the capitalist system and instead serves the interests of the ruling class (bourgeoisie). This false understanding prevents the working class from recognizing their own exploitation and their shared interests in overthrowing capitalism. Instead, they may adopt the values and beliefs of the bourgeoisie, seeing the existing social order as legitimate or even in their own best interest. Factors contributing to false consciousness can include the influence of ideology disseminated through media, religion, and the education system, which can mask the underlying power dynamics and inequalities of capitalist society. Overcoming false consciousness and developing class consciousness, an awareness of their shared exploitation and the need for collective action, is a crucial step in Marx\'s theory of social change.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Familism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Familism refers to pride in the extended family, expressed through the maintenance of close ties and strong obligations to kinfolk across generations. In societies or groups characterised by familism, family needs and values often take precedence over individual desires and ambitions. This can involve providing emotional, social, and economic support to family members, maintaining frequent contact, and participating in family traditions and events. Familism is often a strong cultural value in many collectivist societies and can play a significant role in shaping social behaviour, decision-making, and individual identities. The strength of familistic ties can provide a sense of belonging, security, and mutual aid among family members, but it can also sometimes create obligations that may conflict with individual autonomy or broader societal norms.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Family' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A family is a group of individuals related to one another by blood ties, marriage, or adoption who form an economic unit, the adult members of which are responsible for the upbringing of children. All known societies involve some form of family system, although the nature of family relationships is widely variable across cultures and throughout history. While in modern societies the main family form is often considered the nuclear family (a couple and their dependent children), a variety of extended family relationships (including grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins) are also frequently found and play important roles in individuals\' lives. The family serves as a primary agent of socialisation, providing emotional support, care, and a sense of belonging for its members. It also plays a crucial role in the transmission of cultural norms, values, and traditions across generations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Family_And_Kinship_Aggregate' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Family_And_Kinship_Aggregate encompasses the fundamental social units organised around biological relationships, marriage bonds, adoption ties, and chosen kinship connections that serve as primary sites of socialisation, emotional support, and cultural transmission. These object aggregates represent the most basic and universal forms of human social organisation, providing essential functions including child-rearing, economic cooperation, emotional support, and the intergenerational transmission of culture, values, and resources. The diversity within this domain reflects different cultural approaches to organizing kinship relationships and family structures, from traditional extended family systems to contemporary chosen families. These aggregates demonstrate how humans create lasting social bonds that transcend individual lifespans, establish patterns of mutual obligation and support, and maintain continuity across generations through both biological and social reproduction.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Family_Of_Choice' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Family of choice refers to people with or without legal or blood ties who feel they belong together and wish to define themselves as a family, often based on shared values, mutual support, and emotional closeness. This concept recognises that family bonds can be formed through affinity and shared experiences, rather than solely through biological or legal connections. For individuals who may be estranged from their biological families or who find their primary source of emotional support and belonging elsewhere, families of choice can provide a vital sense of community and kinship. These chosen families can be particularly important for marginalised groups, such as LGBTQ+ individuals, who may face rejection or lack of acceptance from their families of origin. The increasing recognition of diverse family structures in modern society highlights the importance of emotional bonds and mutual commitment in defining what constitutes a family.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Family_Unit' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A family unit is a social group of two or more people, related by blood, marriage, or adoption, who usually live together in the same household and often share economic resources and responsibilities. This is a fundamental social institution in most societies, providing a context for socialisation, emotional support, and the care of its members, particularly children. The structure of the family unit can vary across cultures and over time, with the nuclear family (a couple and their dependent children) being the most common form in many Western industrialised societies, while extended families (including other relatives like grandparents, aunts, and uncles) are more prevalent in other parts of the world. The family unit plays a crucial role in the transmission of cultural norms and values from one generation to the next.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Family_Violence' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Family violence encompasses emotional, physical, or sexual abuse of one family member by another, occurring within the context of intimate relationships or familial ties. This can include violence between spouses or partners, parents and children, siblings, or other relatives living in the same household or having close relationships. Family violence is a significant social problem with serious consequences for the well-being and safety of its victims, including physical injuries, psychological trauma, and even death. It is often rooted in power imbalances and can be perpetuated by social norms, economic stressors, and individual factors. Addressing family violence requires a multi-faceted approach involving legal protection for victims, support services, and efforts to change societal attitudes and behaviours that condone or enable abuse within families.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Fashion' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Fashion refers to a social pattern in clothing, accessories, footwear, hairstyles, or behaviour that is favoured for a time by a large number of people within a particular culture or subculture. It is a dynamic and ever-changing phenomenon influenced by social, cultural, economic, and technological factors. Fashion can reflect current trends, social status, and individual identity, and it often involves a process of adoption, diffusion, and eventual obsolescence as new styles emerge. It is a form of collective behaviour that can be driven by designers, celebrities, media, and peer influence. The study of fashion in sociology examines its role in social differentiation, group affiliation, and the expression of cultural values. Trends in fashion can spread rapidly through modern communication channels, creating a sense of shared identity among those who adopt them.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Feminisation_Of_Poverty' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The feminisation of poverty is the trend by which women represent an increasing proportion of the poor population, both in developed and developing countries. This phenomenon is often attributed to a combination of factors, including gender inequalities in the labor market (such as the gender pay gap and occupational segregation), the disproportionate burden of unpaid care work that women often shoulder, higher rates of single-parenthood among women, and discriminatory laws and social norms that limit women\'s access to resources and opportunities. The feminisation of poverty highlights the intersection of gender and economic inequality, underscoring the need for policies and interventions that address the specific challenges and vulnerabilities faced by women in poverty.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Fertility' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Fertility refers to the incidence of child-bearing in a country\'s population, typically measured by the number of live births within a specific period, often a year, in relation to the population size or the number of women of childbearing age. Demographers study fertility rates to understand population growth and change, as well as the social, economic, and cultural factors that influence people\'s decisions about having children. Factors affecting fertility rates can include levels of education and economic development, access to contraception and family planning services, cultural norms and religious beliefs about family size, the status of women in society, and government policies related to child care and parental leave. Fertility rates vary significantly across different countries and regions and have been declining in many parts of the world in recent decades.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('First_World' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The term "First World" historically referred to the group of nation-states that possessed mature industrialised economies, based primarily on capitalistic production and aligned with the Western bloc during the Cold War era. These countries typically had high levels of economic development, technological advancement, and democratic political systems. The concept originated in the context of the Cold War division of the world into three "worlds": the First World (Western industrialised nations), the Second World (communist and socialist states), and the Third World (developing countries). While the Cold War context has ended, the term "First World" is sometimes still used, though often critically, to refer to highly developed, wealthy nations with strong economies and high standards of living. However, its continued use can be problematic as it implies a hierarchy and can overlook the diversity and complexities within and between these nations. More neutral terms like "developed countries" or "high-income countries" are often preferred in contemporary sociological and economic discourse.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Flexible_Production' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Flexible production is a process in which computers and advanced technologies are used to design and produce customised products for a mass market, allowing for greater variety and responsiveness to consumer demand. This contrasts with traditional mass production systems like Fordism, which focused on producing large quantities of standardised goods. Flexible production systems often involve computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), and robotics, enabling manufacturers to quickly adapt production lines to create different versions of a product or even entirely new products with relatively low switching costs. This approach allows for greater product differentiation and the ability to cater to niche markets, enhancing competitiveness in a globalised economy. Flexible production requires a skilled and adaptable workforce capable of working with advanced technologies.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Focused_Interaction' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Focused interaction refers to interaction between two or more individuals who are engaged in a common activity or a direct conversation with one another, characterised by mutual attention and a shared focus. This type of interaction involves a heightened level of awareness of the other participants and a mutual engagement in the interaction. Examples of focused interaction include a group of people playing a game, students working together on a project, or two friends having a conversation. Sociologist Erving Goffman\'s work on face-to-face interaction extensively explored the dynamics of focused encounters, highlighting the rules and norms that govern how individuals engage with each other in these situations. Focused interaction is essential for building relationships, sharing information, and achieving collective goals.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Folkway' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Folkway are informal norms governing everyday social behaviour whose violation raises comparatively little concern or mild social sanctions, such as disapproval or polite correction. These are the customs and conventions of daily life that guide routine interactions and contribute to social order. Examples of folkways include table manners, appropriate dress for certain occasions, and general politeness in social interactions. While violating a folkway might lead to social awkwardness or mild disapproval, it typically does not result in severe punishment or formal legal sanctions. Folkway are learned through socialisation and vary across cultures and social groups. They represent the unwritten rules that make social life predictable and comfortable.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Fordism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Fordism is an economic system based on mass assembly-line production, mass consumption, and standardised commodities, pioneered by Henry Ford in the early 20th century. Key features of Fordism include the use of specialised labor performing repetitive tasks on an assembly line, the production of large quantities of uniform products, and the payment of relatively high wages to workers to enable mass consumption of these goods. This system led to significant increases in productivity and made consumer goods more affordable, contributing to the rise of a mass consumer society. However, Fordism has also been criticised for its dehumanizing aspects due to the repetitive nature of the work and its lack of flexibility in responding to changing consumer preferences. The post-Fordist era is characterised by a shift towards more flexible production methods and diversified consumer markets.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Formal_And_Voluntary_Organisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Formal_And_Voluntary_Organisation represents structured collective entities that individuals join voluntarily to pursue specific shared goals, interests, or advocacy objectives. These organisations are characterised by formal membership structures, elected leadership, and explicit purposes that often involve influencing policy, providing services, or advancing particular causes. They typically operate through democratic processes and collective decision-making, with members contributing time, resources, or expertise toward common objectives. The aggregates within this category demonstrate how individuals organise collectively to amplify their voice, pool resources, and achieve goals that would be difficult to accomplish individually. These organisations serve as crucial intermediaries between individual citizens and larger institutional structures, facilitating democratic participation and social change through organised collective action.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Formal_Norm' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Formal norms are norms that generally have been written down and that specify strict rules for behaviour, often with clearly defined sanctions or punishments for violators. These norms are typically codified into laws, regulations, organisational rules, and codes of conduct, and they are enforced by formal authorities or institutions, such as the legal system, government agencies, and organisations. Examples of formal norms include traffic laws, criminal codes, university regulations, and workplace policies. Violations of formal norms can result in a range of penalties, from fines and suspension to imprisonment or termination of employment, depending on the severity of the infraction and the specific rules in place. Formal norms provide a clear and explicit framework for expected behaviour and help to maintain social order and control in complex societies and organisations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Formal_Organisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A formal organisation is a special-purpose group designed and structured for maximum efficiency in achieving specific goals or objectives. These organisations are characterised by a hierarchical structure of authority, a clear division of labor based on specialised roles and responsibilities, formal rules and procedures governing operations, and impersonal relationships among members. Examples of formal organisations include corporations, government agencies, universities, and hospitals. Max Weber\'s concept of bureaucracy is a classic example of a formal organisation designed for rational and efficient goal attainment. The formal structure of these organisations aims to ensure coordination, accountability, and predictability in their operations, although it can sometimes lead to rigidity and a lack of flexibility.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Formal_Social_Control' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Formal social control refers to the mechanisms and processes used by authorised agents and institutions within society to maintain order, enforce laws, and ensure conformity to established norms and rules. These agents include police officers, judges, school administrators, employers, and other individuals who have been given the authority to enforce social norms and impose sanctions when violations occur. Formal social control is characterised by its reliance on written rules, laws, and regulations, as well as established procedures for identifying and punishing deviant behaviour. Examples of formal social control mechanisms include arrests, prosecutions, disciplinary actions, and legal penalties. It plays a crucial role in maintaining social stability and protecting societal values and interests, often working in conjunction with informal social control mechanisms, such as social disapproval and peer pressure.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Functionalism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Functionalism is a theoretical perspective in sociology based on the notion that social events, institutions, and norms can best be explained in terms of the functions they perform – that is, the contributions they make to the continuity, stability, and overall well-being of a society. It views society as a complex system analogous to a living organism, where various interdependent parts work in a relatively stable relationship to each other, each fulfilling a specific role or function that is necessary for the whole to operate effectively. Functionalists seek to understand how different social structures, such as the family, education, religion, and the economy, contribute to the maintenance of social order and cohesion. This perspective emphasises the importance of shared values, norms, and consensus in society and how these contribute to social equilibrium. When examining social phenomena, functionalists ask what role that phenomenon plays in the larger social system and what its consequences are for the maintenance of social stability.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Functionalist_Perspective' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The functionalist perspective is a sociological approach that emphasises the way that the various parts of a society are structured to maintain its overall stability, order, and equilibrium. This perspective views society as a complex system composed of interconnected institutions, such as the family, education, government, and the economy, each with its own specific functions that contribute to the smooth operation of the whole. Functionalists analyse social phenomena by examining the roles they play in meeting the needs of society and promoting social cohesion. They focus on how shared values, norms, and consensus create a sense of social solidarity and enable society to function effectively. Social change, from a functionalist viewpoint, tends to be gradual and adaptive, occurring in response to disruptions in the social system to restore stability. Key theorists associated with functionalism include Émile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, and Robert Merton.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Fundamentalism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Fundamentalism is a belief in returning to the literal, strict, and inerrant meanings of scriptural texts or the foundational doctrines of a religion, often accompanied by a strong emphasis on traditional values and practices. Fundamentalism may arise as a reaction or response to modernisation, secularisation, and rationalisation, which are perceived as threats to religious beliefs and traditional ways of life. It often involves a rejection of more liberal or interpretive approaches to religious texts and a strong insistence on faith-based answers to contemporary issues, defending tradition by appealing to what are considered to be the unchanging and absolute truths found in religious scriptures. Fundamentalist movements can be found across various religions and may manifest in different ways, including social activism, political engagement, and the establishment of separate communities adhering strictly to their religious principles.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Gender' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Gender refers to the social expectations about behaviour that are regarded as appropriate for the members of each sex within a given culture. It is crucial to understand that gender does not primarily refer to the physical attributes that differentiate men and women biologically (sex), but rather to the socially formed traits of masculinity and femininity, which are learned through socialisation and vary across cultures and time periods. Gender encompasses the roles, norms, and identities that a society assigns to individuals based on their sex, influencing how they are expected to behave, interact, and present themselves. These social expectations shape everything from clothing and hairstyles to occupations and emotional expressions, and they play a significant role in structuring social relationships and hierarchies.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Gender_Identity' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Gender identity is the subjective and internal sense of being a man, a woman, both, neither, or somewhere else along the gender spectrum; it is the deeply felt psychological identification as male, female, or another gender. This is distinct from sex assigned at birth, which is typically based on visible biological characteristics, and gender expression, which is how an individual outwardly presents their gender through clothing, behaviour, and other means. Gender identity is a fundamental aspect of an individual\'s sense of self and can align with or differ from their sex assigned at birth. The development of gender identity is a complex process influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors. For many individuals, their gender identity is a core part of who they are and how they experience the world.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Gender_Inequality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Gender inequality refers to the differences in the status, power, prestige, opportunities, and resources that women and men have in groups, collectivities, and societies. This inequality is often manifested in various forms, including disparities in economic opportunities and earnings (such as the gender pay gap), political representation and influence, access to education and healthcare, and social and cultural norms that privilege one gender over the other, typically men. Gender inequality is a pervasive issue across many societies, although its specific forms and extent can vary significantly across cultures and historical periods. Feminist theories in sociology aim to understand the social, cultural, and historical roots of gender inequality and to advocate for social change that promotes gender equality and justice.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Gender_Order' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The gender order is a term associated with the writings of sociologist R. W. Connell that represents the overall patterns of power relations between masculinities and femininities that are widespread throughout society, shaping social institutions, interactions, and individual experiences. It encompasses the dominant cultural beliefs and practices that construct and maintain gender hierarchies, often privileging certain forms of masculinity while subordinating femininities and marginalised masculinities. The gender order is not static but is constantly being negotiated and contested through social interactions and power struggles. It influences everything from the division of labor in the household and the workplace to cultural representations of gender in media and the ways in which individuals perform their gender identities. Understanding the gender order is crucial for analysing and challenging systemic gender inequalities in society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Gender_Performance' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Gender performance refers to the ways in which individuals actively \'do gender\' through their behaviours, mannerisms, clothing, speech, and other forms of self-expression, thereby enacting and reinforcing societal expectations associated with masculinities and femininities. This concept, often associated with the work of Judith Butler, emphasises that gender is not simply an internal identity but is also constructed and expressed through outward actions and presentations that are shaped by social norms and cultural understandings of what it means to be a man or a woman (or other genders) in a particular context. Gender performance is not necessarily a conscious act of role-playing but rather the ongoing ways in which individuals embody and communicate their gender in everyday life, contributing to the social construction of gender itself.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Gender_Relation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Gender relations refer to the societally patterned interactions, roles, and power dynamics between men and women, as well as between individuals of other gender identities, within a given society. These relations are shaped by cultural norms, social institutions, economic structures, and historical factors, and they influence various aspects of social life, including family, work, education, politics, and interpersonal relationships. Gender relations are often characterised by inequalities in status, power, and resources, with one gender (typically men in patriarchal societies) holding more privilege and authority than others. The study of gender relations in sociology examines how these power dynamics are constructed, maintained, and challenged, and how they impact individuals and society as a whole. Understanding gender relations is essential for addressing gender-based inequalities and promoting gender equality.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Gender_Role' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Gender roles are the social roles, behaviours, attitudes, and expectations that are considered appropriate, acceptable, or desirable for people based on their perceived sex or gender within a particular culture or society. These roles are often labeled as masculine or feminine and are learned through the process of socialisation from a young age, influenced by family, peers, education, media, and other social institutions. Gender roles can vary significantly across different cultures and can change over time within the same society. While they provide a framework for social interaction and can contribute to a sense of identity, they can also be restrictive and contribute to gender stereotypes and inequalities by limiting individuals\' opportunities and expressions based on societal expectations of their gender. The study of gender roles in sociology examines how they are constructed, maintained, and challenged, and their impact on individuals and social structures.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Gender_Stratification' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Gender stratification refers to a society\'s unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between the two sexes, with one gender (typically men) holding a disproportionate share of these resources and social advantages. This hierarchical arrangement is evident in various aspects of social life, including the economic sphere (e.g., the gender pay gap, occupational segregation), the political arena (e.g., underrepresentation of women in leadership positions), and social institutions (e.g., differential treatment in education and healthcare). Gender stratification is not simply a matter of individual differences but is embedded in the social structure and perpetuated by cultural norms, beliefs, and practices that often favour men and disadvantage women. Feminist theories in sociology critically examine the causes and consequences of gender stratification and advocate for social equality between the sexes.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Generalised_Other' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Generalised others is a term used by social psychologist George Herbert Mead to refer to the child\'s developing awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, expectations, and norms of society as a whole, which the child gradually takes into account in his or her behaviour. This concept is a key part of Mead\'s theory of the social self, explaining how individuals develop a sense of self through social interaction. As children mature, they move beyond understanding the expectations of specific individuals (like parents) to understanding the broader expectations of their community and society. This internalised understanding of the generalised other allows individuals to regulate their behaviour according to societal norms and to anticipate how others might respond to their actions, even in interactions with unfamiliar people. The ability to take the perspective of the generalised other is essential for becoming a fully socialised member of society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Genocide' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Genocide is the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people, nation, ethnic group, or other distinct group of people, with the intent to destroy the group in whole or in part. It is considered the most extreme form of intergroup intolerance and a grave violation of human rights. Genocide can involve various methods of extermination, including mass killings, forced displacement leading to death, the imposition of measures intended to prevent births within the group, and the forcible transfer of children of the group to another group. The Holocaust, in which Nazi Germany systematically murdered approximately six million Jews, is a well-known historical example of genocide. Other instances include the treatment of aboriginal Australians by white settlers and the European colonisation of North America, which led to a drastic decline in Native American populations, partly due to the introduction of European diseases. The ongoing conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan has also been cited as a contemporary example of genocide. The prevention and punishment of genocide are major concerns of international law and human rights efforts.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Gentrification' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Gentrification is a process of urban renewal in which older, decaying housing and neighborhoods in central city areas are refurbished and revitalised by more affluent people, often resulting in the displacement of the original, lower-income residents. This process typically involves the renovation of buildings, the influx of new businesses and amenities catering to a higher-income clientele, and an increase in property values and rents, making the area unaffordable for many of its long-term residents. While gentrification can lead to the physical improvement of neglected urban areas, it often raises concerns about social equity and the displacement of vulnerable populations, potentially leading to the loss of affordable housing and the disruption of established communities. The causes and consequences of gentrification are complex and have been a subject of much sociological research and debate, with discussions focusing on issues of urban planning, housing policy, and social justice.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Gerontology' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Gerontology is the scientific study of the sociological, psychological, biological, and economic aspects of aging and the problems of older adults. It is an interdisciplinary field that draws on various disciplines to understand the aging process and the experiences of people as they grow older. Social gerontology, a specialised area within gerontology, specifically examines the social (and sociological) aspects of aging, focusing on topics such as social roles, relationships, social inequalities related to age, and the impact of social structures on the aging experience. Researchers in gerontology also study the psychological changes associated with aging, as well as the biological processes of senescence and the economic challenges and opportunities faced by older populations. The field of gerontology plays an increasingly important role in addressing the needs and concerns of aging populations in societies around the world.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Global_And_National_System_Category' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Global_And_National_System_Category represents aggregates that describe different types of nation-states and societies within the contemporary global system, characterised by varying levels of economic development, technological advancement, and political power. These categories reflect the hierarchical and unequal nature of the global political and economic system, where different countries occupy distinct positions based on their historical development, resource endowments, and political relationships. They demonstrate how global economic and political processes create systematic differences between societies in terms of their opportunities, constraints, and relationships with other nations. These aggregates are essential for understanding contemporary patterns of global inequality, international relations, and the dynamics of globalisation and development.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Global_Power_Relations_And_Cultural_Policy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Global_Power_Relations_And_Cultural_Policy represents institutional arrangements, policy frameworks, and systematic practices that govern relationships between different cultural, ethnic, and national groups, particularly focusing on how power differentials shape intercultural dynamics and group relationships. This category encompasses both historical systems of domination and contemporary policies designed to address inequality and promote inclusion. These arrangements function as realizable entities that can be implemented through legislation, institutional practices, and social policies, representing different approaches to managing cultural diversity and addressing historical injustices. The category includes both oppressive systems that systematically excluded and marginalised certain groups, as well as remedial policies designed to counteract discrimination and promote greater equity. These mechanisms operate across multiple scales, from domestic policies addressing minority rights and cultural recognition to international systems of economic and political dominance that perpetuate global inequalities. The category recognises that contemporary cultural and racial politics cannot be understood without reference to historical patterns of domination and the ongoing efforts to address their legacies through institutional reform and policy intervention.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Global_Village' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Global village is a notion associated with the Canadian writer and media theorist Marshall McLuhan, who envisioned the spread of electronic communication technologies, such as television and later the internet, as binding the world into a single, interconnected community, akin to a small village where everyone knows everyone else and information travels rapidly. McLuhan argued that electronic media collapses time and space, allowing people from different parts of the world to interact and share experiences in real-time, fostering a sense of global interconnectedness and shared consciousness. While the "global village" concept highlights the potential for increased communication and understanding across cultures, it has also been critiqued for overlooking issues of power imbalances, cultural homogenisation, and the digital divide that exists in access to technology and information worldwide.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Global_Warming' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Global warming refers to the gradual increase in the average temperature of planet Earth, a phenomenon primarily attributed to the enhanced greenhouse effect resulting from human activities. While the greenhouse effect is a natural process where certain gases in the Earth\'s atmosphere trap the sun\'s radiation and warm the planet to a habitable temperature, global warming implies an acceleration of this effect due to the increased concentration of heat-trapping gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, released by human actions like the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes. The potential consequences of unchecked global warming are far-reaching and potentially devastating, including significant changes to the world\'s climate patterns, leading to more frequent and intense extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, heatwaves, and storms, as well as rising sea levels, disruptions to ecosystems, and threats to human health and well-being. Understanding the causes and impacts of global warming is a critical area of sociological inquiry, as it involves examining the social, economic, and political factors that contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and the ways in which societies can respond to this global challenge through mitigation and adaptation strategies.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Governance' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Governance refers to the exercise of political, economic, and administrative authority in the management of a country\'s affairs at all levels, encompassing the ways in which power is used to make and implement decisions, as well as the processes and institutions through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights, and mediate their differences. Effective governance involves not only the actions of the government but also the roles and interactions of various other actors, including civil society organisations, the private sector, and international bodies. It encompasses the rule of law, transparency, accountability, participation, and responsiveness, all of which are crucial for ensuring stability, promoting economic development, and protecting human rights within a society. Sociologists study governance to understand how power is distributed and exercised, the effectiveness of different governance structures, and the impact of governance on social and economic outcomes.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Government' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Government refers to the regular enactment of policies, decisions, and matters of state by officials within a political apparatus, representing the formal organisation that has the authority to make and enforce laws and regulations within a specific territory or society. It encompasses the various institutions and processes through which a state exercises its power and authority, including legislative bodies that create laws, executive branches that implement and enforce them, and judicial systems that interpret laws and resolve disputes. Governments play a crucial role in maintaining social order, providing public services, regulating the economy, and representing the interests of the state in its interactions with other nations. The form and structure of government can vary widely, ranging from democracies to authoritarian regimes, each with different mechanisms for the selection of officials and the exercise of power. Political sociology examines the role of government in society, its relationship with citizens and other social institutions, and the factors that influence its policies and actions.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Government_And_Politics' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Government and Politics represent a fundamental social institution and a central field of study within sociology and political science. This domain examines the complex ways in which power is exercised, organised, and legitimised within societies. It encompasses the state, its various governmental institutions, and the processes through which public policies are formulated, implemented, and enforced. Key areas include the analysis of different political systems (e.g., democracies, monarchies, authoritarian regimes), the distribution of power among various social groups (e.g., the power elite), the role of authority (traditional, charismatic, legal-rational), and the mechanisms of governance at local, national, and global levels. Political sociology also investigates political socialisation, political behaviour, public sphere dynamics, and how political structures influence social inequality and social change, and how citizens engage with or are controlled by political apparatuses.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Grand_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Grand theories in sociology are ambitious theoretical frameworks that attempt to provide an overall explanation of social life, social development, and the fundamental nature of society as a whole. These theories typically seek to understand the underlying principles and structures that shape human behaviour, social interactions, and the evolution of societies over time. Karl Marx\'s theory of successive class conflicts as the driving force of history, leading to the eventual overthrow of capitalism and the establishment of a communist society, is a classic example of grand theorizing, attempting to explain the trajectory of human social development through the lens of economic and material forces. Other examples of grand theories include Talcott Parsons\'s structural functionalism, which views society as a complex system striving for equilibrium, and Immanuel Wallerstein\'s world-systems theory, which analyses global inequality in terms of a core-periphery model. While grand theories aim to provide comprehensive explanations, they have also been critiqued for being overly abstract, difficult to test empirically, and sometimes too broad to account for the diversity and complexity of social phenomena.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Greenhouse_Effect' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The greenhouse effect is the build-up of heat-trapping gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor, within the Earth\'s atmosphere, which acts like the glass roof of a greenhouse, allowing sunlight to enter and warm the planet but preventing some of the heat from escaping back into space. This natural process is essential for keeping the Earth\'s temperature at a level that can support life. However, the term \'greenhouse effect\' is often used in the context of global warming to refer to an enhanced greenhouse effect resulting from the build-up of high concentrations of greenhouse gases due to human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels for energy, deforestation, and industrial processes. This increase in greenhouse gases traps more heat in the atmosphere, leading to a rise in the Earth\'s average temperature, a phenomenon known as global warming, which has significant implications for climate patterns, sea levels, and ecosystems worldwide.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Greying' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Greying is a term used in sociology and demography to indicate that an increasing proportion of a society\'s population is becoming elderly, typically defined as those aged 65 and over. This demographic shift is occurring in many countries around the world due to factors such as declining birth rates and increasing life expectancy, resulting in a larger percentage of the population being in older age groups. The greying of society has significant social, economic, and healthcare implications, including increased demands on pension systems, healthcare services, and social support networks, as well as potential changes in the labor force and economic productivity. It also raises questions about social roles, intergenerational relations, and the ways in which societies can adapt to the needs and contributions of an aging population.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Gross_Domestic_Product_(GDP)' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total monetary or market value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country\'s borders in a specific time period, usually one year, regardless of who owns the factors of production. It is a comprehensive measure of a country\'s economic activity and is widely used as an indicator of its economic health and growth. GDP includes all private and public consumption, government outlays, investments, and exports minus imports that occur within the defined territory. It provides a snapshot of the total economic output of a nation and is often used to compare the size and performance of different economies. While GDP is a key economic indicator, it has limitations as a measure of overall societal well-being, as it does not account for factors such as income distribution, environmental quality, or non-market activities.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'In sociology, a group is defined as any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis, developing a sense of shared identity and belonging. The size of a group can range from a small dyad (two people) to large-scale organisations or even broader social categories. What distinguishes a group from a mere collection of individuals is the presence of ongoing social interaction, shared norms and values that guide behaviour, and a sense of mutual awareness and interdependence among members. Groups play a fundamental role in social life, providing individuals with social support, a sense of identity, and a context for social interaction and the development of social norms. Sociologists study groups to understand group dynamics, social influence, conformity, leadership, and the ways in which groups shape individual behaviour and social structures.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Growth_Rate' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Growth rate in demography refers to the annual change in the size of a population, expressed as a percentage. It is calculated by taking the difference between the number of births and deaths (natural increase) and adding the difference between the number of immigrants entering and emigrants leaving a population (net migration), all per 1,000 population. A positive growth rate indicates that the population is increasing, while a negative rate signifies a decrease. This measure is crucial for understanding population dynamics and planning for future resource needs in areas such as infrastructure, education, and healthcare. Factors influencing growth rate include fertility rates, mortality rates, and migration patterns, which are in turn affected by social, economic, and environmental conditions.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Hate_Crime' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A hate crime is a criminal act committed against a person or their property that is motivated, in whole or in part, by the offender\'s bias against a race, religion, ethnic or national origin, disability, sexual orientation, or gender identity. These crimes are distinct because they target individuals or groups based on their membership in a protected category, sending a message of fear and intimidation to the broader community that shares that characteristic. Hate crimes can range from vandalism and harassment to physical assault and even homicide, and they are often prosecuted with more severe penalties than similar crimes that are not motivated by bias due to their particularly harmful impact on victims and society. Recognizing and addressing hate crimes is an important aspect of promoting social justice and protecting the rights and safety of all individuals within a community.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Hawthorne_Effect' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The Hawthorne effect is a phenomenon in research where a change in a subject\'s behaviour occurs simply because they are aware of being studied or observed, rather than due to any specific manipulation or intervention introduced by the researchers. This effect was first observed during a series of industrial experiments conducted at the Hawthorne Works factory of Western Electric in the 1920s and 1930s, where researchers found that workers\' productivity increased not only in response to changes in working conditions (like lighting) but also when changes were reversed or even when no changes were made, seemingly because the workers were aware they were being observed and were responding to the attention they were receiving. The Hawthorne effect poses a challenge for researchers as it can confound the results of studies if participants\' awareness of being studied influences their behaviour in unintended ways, making it difficult to determine the true effect of the independent variable. Researchers often try to minimise the Hawthorne effect through various methodological strategies, such as using blind or double-blind study designs or by observing participants unobtrusively.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Health' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'As defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO), health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity. This definition emphasises a holistic view of health that goes beyond just the absence of illness to include the overall quality of an individual\'s physical, psychological, and social functioning and resources. It recognises that health is influenced by a complex interplay of biological, psychological, social, economic, and environmental factors. Achieving and maintaining health requires attention to all these dimensions and involves promoting well-being in all aspects of life. This broad definition underscores the sociological perspective on health, which examines how social factors shape health outcomes and inequalities within and between populations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Health_Maintenance_Org' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Health maintenance organisations (HMOs) are a type of managed healthcare organisation that provides comprehensive medical services to its enrolled members for a preestablished fee, typically paid on a monthly basis, regardless of how often the services are used. HMOs aim to control healthcare costs by emphasizing preventive care and requiring members to choose a primary care physician (PCP) who acts as a gatekeeper, coordinating their care and providing referrals to specialists when necessary. HMOs often have a network of doctors, hospitals, and other healthcare providers that members must use to receive coverage, except in cases of emergency. While HMOs can help to make healthcare more affordable and predictable in terms of cost, they have also been criticised for potentially limiting patients\' choice of providers and sometimes prioritizing cost-cutting over the quality of care.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Healthcare' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Healthcare, in sociology, refers to the social institution and complex system of organisations, professionals, and practices dedicated to maintaining and improving the physical, mental, and social well-being of individuals and populations. This domain encompasses a wide range of services, including medical diagnosis and treatment, disease prevention, health promotion, rehabilitation, and palliative care. Sociologists examine the social determinants of health and illness, investigating how factors like socioeconomic status, race, gender, and geographic location influence health disparities and access to care. The study of healthcare also analyses the social organisation of medical practices, the roles of healthcare providers and patients, the social construction of health and illness (e.g., the sick role), and the impact of health maintenance organisations (HMOs) and holistic medicine approaches. It critically assesses healthcare policies, inequalities in health outcomes, and the broader societal implications of health and disease.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Hegemonic_Masculinity' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Hegemonic masculinity refers to the dominant or main ways of being a man in a society that are widely accepted and often idealised, shaping societal expectations and norms for male behaviour and identity. This concept, developed by sociologist R. W. Connell, describes a culturally idealised form of masculinity that is often associated with characteristics such as strength, independence, rationality, emotional control, and heterosexuality, and which often positions men in positions of power and authority over women and other marginalised masculinities. Hegemonic masculinity is not necessarily practiced by the majority of men but rather represents a culturally dominant ideal that influences how masculinity is understood and performed in society, often setting standards against which other forms of masculinity are measured and sometimes devalued. It is a dynamic and evolving concept that varies across cultures and historical periods.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Hegemony' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Hegemony, in a sociological context, refers to the means by which a ruling or dominant group wins over a subordinate group through ideas, values, beliefs, and cultural norms, rather than primarily through force or coercion. This concept, often associated with the work of Antonio Gramsci, describes a process where the dominant group\'s ideology becomes widely accepted as common sense or the natural order of things, even by those who are disadvantaged by it, thereby maintaining the dominant group\'s power and control. Hegemony operates by shaping people\'s perceptions, preferences, and understandings of the world in ways that support the status quo. It is a subtle form of power that works through cultural influence and the shaping of consciousness, making social inequalities seem legitimate or inevitable.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Hidden_Curriculum' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The hidden curriculum refers to the unstated or subtle standards of behaviour, attitudes, values, and beliefs that are deemed proper by society and are taught implicitly in schools through the everyday practices, routines, and social interactions within the educational environment, rather than through the formal academic curriculum. This can include learning about punctuality, obedience to authority, competition, conformity to rules, and the importance of social hierarchies. The hidden curriculum plays a significant role in the socialisation of students, shaping their understanding of social norms, expectations, and power dynamics in ways that may not be explicitly stated but are nonetheless influential in preparing them for their roles in the broader society and the workplace. Sociologists study the hidden curriculum to understand how schools contribute to the reproduction of social inequalities and the transmission of dominant cultural values.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Historical_And_Cultural_Context' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Historical and Cultural Context refers to the specific historical periods, social conditions, and cultural settings that profoundly influence and shape social phenomena, human behaviour, and the meanings individuals attach to their experiences within a society. This meta-category emphasises that sociological concepts and social realities are not universal or static but are deeply embedded in and understood through the lens of their unique historical trajectories and prevailing cultural norms, values, beliefs, and practices. For example, concepts like colonialism, underdevelopment, modernisation, and globalisation can only be fully grasped by considering the historical eras and cultural frameworks in which they occurred and continue to evolve. This contextual understanding helps to explain the diversity of social structures, institutions, and processes across different societies and over time, highlighting how past events and cultural legacies shape present social realities and future possibilities.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Holistic_Medicine' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Holistic medicine is an approach to health maintenance and healthcare that uses therapies in which the healthcare practitioner considers the whole person – their physical, mental, emotional, social, and spiritual characteristics – rather than focusing solely on the physical symptoms of an illness. This approach emphasises the interconnectedness of these different aspects of well-being and aims to treat the root causes of illness by addressing the individual\'s overall health and lifestyle. Holistic practitioners may use a variety of therapeutic modalities, including lifestyle changes, stress reduction techniques, nutritional guidance, exercise programs, and complementary and alternative therapies, in addition to conventional medical treatments, to promote healing and well-being. The focus is on treating the individual as a whole and empowering them to take an active role in their own health and healing process.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Homophobia' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Homophobia refers to the fear of and prejudice against homosexuality, as well as individuals who identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. It encompasses a range of negative attitudes, beliefs, and discriminatory behaviours directed towards homosexual people, often rooted in societal norms, religious beliefs, and misconceptions about sexual orientation. Homophobia can manifest in various forms, from subtle expressions of disapproval or discomfort to overt acts of discrimination, harassment, and violence. It can have significant negative impacts on the mental health, social well-being, and safety of LGBTQ+ individuals, leading to feelings of isolation, anxiety, and fear. Challenging homophobia involves promoting understanding, acceptance, and equality for all individuals regardless of their sexual orientation through education, advocacy, and legal protections.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Homosexuality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Homosexuality is an orientation of sexual activities, romantic feelings, and emotional attraction towards others of the same sex or gender. It is one of the three main categories of sexual orientation, alongside heterosexuality (attraction to the opposite sex or gender) and bisexuality (attraction to more than one gender). Homosexuality is a natural variation of human sexuality and has been documented across different cultures and throughout history. It is not a mental illness or a lifestyle choice but rather a fundamental aspect of an individual\'s identity. The understanding and social acceptance of homosexuality have evolved over time, and LGBTQ+ rights movements have advocated for equal rights and protections for homosexual individuals and couples in many parts of the world.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Horizontal_Mobility' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Horizontal mobility refers to the movement of an individual from one social position to another of the same rank or social status within the social hierarchy. This type of mobility involves a change in occupation, job, or social role that does not result in a significant upward or downward shift in terms of prestige, power, or income. For example, a teacher moving from one school to another, or a nurse changing hospitals, would be considered horizontal mobility, as their occupational status and social standing remain relatively the same. Horizontal mobility is a common occurrence in modern societies and reflects changes in individuals\' careers or life circumstances without necessarily altering their position within the broader social stratification system.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Horticultural_Society' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Horticultural societies are preindustrial societies in which people plant seeds and cultivate crops rather than relying solely on foraging for naturally available foods. These societies typically use simple hand tools, such as hoes and digging sticks, to cultivate small plots of land for subsistence. Unlike agrarian societies that employ more advanced agricultural technologies like plows and irrigation, horticultural societies generally have a lower level of technological development and a less intensive form of agriculture. Horticultural societies often practice slash-and-burn agriculture, where vegetation is cleared and burned to create fertile land for planting, which is then abandoned after a few years as the soil becomes depleted, and the group moves to a new area. These societies tend to be more settled than hunter-gatherer societies but may still exhibit some degree of mobility.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Human_Ecology' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Human ecology is an area of study within sociology and other social sciences that is concerned with the interrelationships between people and their spatial setting and physical environment. It examines how social organisation, population dynamics, culture, and technology shape human interactions with the environment and how the environment, in turn, influences social life and human behaviour. Human ecology explores topics such as urbanisation, environmental degradation, resource management, and the impact of environmental changes on human populations and social systems. It emphasises a holistic and systemic approach to understanding the complex connections between human societies and the natural world, recognizing that these are interdependent and mutually influencing systems.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Hunting-and-gathering_Society' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A hunting-and-gathering society is a preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods (such as wild fruits, vegetables, nuts, and hunted animals) and fiber are readily available in their natural environment in order to live and sustain themselves. These societies typically have a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle, moving from place to place in search of food and resources as they become seasonally available. They generally have a small population size and a relatively simple social structure with a minimal division of labor, often based on age and sex. Hunting-and-gathering was the primary mode of subsistence for humans throughout most of history, and some relatively isolated groups continue to practice this way of life today. Their survival depends on their knowledge of the local environment and their skills in hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plants.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Hypothesis' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A hypothesis is an idea, or an educated guess, about a given state of affairs, a potential relationship between two or more variables, or a possible explanation for a phenomenon, put forward in exact and testable terms to provide the basis for empirical testing in research. A good hypothesis is clear, specific, and falsifiable, meaning that it can be tested through observation or experimentation, and it is possible to find evidence that either supports or contradicts it. Hypotheses often take the form of a statement predicting how one variable (the independent variable) will affect another variable (the dependent variable). The process of formulating and testing hypotheses is central to the scientific method in sociology and other disciplines, allowing researchers to systematically investigate social phenomena and build evidence-based knowledge.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Ideal_Culture' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Ideal Culture refers to the norms, values, beliefs, and practices that a society outwardly professes, publicly endorses, and explicitly strives to uphold as its standards for behaviour and social life. It represents the idealised version of a society\'s culture, encompassing the goals, aspirations, and moral principles that are formally taught, celebrated, and often enshrined in laws and official documents. Ideal culture provides a set of guidelines for how people should behave and what they should value. However, it often stands in contrast to "real culture," which refers to the actual social patterns and behaviours observed in everyday life that may deviate from or only partially approximate these idealised expectations. The discrepancy between ideal and real culture can be a source of social tension, hypocrisy, or calls for social change, as individuals and groups navigate the gap between espoused ideals and lived realities.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Ideal_Type' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'An ideal type is a conceptual construct or model that serves as a measuring rod or analytical tool against which specific cases can be evaluated and compared. The concept was developed by Max Weber, who emphasised that an ideal type is not meant to represent a perfect or desirable state, nor is it a statistical average of real-world cases. Instead, it is a deliberately constructed analytical abstraction that exaggerates certain features of a social phenomenon to highlight its essential characteristics and to provide a framework for understanding variations and similarities in empirical cases. For example, Weber\'s ideal type of bureaucracy outlines the key characteristics of a perfectly rational and efficient bureaucratic organisation, which can then be used to analyse and compare real-world bureaucracies that may deviate from this ideal in various ways. Ideal types are valuable tools for sociological analysis, helping researchers to clarify concepts, identify patterns, and develop theoretical insights.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Identity' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Identity refers to the distinctive characteristics of a person\'s character or the character of a group which relate to who they are and what is meaningful to them, providing a sense of self and belonging. Some of the main sources of identity include gender, encompassing social expectations of masculinity and femininity; sexual orientation, referring to patterns of emotional, romantic, and sexual attraction; nationality or ethnicity, based on shared cultural heritage, origin, and often language or religion; and social class, reflecting one\'s position in the socioeconomic hierarchy. Identity is not fixed but is fluid and can evolve over an individual\'s life course through interactions with others and within different social contexts. It shapes how individuals perceive themselves and how they are perceived by others, influencing their social interactions, opportunities, and experiences within society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Identity_And_Self' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Identity and Self constitutes a central sociological and social psychological domain focusing on how individuals develop, perceive, and express their unique sense of who they are, and how this understanding is shaped by social interactions and broader societal influences. This area examines the self as a social construct, exploring the processes through which individuals become self-aware and form their personal identity (self-identity), encompassing their conscious perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and beliefs about themselves. Key concepts include George Herbert Mead\'s theory of the social self, which differentiates between the "I" (the spontaneous, acting self) and the "me" (the socialised self, reflecting internalised societal perspectives, including those of significant others and the generalised other). This domain also delves into various facets of identity, such as gender identity, sexual orientation, personality, and the impact of social roles, experiences, and social groups (in-groups, out-groups) on self-concept. It explores how individuals manage their self-presentation through impression management and face-work in social interactions.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Identity_Formation_And_Role_Development_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Identity_Formation_And_Role_Development_Process represents the dynamic mechanisms through which individuals develop, maintain, modify, and transition between social identities and roles throughout their lives. These processes involve both the internal psychological work of self-definition and the external social processes of role acquisition and performance. Self-identity formation involves the ongoing construction of personal identity through social interaction and self-reflection. Role-taking enables individuals to understand and adopt different social perspectives, facilitating effective social interaction and empathy. Anticipatory socialisation allows individuals to prepare for future roles and social positions before actually occupying them. Role exit involves the complex process of disengaging from established roles and reconstructing identity. Ageing encompasses the broader life course changes that affect identity and role transitions over time. These processes demonstrate the fluid and dynamic nature of social identity, showing how individuals actively construct and reconstruct their sense of self in response to changing social circumstances and life transitions.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Immigration' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Immigration is the movement of people into one country from another with the intention of settling permanently or for an extended period. This cross-border migration can occur for a variety of reasons, including seeking better economic opportunities, escaping poverty, conflict, or persecution, joining family members, or pursuing education and personal development. Immigration has significant social, economic, and cultural impacts on both the sending and receiving countries, contributing to population growth and diversity, influencing labor markets, and shaping cultural landscapes. The experiences of immigrants can vary widely depending on factors such as their reasons for migrating, their skills and resources, the policies and attitudes of the host country, and the presence of established immigrant communities.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Impression_Management' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Impression management is a term used by sociologist Erving Goffman to refer to the conscious or unconscious altering of the presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences in social interactions. Individuals engage in impression management to control how others perceive them and to project a desired image or definition of the situation. This involves strategically using language, nonverbal cues, behaviour, and props to convey a particular identity or role. Goffman\'s dramaturgical approach views social life as a performance, and impression management is a key aspect of this performance, as individuals strive to present a "face" that is appropriate to the social context and that will be accepted by others. The goal of impression management can be to gain approval, build trust, assert authority, or achieve other social objectives.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('In-group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'An in-group is any group or category to which people feel they belong and with which they identify, often fostering a sense of loyalty, solidarity, and shared identity among its members. Membership in an in-group can be based on various factors such as shared ethnicity, nationality, religion, social class, occupation, or common interests. Individuals within an in-group often have a sense of "we-ness" and may view members of out-groups (those to whom they do not belong) as different or even oppositional. The distinction between in-groups and out-groups can play a significant role in social dynamics, influencing attitudes, behaviours, and intergroup relations, sometimes leading to in-group favouritism and out-group prejudice.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Incest_Taboo' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The incest taboo is a universal or near-universal prohibition of sexual relationships between certain culturally specified relatives, most commonly between parents and their children, and between siblings. While the specific definition of which relatives are included in the taboo can vary across cultures, the prohibition against sexual relations within the immediate family is widespread. The incest taboo serves several important social functions, including preventing genetic defects that can result from inbreeding, maintaining clarity in family roles and boundaries, promoting exogamy (marriage outside the family) and the formation of broader social alliances, and reducing sexual competition and conflict within the family unit. The strength and enforcement of the incest taboo vary across societies, but it remains a fundamental norm in virtually all cultures.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Incidence' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Incidence, in the context of social science and public health research, refers to the number of new cases of a specific disorder, disease, condition, or event occurring within a given population during a stated period of time, often expressed as a rate per a certain number of people (e.g., per 1,000 or 100,000 population per year). Incidence provides a measure of the risk of developing a new case of the condition within the specified time frame and is useful for understanding the spread and trends of various social or health phenomena. It is distinct from prevalence, which refers to the total number of cases (both new and existing) of a condition present in a population at a particular point in time or during a specific period. Monitoring incidence rates can help researchers and policymakers identify emerging social problems or health issues and evaluate the effectiveness of prevention efforts.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Individual_Development_And_Interaction_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Individual_Development_And_Interaction_Theory focus on micro-level processes involving individual cognitive development, social interaction, and the relationship between biology, language, and behaviour. These theories examine how individuals develop cognitively and socially throughout their lives, from Piaget\'s developmental stages to aging theories like disengagement theory. Symbolic interactionism emphasises how individuals create meaning through social interaction and shared symbols. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis explores how language shapes thought and perception, while sociobiology investigates biological foundations of social behaviour. Cornucopian theory represents optimistic views of human adaptability and innovation, and multiple-nuclei theory examines urban development patterns from a more localised perspective. Despite their diversity, these theories share an emphasis on individual-level processes, whether cognitive, linguistic, biological, or interactional, and how these micro-level phenomena contribute to broader social patterns and human adaptation to environmental challenges.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Inductive_Logical_Thought' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Inductive logical thought is a reasoning process that involves transforming specific observations, empirical findings, or particular instances into broader generalisations, general theories, or abstract principles. It moves from the specific to the general, where patterns, similarities, or regularities observed in individual cases are used to formulate more encompassing conclusions or hypotheses about a larger population or phenomenon. For example, if a researcher observes that in several instances, increased levels of education are associated with higher income, they might use inductive reasoning to develop a general theory suggesting a positive relationship between education and income in the broader population. Inductive reasoning is a fundamental approach in empirical research, where data collection and analysis of specific cases often serve as the foundation for building sociological theories and understanding social patterns. While inductive conclusions are based on evidence, they are probabilistic rather than certain, as there is always the possibility that future observations might not fit the established pattern.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Industrial_City' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'An industrial city is a type of urban center characterised by its relatively large size and population density, a dynamic and often competitive environment, a more open class system compared to pre-industrial societies, and a significant level of elaborate specialisation in the manufacturing of goods and the provision of related services. These cities emerged and grew rapidly during the Industrial Revolution, becoming centers of production, innovation, and migration, attracting large numbers of people seeking employment in factories and related industries. The social structure of industrial cities often reflects a greater degree of social mobility based on achieved status compared to more traditional, agrarian-based societies. However, they can also be characterised by social inequalities and challenges associated with rapid urbanisation, such as overcrowding, pollution, and the development of distinct social and economic neighborhoods.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Industrial_Revolution' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The Industrial Revolution refers to the broad spectrum of profound social and economic transformations that surrounded the development of modern forms of industry, beginning in Great Britain in the late 18th century and spreading to other parts of the world throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. This period was marked by significant technological innovations, particularly the invention of new machines and the use of new energy sources like steam power, which led to the rise of factory-based production and a shift from agrarian-based economies to those dominated by manufacturing and industry. The Industrial Revolution had far-reaching consequences, leading to urbanisation, the growth of new social classes, changes in family structures, and significant alterations in people\'s daily lives and ways of working. It laid the foundation for modern industrial societies and continues to shape the world today through ongoing technological advancements and their social and economic impacts.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Industrial_Society' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'An industrial society is a type of society that depends primarily on mechanisation, advanced technology, and sophisticated machinery powered by advanced energy sources to produce its economic goods and services on a large scale. This form of society emerged with the Industrial Revolution and is characterised by a complex division of labor, a high degree of urbanisation as people move to centers of production, and a reliance on manufacturing and industrial processes rather than agriculture as the main source of economic activity. Industrial societies typically have a more complex social structure with greater social mobility compared to pre-industrial societies, although they can also experience significant social inequalities related to the distribution of wealth and power in the industrial economy. The development of industrial societies has led to significant increases in productivity, material wealth, and standards of living in many parts of the world, but also to new social and environmental challenges.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Industrialism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Industrialism refers to a social and economic system characterised by the extensive use of technology, particularly sophisticated machinery powered by advanced sources of energy such as fossil fuels and electricity, to produce goods and services on a large scale. It is the driving force behind industrial societies, leading to mass production, specialisation of labor, and the growth of factories and urban centers. Industrialism has transformed the way people live and work, leading to unprecedented levels of material wealth and technological progress in many parts of the world. However, it has also brought about social changes, such as the rise of new social classes and new forms of social inequality, as well as environmental challenges related to resource consumption and pollution. The study of industrialism examines its historical development, its social and economic consequences, and its ongoing evolution in the face of new technological innovations and global challenges.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Inequality_Concept' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Inequality Concepts serve as a meta-category for the abstract ideas, theoretical constructs, and analytical frameworks that sociologists use to understand, measure, and explain the existence of disparities and unequal distribution of valued resources, opportunities, and power within and across societies. This category groups fundamental concepts that help delineate the nature and dimensions of social stratification and its consequences. Examples include social inequality (the general condition of unequal access), wealth (total assets), income (earnings), prestige (social honor), and power (ability to exert influence). It also encompasses concepts like life chances (opportunities for well-being) and vested interests (groups benefiting from the status quo) that shed light on how inequalities are structured and maintained. These concepts provide the essential vocabulary for analysing how social categories (like class, race, gender, disability) lead to systematic advantages and disadvantages for different groups in society, and for theorizing about the causes, manifestations, and consequences of social stratification and social exclusion.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Infant_Mortality_Rate' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The infant mortality rate is a key demographic indicator that measures the number of infants who die during the first year of life (before reaching their first birthday) for every 1,000 live births in a given population during a specific time period, typically one year. It is a significant measure of a society\'s overall health and well-being, reflecting factors such as access to quality healthcare, nutrition, sanitation, and socioeconomic conditions. A high infant mortality rate often indicates poor living conditions, inadequate healthcare, and high levels of poverty, while a low rate generally suggests better health infrastructure, nutrition, and socioeconomic development. Monitoring infant mortality rates is crucial for public health efforts aimed at improving child survival and overall population health.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Influence' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Influence refers to the exercise of power through a process of persuasion, where one individual or group is able to affect the thoughts, feelings, or behaviours of others without resorting to explicit force or coercion. It relies on the ability to convince or convince others to adopt a particular viewpoint, take a specific action, or support a certain cause through communication, reasoning, and the appeal to shared values or interests. Influence can operate through various channels, including personal relationships, social networks, media, and public discourse. It is a key aspect of social interaction and plays a significant role in shaping social norms, group dynamics, and political processes. Informal norms, which are generally understood rules of behaviour within a group or society but are not precisely recorded or formally enforced, often exert influence on individuals\' actions through social expectations and the potential for social approval or disapproval.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Informal_Norm' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Informal Norm are unwritten and unspoken rules or expectations of behaviour that guide everyday social interactions and customs within a society or social group, distinct from formal, codified laws or regulations. These norms are learned implicitly through socialisation, observation, and social interactions, and they are enforced through informal social control mechanisms such as social approval (e.g., smiles, praise) or disapproval (e.g., frowns, gossip, ridicule, ostracism) from family, friends, peers, and community members. Informal norms cover a vast range of social conduct, from manners and etiquette (folkways) to more morally significant customs (mores) that are considered essential for maintaining social order and cohesion. While not legally binding, violations of informal norms can still lead to social discomfort, embarrassment, or exclusion. They play a crucial role in shaping individuals\' daily behaviours, maintaining social predictability, and defining acceptable conduct within various social contexts.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Informal_Relation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Informal relations refer to the personal connections, social networks, and ways of doing things that exist within groups and organisations but are developed on the basis of personal friendships, shared interests, and informal communication, often departing from formally recognised modes of procedure or organisational charts. These informal structures and relationships can significantly influence how work gets done, how information flows, and the overall culture and dynamics of a group or organisation. They can provide social support, facilitate cooperation, and sometimes bypass formal channels to achieve goals more efficiently or to address needs that are not met by the formal structure. However, informal relations can also sometimes lead to the formation of cliques, the spread of rumors, or resistance to formal rules and procedures. Understanding both the formal and informal aspects of social organisation is crucial for a comprehensive sociological analysis of groups and institutions.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Informal_Social_Control' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Informal social control refers to the ways in which people casually enforce social norms and expectations through everyday interactions and social sanctions, such as laughter, smiles, ridicule, gossip, and expressions of approval or disapproval. This type of social control operates through interpersonal relationships and social pressure within families, peer groups, communities, and other informal social settings. It relies on the desire for social acceptance and the fear of social ostracism to encourage conformity to social norms. While informal social control may not involve formal punishments like legal sanctions, it can be very effective in shaping individual behaviour and maintaining social order at the micro-level of social interaction. The specific forms and effectiveness of informal social control can vary across different cultures and social groups.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Innovation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Innovation is the process of introducing new elements, ideas, methods, or products into a culture or society, leading to change and often improvement. This can occur through two primary mechanisms: discovery and invention. Discovery involves becoming aware of something that already exists but was previously unknown or unrecognised, such as a new scientific fact or a previously unknown natural resource. Invention, on the other hand, involves creating something entirely new that did not exist before, such as a new technology, a new tool, or a new process. Both discovery and invention can have profound impacts on a culture, leading to new practices, beliefs, social structures, and material advancements. The rate and nature of innovation can vary significantly across different societies and historical periods, influenced by factors such as technological development, cultural values, and social organisation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Institutional_And_Transformative_Socialisation_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Institutional_And_Transformative_Socialisation_Process encompasses intensive socialisation mechanisms that involve systematic transformation of individual identity, often within institutional contexts or through significant life transitions. These processes typically involve more dramatic changes in identity and social position compared to routine socialisation experiences. Resocialisation involves comprehensive transformation of values, norms, and behaviours when individuals enter new social environments with fundamentally different expectations. Degradation ceremonies represent ritualised processes designed to strip away existing identities as part of institutional control mechanisms. Adoption creates new family relationships and identities through legal and social recognition. Self-fulfilling prophecy demonstrates how social expectations can shape individual outcomes and identity formation through dynamic interaction between beliefs and behaviour. These processes highlight the power of social institutions and significant life events to fundamentally reshape individual identity and social relationships, often involving elements of both social control and personal transformation that extend beyond routine socialisation experiences.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Institutional_Discrimination' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Institutional discrimination refers to the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society\'s institutions, such as schools, workplaces, healthcare systems, and the legal system, rather than from overt acts of individual prejudice. This form of discrimination is often embedded in established policies, procedures, and practices that may appear neutral on the surface but systematically disadvantage certain groups based on characteristics like race, ethnicity, gender, age, or socioeconomic status. For example, standardised testing in education that is culturally biased may disproportionately disadvantage students from certain minority groups, limiting their access to higher education. Similarly, hiring practices that rely heavily on personal networks may exclude qualified candidates who lack connections to the dominant group within an industry. Institutional discrimination can be subtle and often unintentional, but its cumulative effect can be significant in perpetuating social inequalities.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Instrumentality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Instrumentality is a term used by sociologists Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales in their functionalist analysis of social roles, particularly within the family, to refer to an emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship between one\'s family and other social institutions, such as the workplace or the school system. This role is often traditionally associated with the male head of the household in a nuclear family structure, involving responsibilities such as economic provision, decision-making regarding external affairs, and maintaining the family\'s position within the broader social context. Instrumentality focuses on the practical and goal-oriented aspects of family functioning, ensuring that the family unit can meet its material needs and navigate its interactions with the outside world. Parsons and Bales contrasted instrumentality with expressiveness, which focuses on the emotional well-being and internal harmony of the family.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Interest_Group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'An interest group is a voluntary association of citizens who come together with the shared goal of attempting to influence public policy in their favour. These groups advocate for specific issues or the interests of their members by lobbying government officials, raising public awareness, and mobilizing support for their cause. Interest groups can represent a wide range of concerns, including economic interests (e.g., business associations, labor unions), social issues (e.g., environmental groups, civil rights organisations), and professional interests (e.g., medical associations, bar associations). They play a significant role in the political process by providing information to policymakers, contributing to political campaigns, and putting pressure on elected officials to support their agendas. The activities of interest groups are a key aspect of understanding how public policy is shaped and the various influences at play in democratic societies.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Intergenerational_Mobility' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Intergenerational mobility refers to changes in the social position (typically in terms of occupation, income, or social class) of children relative to their parents. Upward intergenerational mobility occurs when children attain a higher social status than their parents, while downward intergenerational mobility occurs when children experience a decline in social status compared to their parents. The degree of intergenerational mobility in a society is often seen as an indicator of its openness and equality of opportunity. High levels of intergenerational mobility suggest that individuals\' social outcomes are less dependent on their family background, while low levels indicate that social status tends to be reproduced across generations. Sociologists study intergenerational mobility to understand the factors that facilitate or hinder social movement between generations and the extent to which individuals can improve their social standing through their own efforts.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Internet' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that allows people to communicate with one another and find information on the Worldwide Web by exchanging data in various forms, including visuals, sounds, and text. This vast network operates in a way that largely transcends the limitations of time, physical space, and the traditional costs and control mechanisms associated with distance and territorial governments. The Internet has become an indispensable tool for communication, education, commerce, entertainment, and social interaction, connecting billions of people around the world and providing access to an unprecedented amount of information and resources. Its decentralised nature and open architecture have fostered innovation and the rapid development of new technologies and applications, transforming many aspects of modern life and contributing to the phenomenon of globalisation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Interpretative_Sociology' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Interpretative sociology encompasses several approaches to the study of society, including symbolic interactionism and phenomenology, which share a focus on investigating the meaningful character of social life for its participants. This perspective emphasises the importance of understanding the subjective meanings, interpretations, and understandings that individuals and groups bring to their social interactions and how these shape their actions and the social world they inhabit. Interpretative sociologists aim to grasp the lived experiences of people and the ways in which they make sense of their social reality, often using qualitative methods to explore these meanings in depth. Rather than focusing on objective, observable behaviours or large-scale social structures, interpretative sociology delves into the micro-level of social life, seeking to understand the world from the viewpoint of those being studied.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Interview' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'In sociological research, an interview is a method of data collection that involves a series of questions a researcher administers personally to respondents, either face-to-face, by telephone, or through video conferencing. Interviews can be structured, following a predetermined set of questions in a specific order, or unstructured, allowing for more open-ended conversation and exploration of topics. Semi-structured interviews combine elements of both approaches, using an interview guide with key questions but allowing for flexibility in probing responses and exploring related issues that may arise. Interviews are a valuable tool for gathering in-depth qualitative data about individuals\' experiences, perspectives, attitudes, and beliefs, providing rich insights into social phenomena that may not be captured by quantitative methods like surveys. The success of an interview depends on the researcher\'s ability to establish rapport with the respondent, ask clear and unbiased questions, and actively listen to and record their responses accurately.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Intragenerational_Mobility' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Intragenerational mobility refers to the movement of an individual up or down a social stratification hierarchy within the course of their own personal career or adult life. This type of social mobility focuses on the changes in a person\'s social standing, such as their occupation, income, or social class, that occur during their working years, as opposed to intergenerational mobility, which examines changes across generations. For example, an individual who starts their career in a lower-paying job and through promotions and career advancement rises to a higher-level position with increased income and prestige has experienced upward intragenerational mobility. Conversely, someone who experiences job loss or a decline in their career leading to a lower social status has experienced downward intragenerational mobility. The study of intragenerational mobility helps sociologists understand the factors that influence an individual\'s social trajectory over their lifetime, such as education, skills, career choices, and economic conditions.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Invention' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Invention is the process of combining existing cultural items, ideas, or technologies into a new form that did not previously exist. It involves creativity and innovation to produce something novel, whether it is a tangible object, a new method, or a new concept. Inventions can range from simple tools to complex technological systems and can have significant impacts on society and culture, leading to social change and the development of new ways of life. Invention is one of the primary drivers of cultural innovation, alongside discovery, which involves becoming aware of something that already exists but was previously unknown. The spread and adoption of inventions within a culture or across societies is a process known as diffusion.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Issei' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Issei is a term used to refer to the first generation of Japanese immigrants to the United States. These immigrants primarily arrived in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, seeking economic opportunities and a better life. The Issei faced significant challenges, including language barriers, cultural differences, and racial discrimination in their new homeland. They often worked in agriculture, fishing, or small businesses and established close-knit communities to support one another. The experiences of the Issei and their descendants, the Nisei (second generation) and Sansei (third generation), are an important part of the history of immigration and ethnic relations in the United States.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Job_Insecurity' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Job insecurity refers to a sense of apprehension, worry, or anxiety experienced by employees about both the stability of their current work position and their future role within the workplace or the broader labor market. This feeling can arise from various factors, such as economic downturns, company restructuring, technological changes leading to automation, globalisation and outsourcing of jobs, or changes in employment contracts and labor laws that reduce job security. High levels of job insecurity can have negative consequences for employees\' mental and physical health, job satisfaction, productivity, and overall well-being, as well as impacting their families and communities. It can also affect organisational outcomes, leading to decreased employee loyalty and motivation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Kinship' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Kinship refers to a social relation that links individuals through blood ties (consanguinity), marriage (affinity), or adoption, forming the basis of family and social organisation in many societies. These relationships define social roles, obligations, and expectations among individuals and groups, influencing patterns of inheritance, residence, and social support. Different cultures have diverse kinship systems that determine how family relationships are recognised and structured, including variations in descent patterns (e.g., patrilineal, matrilineal, bilateral) and the importance placed on different types of relatives. Kinship systems play a fundamental role in shaping social organisation, cultural practices, and individual identities in societies around the world.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Kinship_And_Family_Organisation_System' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Kinship_And_Family_Organisation_System encompasses the fundamental mechanisms through which societies organise familial relationships, trace lineage, and structure intergenerational connections. This class includes both the technical systems for determining kinship affiliation (Descent, Bilateral_Descent) and the cultural values that prioritise family solidarity and obligation (Familism). These systems serve as foundational organizing principles that influence inheritance patterns, social support networks, residence choices, and individual identity formation within family contexts. The variation within this class reflects different cultural solutions to universal human needs for belonging, security, and continuity across generations. Understanding these systems is crucial for analysing how societies balance individual autonomy with collective family responsibilities, and how kinship structures adapt to changing social and economic conditions while maintaining their essential functions.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Knowledge_Economy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A knowledge economy is a type of society and economic system where the production, distribution, and use of knowledge and information are the primary drivers of economic growth, wealth creation, and employment, rather than the production of material goods. In a knowledge economy, intellectual capital, innovation, and technological advancements are key resources. Industries such as information technology, biotechnology, education, research and development, and consulting play a central role. The workforce in a knowledge economy typically requires higher levels of education, skills, and adaptability to engage in knowledge-intensive activities. The transition from an industrial economy, based on manufacturing, to a knowledge economy has significant implications for education, employment, and economic policy.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Labeling_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Labeling theory is a sociological approach to understanding deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed and treated as deviants while others engaging in the same behaviour are not. This theory emphasises the role of social reaction and the application of labels in the creation of deviance. It suggests that deviance is not inherent in an act itself but rather is a social construct defined by how society responds to certain behaviours and individuals. When individuals are labeled as deviant by political authorities or other influential groups, this label can become a self-fulfilling prophecy, leading to further deviant behaviour as the labeled individuals internalise the label and are treated accordingly by others. Labeling theory highlights the power of social definitions and the consequences of being labeled as deviant for an individual\'s identity and life chances.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Labor_Market_And_Economic_Relationship_Model' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Labor_Market_And_Economic_Relationship_Model encompasses frameworks that describe different types of employment relationships, labor market structures, and patterns of economic interdependence that emerge within economic systems. These realizable entities focus on how work is organised, how labor markets are structured, and how economic actors relate to one another within broader economic arrangements. They include both formal employment structures and alternative work arrangements, as well as patterns of economic dependence and specialisation that characterise modern economic systems. These models highlight the diversity of ways that societies organise work relationships and the varying degrees of security, autonomy, and opportunity available to different groups of workers. Understanding these models is essential for analysing employment patterns, economic inequality, and the changing nature of work in contemporary economies.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Labour_Union' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Labour unions are formal organisations of workers who come together to collectively seek to improve their wages, working conditions, benefits, and job security through various strategies, including negotiation with employers (collective bargaining) and the use of tactics such as strikes when necessary. Unions provide a collective voice for workers, aiming to balance the power dynamic between individual employees and employers. They advocate for workers\' rights, fair treatment, and safer workplaces. The history and influence of labour unions have played a significant role in shaping labor laws, workplace standards, and the overall distribution of economic power in many countries.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Laissez-faire' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Laissez-faire is a specific form of capitalism under which individuals and businesses compete freely in the marketplace with minimal or no government intervention in the economy. This economic philosophy advocates for a separation of the state from economic affairs, believing that the natural forces of supply and demand, driven by self-interest and competition, will lead to the most efficient allocation of resources and the greatest overall prosperity. In a pure laissez-faire system, the role of government is typically limited to enforcing contracts, protecting private property rights, and maintaining peace and order, without imposing regulations, tariffs, subsidies, or other forms of economic control. The idea is that the "invisible hand" of the market will guide economic activity more effectively than state intervention. While no modern economy operates under a completely laissez-faire system, it remains an influential theoretical model in economic and political thought.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Language' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Language is an abstract and complex system of word meanings, symbols, and rules (grammar) that are shared by members of a culture and used for communication and representing all aspects of that culture. It is not limited to spoken or written words but also includes gestures, facial expressions, and other forms of nonverbal communication that convey meaning within a social context. Language is fundamental to human interaction, social organisation, and the transmission of culture from one generation to the next. It shapes how we think, perceive the world, and construct our social reality. The diversity of human languages reflects the rich tapestry of human cultures and the different ways in which societies have developed to understand and interact with their environments.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Latent_Function' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Latent functions are the unintended or unrecognised functional consequences of a social process, institution, or action that are not explicitly stated or consciously intended by the people involved. This concept, developed by sociologist Robert Merton, contrasts with manifest functions, which are the intended and recognised consequences. Latent functions can be either beneficial or harmful to the social system but are often hidden or less obvious. For example, while the manifest function of schools is to educate students, a latent function might be the development of social networks among students that can be beneficial later in life. Understanding latent functions helps sociologists to gain a more comprehensive analysis of the complexities of social phenomena and the often-unanticipated ways in which they affect society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Law' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Law refers to governmental social control, representing a formal system of rules and regulations enacted and enforced by political authorities to govern behaviour and maintain social order within a society. Laws are typically written down and specify both the behaviours that are prohibited or required and the sanctions or penalties that will be applied when violations occur. The legal system includes various institutions, such as legislatures that create laws, law enforcement agencies that enforce them, and courts that interpret laws and adjudicate disputes. Law plays a crucial role in establishing norms, resolving conflicts, protecting rights, and providing a framework for social interaction in complex societies. The legitimacy and effectiveness of law depend on its acceptance by the people it governs and its consistent and fair application.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Legal-rational_Authority' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Legal-rational authority, as defined by Max Weber, is a type of power made legitimate by law, rules, and regulations that are rationally established and applied impartially. This form of authority is characteristic of modern bureaucratic organisations and states, where power is vested in positions or offices rather than in individuals based on tradition or personal charisma. Obedience is owed to the legally established rules and to those who hold positions of authority within that framework only when they are acting within the scope of those rules. Legal-rational authority emphasises competence, expertise, and adherence to formal procedures, contributing to efficiency and predictability in governance and organisational management. It is a cornerstone of modern democratic societies and bureaucratic structures.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Legitimacy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Legitimacy in a political context refers to the widespread acceptance by the people governed that a particular political order, regime, or authority is just, right, and valid, and therefore deserving of their obedience and support. When a political system is seen as legitimate, people are more likely to comply with its laws and decisions voluntarily, leading to greater stability and social order. Legitimacy can be based on various factors, including tradition, charisma of leaders, and adherence to legal-rational principles and democratic processes. The perception of legitimacy is crucial for the effective exercise of power, as it reduces the need for coercion and fosters cooperation between the government and the governed.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Lesbianism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Lesbianism refers to homosexual activities, romantic feelings, and emotional attachments between women. It is a form of sexual orientation where women are primarily attracted to other women. Lesbianism, like other forms of homosexuality, is a natural variation of human sexuality and has been part of diverse cultures throughout history. The social visibility and acceptance of lesbianism have varied across time and place, with increasing recognition and advocacy for lesbian rights in many parts of the world in recent decades as part of broader LGBTQ+ rights movements.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Liberal_Democracy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Liberal democracy is a system of democracy that combines parliamentary institutions, such as free and fair elections, representative government, and the rule of law, with a commitment to the protection of individual rights and freedoms, coupled with a free market system in the area of economic production. In a liberal democracy, the government\'s power is limited by a constitution and the separation of powers, and citizens have fundamental rights such as freedom of speech, assembly, and religion. The economic aspect of liberal democracy typically involves a capitalist system with private ownership of property and the means of production, although there may be varying degrees of government regulation and social welfare provisions. This form of government is prevalent in many Western industrialised nations and is characterised by a balance between individual liberties and democratic governance.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Liberation_Theology' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Liberation theology is a movement within the church, primarily associated with Roman Catholicism in Latin America, that emphasises the use of religious faith and practice in a political effort to eliminate poverty, discrimination, and other forms of injustice evident in a secular society. It interprets Christian teachings through the lens of the poor and oppressed, advocating for social and economic justice and taking action against systemic inequalities. Liberation theology often involves a critical analysis of social structures and a commitment to working alongside marginalised communities to bring about social change, drawing on biblical themes of liberation and justice. While originating in a religious context, its focus on social justice and the critique of inequality has had broader influence in social and political thought.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Life-span' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Life-span refers to the maximum length of life that is biologically possible for a member of a given species under ideal conditions, representing the theoretical upper limit of longevity for that species. For humans, the life-span is generally considered to be around 120-125 years, although very few individuals actually reach this age. It is distinct from life expectancy, which is the average number of years a person is expected to live in a specific population at a given time. While life expectancy can be influenced by various environmental and social factors, the life-span is thought to be more determined by biological and genetic factors inherent to the species.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Life_Chance' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Life chances, a concept developed by Max Weber, refer to the opportunities that individuals have to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favourable life experiences throughout their lives. These chances are not equally distributed across society but are significantly influenced by an individual\'s social class, status, and power, as well as other ascribed characteristics such as race, ethnicity, and gender. Weber argued that social stratification creates disparities in life chances, with those in more privileged positions having greater access to resources like education, healthcare, safe housing, and quality employment, which in turn enhance their opportunities for a longer, healthier, and more fulfilling life. Conversely, individuals in disadvantaged social positions often face limited access to these resources, which can negatively impact their life trajectories and overall well-being. The study of life chances is central to understanding social inequality and how social structures shape individual lives and outcomes.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Life_Expectancy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Life expectancy is a statistical measure indicating the average number of years a person can be expected to live from a particular age, such as birth, based on current mortality rates and demographic conditions within a specific population. It is a key indicator of a population\'s overall health and well-being, reflecting factors such as access to healthcare, nutrition, sanitation, environmental quality, and lifestyle choices. Life expectancy can vary significantly across different countries, regions, and social groups due to disparities in these underlying factors. Improvements in public health, medical advancements, and socioeconomic development have led to significant increases in life expectancy in many parts of the world over the past century. Demographers and sociologists study life expectancy to understand population trends, health disparities, and the social and environmental determinants of longevity.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Life_History' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Life histories are in-depth studies of the overall lives of individuals, often using a qualitative research approach that gathers detailed information about a person\'s experiences, perspectives, and the significant events that have shaped their life course. These studies often rely on a combination of data sources, including self-reporting through interviews, personal narratives, and autobiographies, as well as documentary evidence such as letters, diaries, photographs, and official records. The goal of life history research is to understand the individual\'s life within its broader social, cultural, and historical context, exploring how personal experiences intersect with larger social forces and patterns. This method can provide rich insights into topics such as identity formation, social change, the impact of historical events on individuals, and the subjective meanings people attach to their lives.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Lifelong_Learning' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Lifelong learning is the concept and practice that learning and the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies should occur continuously throughout all stages of an individual\'s life, not simply during the formal educational period early in life. This approach recognises the importance of ongoing learning for personal development, career advancement, social participation, and adapting to the rapidly changing demands of the modern world, particularly in the context of the knowledge economy and technological advancements. Lifelong learning can take various forms, including formal education and training, non-formal learning through workshops and courses, and informal learning through self-study, work experience, and social interactions. It emphasises the proactive and continuous pursuit of learning as a key aspect of navigating life in the 21st century.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Looking-glass_Self' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The looking-glass self is a concept developed by sociologist Charles Horton Cooley that emphasises the idea that our sense of self and identity is largely the product of our social interactions with others. According to this theory, we develop our self-concept by imagining how we appear to others, how they judge our appearance and behaviour, and then we develop our sense of self based on these imagined perceptions and evaluations. The looking-glass self involves three main components: first, we imagine how we appear to others; second, we imagine their judgment of that appearance; and third, we develop a feeling about ourselves (such as pride or shame) based on these imagined judgments. This theory highlights the social nature of self-identity and the crucial role of social interaction in shaping who we are.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Low-income_Country' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Low-income countries are nations characterised by a limited level of industrialisation, a predominantly agrarian economy, and widespread severe poverty affecting a significant portion of the population. These countries typically have a low gross national income (GNI) per capita, indicating limited economic resources and productivity. They often face challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, limited access to healthcare and education, high rates of unemployment or underemployment, and vulnerability to economic shocks and environmental disasters. The majority of the population in low-income countries may rely on subsistence agriculture, and there may be a significant gap between the wealthy elite and the large number of people living in poverty. International development efforts often focus on providing aid and support to low-income countries to improve their economic conditions and the well-being of their citizens.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Luddite' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Luddite were rebellious craft workers in early nineteenth-century England (primarily between 1811 and 1816) who engaged in protests, often involving the destruction of new factory machinery, as part of their resistance to the industrial revolution and the technological changes that threatened their livelihoods and traditional ways of working. These skilled artisans, such as weavers and textile workers, feared that the introduction of new machines like power looms would lead to job losses, lower wages, and a decline in the quality of their craft. The Luddite movement, though ultimately unsuccessful in halting industrialisation, represents an early example of social resistance to technological change and highlights the social and economic disruptions that can accompany major technological shifts. The term "Luddite" is sometimes used today to refer to individuals who are resistant to new technologies or industrial progress.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Machismo' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Machismo is a cultural concept, particularly prevalent in some Hispanic and Latin American cultures, that encompasses a sense of virility, personal worth, pride in one\'s maleness, and a strong sense of masculine honor and responsibility, often associated with dominance, assertiveness, and the expectation of deference from women. While it can include positive aspects such as protectiveness towards family and a strong work ethic, machismo can also be associated with negative traits like aggression, sexism, and a rigid adherence to traditional gender roles that may limit both men and women. The concept of machismo has been the subject of sociological study, particularly in understanding gender relations, family dynamics, and cultural values within specific cultural contexts.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Macro_Social_Structure_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Macro_Social_Structure_Theory encompasses theoretical perspectives that examine society at the broadest level, focusing on large-scale social institutions, systems, and their interconnections. These theories analyse how entire societies or global systems maintain stability, distribute power, and organise themselves structurally. Functionalist approaches within this category emphasise social equilibrium, institutional interdependence, and the mechanisms that maintain social order through shared values and norms. Power distribution theories examine whether control is concentrated among elites or distributed across multiple interest groups. World-systems theories explore global economic hierarchies and the interdependence of nations within capitalist structures. These macro-level perspectives share a common concern with understanding overarching social patterns, institutional arrangements, and systemic processes that shape entire societies or global systems, often emphasizing structural forces over individual agency in explaining social phenomena and change.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Macrosociology' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Macrosociology is a level of sociological investigation that concentrates on large-scale social phenomena, broad social structures, systems, and processes, or entire civilisations, rather than focusing on interactions between individuals or small groups. It aims to understand the big picture of society, examining how institutions, social hierarchies, and global patterns shape social life and individual experiences. Examples of topics studied in macrosociology include the state, the economy, social class systems, globalisation, social change on a large scale, and the relationships between different societies. Major theoretical perspectives in macrosociology include functionalism and conflict theory, which both analyse society at a broad level. This approach provides a framework for understanding the overarching forces and structures that influence social behaviour and outcomes.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Manifest_Function' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Manifest functions are the recognised and intended consequences of any social pattern, institution, or social activity that are consciously acknowledged and stated by the individuals or groups involved. This concept, developed by sociologist Robert Merton as part of his functionalist analysis, helps to understand the overt and deliberate purposes of social phenomena. For example, the manifest function of education is to provide students with knowledge and skills necessary for their future roles in society. Similarly, the manifest function of laws is to maintain social order and regulate behaviour. Identifying manifest functions is a key step in sociological analysis, as it helps to understand the intended goals and outcomes of social structures and actions. It is often contrasted with latent functions, which are the unintended and often unrecognised consequences of the same social patterns.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Manufactured_Risk' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Manufactured risk refers to dangers and uncertainties that are not the result of natural events but are created by the impact of human knowledge, technological development, and intervention in the natural world. These risks are often complex and may have unforeseen consequences due to the intricate interactions between human actions and natural systems. Examples of manufactured risk include global warming, which is largely attributed to human-induced greenhouse gas emissions; the potential hazards associated with genetically modified foods; the risks of nuclear power; and the unintended consequences of large-scale technological projects. Unlike natural risks, which may be perceived as external and unavoidable, manufactured risks often involve questions of responsibility, control, and ethical considerations related to human choices and their impact on the environment and society. The study of manufactured risk is important in sociology for understanding the challenges and uncertainties of modern, technologically advanced societies.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Marriage' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Marriage is a legally and socially sanctioned relationship between two or more people (though typically two), involving economic cooperation, emotional intimacy, and often normative sexual activity and child-bearing, which the individuals and society expect to be enduring or relatively permanent. The definition and practices of marriage vary significantly across cultures and have evolved over time, with changes in who can marry (e.g., same-sex marriage), the purposes of marriage (beyond procreation to include companionship and personal fulfillment), and the prevalence of different forms of marriage (e.g., monogamy, polygamy). Marriage often establishes kinship ties and defines rights and obligations between spouses and their families. It is a fundamental social institution that plays a crucial role in regulating sexual behaviour, organizing family life, and transmitting social status and property across generations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Marriage_Forms_And_Structure' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Marriage_Forms_And_Structure encompasses the various institutionalised arrangements through which societies organise conjugal relationships and reproductive partnerships. This class includes both the structural variations in spousal arrangements (monogamy, polygamy, polygyny, polyandry) and the temporal patterns of marital relationships (serial monogamy). It also encompasses alternative relationship forms that provide some marital benefits without full legal marriage status (domestic partnerships). These forms reflect different cultural, economic, religious, and legal approaches to organizing intimate partnerships, reproductive responsibilities, and household formation. The diversity within this class demonstrates how societies adapt marriage institutions to meet varying social needs, resource constraints, and value systems while maintaining social order and continuity.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Marxist_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Marxist Theory is a comprehensive sociological and political theoretical framework stemming from the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, which posits that societal development and social change are primarily driven by economic factors and class struggle. At its core, Marxist Theory asserts that in capitalist societies, there is an inherent conflict between two main classes: the bourgeoisie (the capitalist class who own the means of production) and the proletariat (the working class who must sell their labor power to survive). The theory argues that the bourgeoisie exploit the proletariat by extracting surplus value from their labor, which is the source of capitalist profit, leading to economic alienation and social inequality. Marxist Theory encompasses concepts like historical materialism (the idea that material conditions determine historical change), false consciousness (workers\' inaccurate perception of their objective position), and class consciousness (workers\' awareness of shared exploitation). It predicts that this class struggle will ultimately lead to a proletarian revolution, overthrowing capitalism and establishing a communist, classless society where the means of production are collectively owned.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Mass_Media' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Mass media refers to forms of communication, such as newspapers, magazines, radio, television, films, and the internet, that are designed to reach and influence very large audiences, often simultaneously. These media play a significant role in shaping public opinion, disseminating information, transmitting cultural values and norms, and providing entertainment. The development and widespread availability of mass media have had a profound impact on society, influencing everything from political campaigns and consumer behaviour to popular culture and social movements. Sociologists study mass media to understand its effects on individuals and society, including issues related to media ownership, content, audience reception, and the role of media in shaping social identities and perceptions of reality. The rise of digital and social media has further transformed the landscape of mass communication, creating new opportunities and challenges for how information is produced, distributed, and consumed.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Mass_Production' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Mass production is a system of manufacturing that involves the production of large quantities of standardised goods using machine power, specialised labor performing repetitive tasks, and often an assembly-line process. This method of production was a key outcome of the Industrial Revolution, particularly associated with the Fordist era of the early to mid-20th century, and it led to significant increases in efficiency and the availability of affordable consumer goods. Mass production relies on a high degree of division of labor and the use of interchangeable parts to streamline the manufacturing process. While it has been instrumental in driving economic growth and raising living standards, it has also been criticised for its potential to create monotonous and alienating work for employees and for its lack of flexibility in responding to diverse consumer demands. More recent trends in manufacturing include flexible production, which allows for greater customisation and variety.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Mass_Society' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Mass society is a sociological concept used to describe a society in which industrialisation, urbanisation, and expanding bureaucracies have led to the erosion of traditional social ties, such as those based on family, kinship, and local community. In a mass society, individuals may feel more isolated, anonymous, and disconnected from one another, with social relationships becoming more impersonal and instrumental. Traditional sources of social support and integration may weaken, potentially leading to feelings of alienation and a greater reliance on large-scale institutions like the state and corporations. The theory of mass society often suggests a decline in community bonds and a rise in individualism, which can have both positive and negative consequences for social life and individual well-being.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Master_Status' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A master status is a social status that dominates all other statuses a person occupies and thereby determines their general position and identity within society, often shaping how others perceive and interact with them. A master status can be ascribed (e.g., race, gender, disability) or achieved (e.g., profession, criminal record) and can be either positive (e.g., being a renowned scientist) or negative (e.g., being labeled as a criminal). The impact of a master status is significant because it often overrides other aspects of a person\'s identity and can influence their opportunities, social interactions, and life experiences. For individuals who belong to marginalised groups, a master status such as race or disability can lead to systemic discrimination and shape their social standing regardless of their other achievements or qualities.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Material_Culture' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Material culture refers to the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives, including the tangible objects, artifacts, tools, technologies, and physical environment created, used, and valued by members of a society. This encompasses everything from clothing, food, and shelter to computers, cars, and infrastructure. Material culture reflects a society\'s technology, economic system, and values, and it plays a crucial role in shaping people\'s behaviour and social interactions. The study of material culture can provide insights into a society\'s history, beliefs, and practices. It is often contrasted with nonmaterial culture, which includes the intangible aspects of a culture such as ideas, values, beliefs, norms, and language.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Materialist_Conception_Of_History' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The materialist conception of history, also known as historical materialism, is a view developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels according to which \'material\' or economic factors, particularly the mode of production (how society organises the production of goods and services), have a prime role in determining historical change and the development of social structures, political systems, law, religion, and culture (the superstructure). This perspective argues that the way a society produces its material necessities shapes its social relations and its overall organisation. Changes in the mode of production, such as the shift from feudalism to capitalism, are seen as the fundamental driving forces behind historical transformations, leading to new class structures and social conflicts that ultimately propel societal development. The materialist conception of history emphasises the importance of economic conditions and class struggles in understanding the evolution of human societies.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Matriarchy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Matriarchy is a form of social organisation in which females dominate males in terms of power, authority, and decision-making within the family, community, or society as a whole. In a matriarchal system, social status and property may be inherited through the female line, and women may hold prominent roles in political, economic, and religious spheres. While purely matriarchal societies are rare in recorded history, some societies exhibit matrifocal tendencies where women play a central role in the family and household, even if formal power structures are not exclusively in their hands. The concept of matriarchy is often contrasted with patriarchy, where males hold the dominant positions of power and authority.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Matrilineal_Descent' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Matrilineal descent is a kinship system that favours the relatives of the mother, tracing ancestral descent and inheritance primarily through the maternal line. In a matrilineal system, individuals belong to their mother\'s kin group, and lineage and inheritance rights are typically passed down from mothers to their children, particularly daughters. This does not necessarily imply matriarchal rule, as men may still hold positions of authority, but it does mean that kinship ties and social identity are primarily determined through the female side of the family. Matrilineal descent is found in various cultures around the world and can have significant implications for family structure, social organisation, and the transmission of property and social status across generations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Matrilocality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Matrilocality is a residential pattern observed in some societies where a married couple establishes their household in or very near the wife\'s family\'s residence. This practice often occurs in societies with matrilineal descent systems, where kinship and inheritance are traced through the female line, but it is not exclusively tied to such systems. Matrilocality can offer several advantages, such as providing support for the new couple from the wife\'s kin, facilitating childcare by grandparents and other female relatives, and strengthening the social and economic bonds within the wife\'s extended family. It can also influence the balance of power within the marriage and the wider family network, potentially giving more prominence or authority to the wife\'s lineage. This pattern of residence is one of the ways that societies organise post-marital living arrangements, with other common patterns being patrilocality (living with or near the husband\'s family) and neolocality (establishing an independent household).'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Mean' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Mean is a fundamental statistical measure of central tendency, commonly referred to as the average, which is calculated by summing all the individual values or cases in a dataset and then dividing that total by the number of individual cases or values. The mean provides a single number that represents the typical or central value of a set of data and is widely used in various fields, including sociology, to summarise and analyse quantitative information. For example, one might calculate the mean income of a population by adding up the incomes of all individuals and dividing by the total number of individuals. While the mean is a useful measure, it can be influenced by extreme values (outliers) in the data, which may not accurately represent the central tendency in some cases. In such situations, other measures of central tendency, such as the median or the mode, might be more appropriate.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Means_Of_Production' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The means of production, a core concept in Marxist theory, refers to the resources, tools, technologies, land, factories, and other infrastructure whereby the production of material goods is carried on in a society. This concept encompasses not just the physical technology involved in production but also the social relations between the producers (e.g., the relationship between the owners of the means of production and the workers who use them). According to Marx, the ownership and control of the means of production are central to understanding the structure of society and the distribution of power and wealth. In capitalist societies, the bourgeoisie (capitalist class) owns and controls the means of production, while the proletariat (working class) must sell their labor power to the bourgeoisie to survive, leading to inherent inequalities and class conflict.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Measures_Of_Central_Tendency' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Measures of central tendency are statistical methods used to calculate averages or typical values within a dataset, providing a summary of the central location of the data. The three most common measures of central tendency are the mean (the arithmetic average), the median (the middle value when the data is ordered), and the mode (the most frequently occurring value in the dataset). Each of these measures has its own strengths and is appropriate for different types of data and different analytical purposes. The mean is sensitive to extreme values, while the median is not. The mode is particularly useful for categorical data. Sociologists use measures of central tendency to describe and compare different groups or populations on various characteristics, such as income, age, or education level.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Mechanical_Solidity' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Mechanical Solidarity, a foundational concept developed by Émile Durkheim, describes a type of social cohesion and integration characteristic of traditional, pre-industrial societies. In such societies, social bonds are based on a high degree of homogeneity, where individuals share similar values, beliefs, customs, and engage in similar types of labor. This similarity leads to a strong collective consciousness or a common understanding of social norms and expectations, which binds people together through their likeness and shared experiences. Social order in societies with mechanical solidarity is maintained through the strong social pressure to conform to these uniform norms and values, and deviance is often met with harsh punitive sanctions to reinforce the collective morality. This form of solidarity fosters a powerful sense of community and belonging, where individuals feel deeply connected to one another through their shared identity and way of life, with relatively little individual autonomy compared to more modern societies.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Media_And_Communication' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Media and Communication is a broad sociological domain that systematically studies the diverse means, processes, and effects through which information, ideas, and messages are produced, disseminated, and received within society, and their profound impact on individuals, social groups, and social structures. This field encompasses various forms of mass media (e.g., television, radio, newspapers, film), digital media (e.g., the internet, cyberspace, multimedia, social media), and telecommunications. It examines how communication technologies shape social interaction (e.g., non-verbal communication, semiotics), the construction of meaning, and the formation of public opinion. The domain also analyses media texts (media products), media industries, media consumption patterns, and the role of communication in cultural transmission, social change, political processes, and the perpetuation or challenge of social inequalities. It delves into topics such as media ownership, content analysis, communication flows, and the digital divide, highlighting the pervasive influence of media in contemporary social life.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Media_Text' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Media texts encompass all forms of media products, including television programmes, films, CDs, books, newspapers, website pages, social media posts, and advertisements, which are created and disseminated to communicate information, ideas, entertainment, or persuasion to an audience. These texts are not simply neutral carriers of information but are constructed with specific intentions and can be analysed for their content, form, audience, and the social, cultural, and political messages they convey. The study of media texts involves examining their production, distribution, and consumption, as well as their potential effects on individuals and society. Understanding media texts is crucial in sociology for analysing how media shapes our perceptions of the world, influences our beliefs and values, and contributes to the construction of social reality.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Median' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The median is a statistical measure of central tendency that represents the middle value in a range of numbers when the data is ordered from least to greatest. It is the point at which half of the data values are below and half are above it. The median is particularly useful as a measure of average when a dataset contains extreme values or outliers that might skew the mean (arithmetic average), as the median is not affected by these extreme scores. For example, in a distribution of incomes where a few individuals have very high incomes, the median income often provides a more representative measure of what is typical compared to the mean income. Calculating the median involves arranging the data in order and finding the central value; if there is an even number of data points, the median is the average of the two middle values.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Megalopolis' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A megalopolis is a vast urban region that contains a number of cities and their surrounding suburbs, forming an interconnected network of metropolitan areas that have grown together over time. These regions are characterised by high population density, extensive infrastructure connecting the different urban centers, and significant economic and social integration across the area. Examples of megalopolises include the BosWash corridor in the northeastern United States, which stretches from Boston to Washington, D.C., and the Tokaido corridor in Japan, connecting Tokyo and Osaka. The development of megalopolises reflects the increasing urbanisation and interconnectedness of modern societies, posing unique challenges and opportunities for urban planning, transportation, and regional governance.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Melting_Pot' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The idea of a melting pot is a metaphor used to describe the process by which ethnic and cultural differences can be combined and blended together in a society to create new, hybrid patterns of behaviour, beliefs, and cultural expressions, drawing on diverse cultural sources. This concept suggests that immigrants and minority groups will eventually assimilate into the dominant culture, contributing their unique aspects which then become integrated into a new, common culture. The melting pot ideal is often contrasted with the concept of a "salad bowl" or cultural pluralism, where different cultures coexist while retaining their distinct identities and characteristics. The extent to which societies actually function as melting pots and the desirability of such a process are subjects of ongoing discussion in sociology and cultural studies, with considerations of power dynamics and the potential loss of cultural heritage often being raised.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Meta-Disciplinary_And_Foundational_Study' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Meta-Disciplinary_And_Foundational_Study encompasses the broader intellectual frameworks and disciplinary contexts within which sociological inquiry is situated. This domain addresses fundamental questions about the nature of scientific knowledge, the relationship between different forms of inquiry, and the epistemological foundations that underpin systematic investigation of social and natural phenomena. It examines the boundaries, connections, and distinctions between different modes of scientific investigation, providing context for understanding sociology\'s place within the broader landscape of academic disciplines. The domain contributes to ongoing discussions about interdisciplinarity, the unity and diversity of scientific approaches, and the methodological foundations that enable systematic investigation of complex phenomena. These foundational perspectives inform how sociologists understand their discipline\'s relationship to other fields of inquiry and its contributions to broader intellectual discourse. The domain addresses questions about the nature of scientific explanation, the relationship between quantitative and qualitative approaches, and the ways different disciplines contribute to comprehensive understanding of complex social and natural phenomena. This meta-level perspective is essential for understanding how sociological knowledge relates to other forms of systematic inquiry and contributes to broader intellectual and practical understanding.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Metanarrative' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Metanarrative are broad, overarching theories, grand narratives, or comprehensive belief systems about the operation of society, the nature of social change, and the meaning of history that attempt to provide a universal explanation or understanding of the world. These theories offer a framework for interpreting social phenomena and often make claims about the fundamental nature of reality and the direction of historical development. Marxism, with its theory of class struggle and historical materialism, and functionalism, with its view of society as a system striving for equilibrium, are examples of metanarratives that have been employed by sociologists to explain how the world works and how societies change over time. In postmodern thought, there is often skepticism towards metanarratives, with an emphasis on local narratives, diversity of perspectives, and the rejection of universal truths.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Metropolis' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A metropolis is a large city that socially and economically dominates an urban area, often serving as a major center for commerce, culture, and innovation within a region or even a country. It typically has a high population density, a diverse economy, and a significant influence on the surrounding areas in terms of employment, services, and cultural trends. A metropolis often attracts people from smaller towns and rural areas seeking opportunities and amenities not available elsewhere. The term can also refer to the central city of a metropolitan area, which includes the city itself and its surrounding suburbs and exurbs that are economically and socially integrated with it. Metropolises play a crucial role in the global economy and are often hubs for international trade, finance, and communication.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Microsociology' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Microsociology is a level of sociological investigation that primarily stresses the study of small groups and often employs laboratory experimental studies to examine face-to-face interactions and the dynamics of social life at a micro-level. This approach focuses on understanding how individuals interact with each other in everyday settings, the meanings they create and share through these interactions, and how these micro-level interactions shape broader social patterns and structures. Researchers using microsociology might study topics such as communication patterns in small groups, nonverbal behaviour, the construction of identity in social encounters, and the dynamics of power and status within small-scale settings. Methods commonly used in microsociology include participant observation, ethnomethodology, conversation analysis, and laboratory experiments designed to simulate social interactions. This perspective provides valuable insights into the fundamental building blocks of social life and how individual actions and interpretations contribute to the larger social world.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Migration' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Migration refers to the movement of people into and out of a particular territory, which can occur within a country (internal migration) or across national borders (international migration). This movement can be temporary or permanent and can be driven by a variety of factors, including economic opportunities, political instability, environmental changes, social networks, and personal aspirations. Immigration involves the movement of people into a new country to settle, while emigration refers to the movement of people out of a country to live elsewhere. Migration patterns can have significant demographic, economic, social, and cultural impacts on both the areas of origin and the areas of destination, influencing population size and composition, labor markets, cultural diversity, and social integration. Sociologists study migration to understand its causes and consequences, the experiences of migrants, and the policies and social responses to migration flows.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Migration_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Migration Processes refer to the complex and dynamic movements of people into and out of specific geographical territories, encompassing the various factors that influence these population shifts, the patterns they exhibit, and their profound impacts on both the sending and receiving societies. This category examines the reasons why people migrate, often broadly categorised as "push factors" (e.g., unemployment, conflict, persecution in the country of origin) and "pull factors" (e.g., economic opportunities, political freedom, family reunification in the destination country). It also includes different types of migration (e.g., immigration, emigration, forced migration, voluntary migration) and the experiences of migrants and refugees. Understanding migration processes is crucial for demographers and sociologists to analyse population changes, cultural diversity, labor market dynamics, and the social integration or exclusion of migrant populations, as well as the long-term historical and geopolitical consequences of such movements across borders.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Minority_Group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A minority group is a group of people in a minority in a given society who, because of their distinct physical or cultural characteristics, such as race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or disability, find themselves in situations of inequality or disadvantage within that society. Membership in a minority group is typically ascribed rather than achieved, and these groups often experience discrimination, prejudice, and limited access to power and resources compared to the dominant or majority group. The term "minority" in this sociological context does not necessarily refer to a group\'s numerical size but rather to its subordinate status and lack of social, economic, and political power. Minority groups often develop a strong sense of group solidarity and shared identity in response to their experiences of marginalisation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Miscegenation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Miscegenation refers to biological reproduction by partners of different racial categories, often involving interracial marriage or sexual relationships between individuals from groups classified as different races within a society. The term is often associated with historical and social contexts where racial classifications were rigid and where laws or social norms prohibited or discouraged interracial unions. The concept of amalgamation in sociology, which describes the process by which a minority group and a majority group combine to form a new group through intermarriage, is closely related to miscegenation. The history of miscegenation is intertwined with issues of race, racism, and the social construction of racial categories, and laws prohibiting interracial marriage have been challenged and overturned in many parts of the world as discriminatory and unconstitutional.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Mixed_Method' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Mixed methods refers to the use of both quantitative (numerical data and statistical analysis) and qualitative (non-numerical data such as interviews and observations) research methods as part of a single research study to provide a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the research question. This approach recognises that different methods have different strengths and limitations and that combining them can offer richer insights than relying on a single method alone. For example, a researcher might use quantitative surveys to gather data on the prevalence of a certain attitude in a population and then conduct qualitative interviews to explore the underlying reasons and experiences related to that attitude in more depth. Mixed methods research can enhance the validity and reliability of findings by triangulating data from different sources and providing a more holistic view of the phenomenon under investigation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Mode' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The mode is a statistical measure of central tendency that represents the number or value that appears most often in a given set of data. In other words, it is the most frequent observation in a distribution. The mode can be a helpful way of portraying central tendency, particularly for categorical data or when a dataset has a clear peak or concentration of values. A dataset can have one mode (unimodal), more than one mode (bimodal or multimodal), or no mode if all values occur with the same frequency. For example, in a survey asking about preferred colors, the mode would be the color that was chosen by the largest number of respondents. While the mode is easy to identify, it may not always be a unique or stable measure of central tendency, especially in small datasets or those with a wide range of values.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Modernisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Modernisation is a far-reaching and complex process by which a society undergoes a fundamental transformation from traditional or less developed institutions, social structures, and cultural practices to those characteristic of more developed, industrialised, and often urbanised societies. This process typically involves significant changes in various aspects of social life, including the economy (shift from agriculture to industry), political systems (often towards democracy and increased state capacity), social structures (greater social mobility and differentiation), cultural values (emphasis on individualism, secularism, and rationality), and technology (adoption of advanced technologies). Modernisation is often associated with improvements in living standards, education, healthcare, and overall societal complexity, but it can also bring about social disruptions, inequalities, and challenges to traditional ways of life. Sociologists study modernisation to understand its causes, consequences, and the different paths that societies take in this transformative process.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Modernisation_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Modernisation theory is a version of market-oriented development theory that argues that low-income societies can develop economically only if they give up their traditional ways, values, and institutions and adopt modern economic institutions, technologies, and cultural values that emphasise savings, investment, individualism, and productive work. This theory suggests that development follows a linear path through distinct stages, from traditional to modern, and that less developed countries can achieve modernisation by emulating the paths taken by more developed Western nations. Modernisation theory often focuses on internal factors within developing countries, such as cultural barriers to progress, and advocates for the adoption of Western models of economic and political organisation. It has been influential in shaping development policies but has also faced criticism for its ethnocentric bias, its failure to account for historical and global power dynamics, and its assumption that all societies will follow the same path of development.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Monarchy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Monarchy are those political systems that are typically headed by a single person, known as a monarch (such as a king, queen, emperor, or sultan), whose power and position are usually passed down through their family across generations, often based on hereditary principles. In a monarchy, the monarch may hold absolute power (absolute monarchy) or their power may be limited by a constitution or other governing bodies (constitutional monarchy). Historically, monarchy was a prevalent form of government in many parts of the world, and while many monarchies have been replaced by other forms of government, some still exist today, often playing a symbolic or ceremonial role rather than wielding significant political power. The study of monarchies in political sociology examines their historical evolution, their different forms and functions, and their role in shaping political systems and social structures.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Monogamy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Monogamy is a form of marriage in which each married partner is allowed to have only one spouse at any given time. This is the most common form of marriage in many parts of the world today, particularly in Western industrialised societies, and is often legally recognised as the only legitimate form of marriage. Monogamy can be contrasted with polygamy, which involves having more than one spouse at the same time (either polygyny, where a man has multiple wives, or polyandry, where a woman has multiple husbands). Serial monogamy, where individuals have multiple spouses throughout their lives but only one at a time, is also a common pattern in some societies. The prevalence and social norms surrounding monogamy vary across cultures and are influenced by factors such as religion, law, and economic conditions.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Monopoly' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Monopoly refers to the control of a particular market or industry by a single business firm, giving that firm the power to dominate the market without significant competition. In a monopoly, the single firm is the sole producer or seller of a specific product or service, allowing it to set prices, control supply, and potentially limit consumer choice. This lack of competition can lead to higher prices, lower quality, and reduced innovation compared to markets with multiple competing firms. Monopolies can arise due to various factors, such as government regulations granting exclusive rights, the control of essential resources, high barriers to entry that prevent new firms from competing, or network effects where the value of a product or service increases as more people use it. While some monopolies may be considered natural due to inherent efficiencies of scale in certain industries, they are often subject to government regulation and antitrust laws aimed at preventing unfair competition and protecting consumer interests. The existence of a monopoly can have significant implications for the economy and society, affecting market dynamics, consumer welfare, and the distribution of wealth.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Monotheism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Monotheism is the belief in the existence of one single God or supreme being, who is typically seen as the creator and ruler of the universe. This belief system is central to several major world religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, which each have their own distinct theological understandings of this one God. Monotheism contrasts with polytheism, which is the belief in multiple gods, and atheism, which is the disbelief in any gods. The development of monotheistic beliefs has had a profound impact on the religious, philosophical, and ethical traditions of many cultures, shaping moral codes, worldviews, and social institutions. The concept of a single, all-powerful God often implies a unified and coherent understanding of the cosmos and humanity\'s place within it.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Morbidity_Rate' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Morbidity rates refer to the incidence or prevalence of diseases, illnesses, injuries, or other health problems within a given population over a specific period of time. Incidence rates measure the number of new cases of a disease or condition that occur in a population at risk during a specified period, while prevalence rates measure the total number of cases (both new and existing) of a disease or condition present in a population at a particular point in time or during a specific period. Morbidity rates are important indicators of the health status of a population and are used in public health to track disease trends, identify risk factors, and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions and healthcare systems. They can be expressed in various ways, such as the number of cases per 1,000 or 100,000 people in the population per year, and can be specific to certain diseases, age groups, or other demographic categories.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Mos' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Mos are norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society because they embody the most cherished principles or core values of a group, often carrying strong moral connotations and associated with intense feelings of right and wrong. They are informal rules of conduct that dictate what is considered morally acceptable or unacceptable behaviour, and violations of mores typically evoke strong social disapproval, condemnation, or even severe sanctions. Examples of mores in many societies include prohibitions against theft, murder, and incest. Mos are often deeply ingrained in a culture and are transmitted through socialisation across generations, contributing to social stability and the maintenance of ethical standards. They differ from folkways, which are also informal norms but govern everyday social behaviour and whose violation raises comparatively little concern.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Mortality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Mortality, in demography, is the study of death within human populations, encompassing the incidence, rates, and patterns of death. This category includes key demographic measures such as the crude death rate (the number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year), the infant mortality rate (deaths of infants under one year per 1,000 live births), and age-specific mortality rates, which provide insights into the health and longevity of a population. Mortality is influenced by a wide array of factors, including access to healthcare, sanitation, nutrition, lifestyle choices, environmental conditions, socioeconomic status, and the prevalence of specific diseases or causes of death. Analysing mortality data is crucial for public health planning, assessing the effectiveness of health interventions, identifying health disparities among different social groups, and understanding overall population dynamics and trends in life expectancy across different regions and historical periods.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Mortality_Rate' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Mortality rate refers to the incidence of death in a given population during a specific period of time, typically one year, and is often expressed as the number of deaths per 1,000 or 100,000 people in the population. It is a fundamental demographic indicator used to assess the health status of a population, track changes in death patterns over time, and make comparisons across different groups or regions. Mortality rates can be influenced by a wide range of factors, including age structure of the population, prevalence of diseases, access to healthcare, nutritional levels, environmental conditions, and socioeconomic factors. Specific mortality rates can be calculated for different age groups, sexes, or causes of death to provide more detailed insights into the patterns of mortality within a population. The crude death rate, which measures the total number of deaths in a year per 1,000 population, is a basic but widely used measure of mortality.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Multiculturalism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Multiculturalism is a perspective and a set of policies that recognize, value, and promote the coexistence of several distinct cultural or ethnic groups within a given society on equal terms, without any single culture dominating the others. It emphasises the importance of cultural diversity and encourages the retention of unique cultural identities, traditions, languages, and practices, while also fostering social integration and mutual respect among different groups. In a multicultural society, ethnic groups exist separately but ideally share equally in economic, political, and social life, contributing to a richer and more diverse society as a whole. Multiculturalism is often contrasted with assimilation, where minority groups are expected to adopt the culture of the dominant group, and the "melting pot" ideal, where different cultures are expected to blend together to form a new, common culture.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Multilinear_Evolutionary_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Multilinear evolutionary theory is a theory of social change that holds that change can occur in several different ways and does not inevitably lead all societies through the same fixed stages or in the same direction of development. This perspective acknowledges that societies are complex and adapt to their specific environmental, historical, and cultural contexts, resulting in diverse pathways of social evolution. Unlike earlier unilinear evolutionary theories that posited a single, universal sequence of societal development from simple to complex forms, multilinear evolution recognises the variety of forms that social change can take and the influence of specific local conditions on the trajectory of societal development. It emphasises the importance of studying individual societies in their own unique contexts rather than trying to fit them into a predetermined evolutionary framework.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Multimedia' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Multimedia refers to the combination of what used to be different media formats, requiring different technologies for access and presentation (for instance, visuals, audio, text, video, and interactive elements), integrated onto a single medium or platform, such as a CD-ROM, DVD, website, or computer application, which can be accessed and experienced using a computer or other digital device. This integration allows for a richer and more engaging user experience by combining various forms of content in a cohesive and interactive way. The rise of digital technologies has greatly facilitated the creation and distribution of multimedia content, transforming how information is communicated, entertainment is consumed, and learning takes place.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Multinational_Corporation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Multinational corporations (MNCs) are large commercial organisations that are headquartered in one country (the home country) but conduct business operations, including production, marketing, sales, and research and development, in numerous other countries around the world (host countries). These corporations often have significant economic power and play a major role in the global economy through foreign direct investment, international trade, and the transfer of technology and capital across borders. MNCs can have both positive and negative impacts on the countries in which they operate, providing jobs and investment but also potentially raising issues related to labor practices, environmental regulations, and economic sovereignty. The study of multinational corporations is an important area in sociology, particularly in the context of globalisation and its effects on national economies and societies.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Multiple-nuclei_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The multiple-nuclei theory is a theory of urban growth developed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman that views the growth of cities as emerging from many centers of development or "nuclei," rather than expanding outward from a single central business district as suggested by the concentric-zone theory. This theory posits that a city may have several distinct centers of activity, each specializing in a particular urban need or activity, such as a retail district, a manufacturing area, a residential suburb, or a university campus. The development of these multiple nuclei is influenced by factors such as the availability of land, transportation routes, the clustering of similar industries or activities, and the avoidance of incompatible land uses. The multiple-nuclei theory provides a more complex and realistic model of urban structure, particularly for large, sprawling cities that have developed over time and have multiple centers of economic and social activity.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Nation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A nation is a group of people who are bound together by a strong sense of shared values, cultural characteristics such as language and religion, and a perceived common history, often aspiring to self-determination and the formation of their own state. The sense of belonging and collective identity among members of a nation is often based on shared cultural heritage, traditions, myths, and a feeling of common destiny. While a nation may or may not have its own state, the desire for national self-governance is a central aspect of nationalism. The boundaries of a nation are often culturally defined and may not always align with the political boundaries of existing states, leading to complex issues of national identity, territorial claims, and political movements for national unification or independence.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Nation_State' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A nation state is a political apparatus that exercises sovereignty and authority over a specific territory, with a population of citizens who typically share a strong sense of national identity, often reinforced by common cultural characteristics such as language, religion, and a perceived shared history, and whose authority is backed up by military force and a nationalistic, sovereign creed. The concept of a nation state combines the political entity of the state with the cultural and social entity of the nation, where the state is seen as representing and protecting the interests and identity of the nation within its defined borders. The rise of the nation state is a key feature of modern political history, particularly in Europe, and it continues to be the dominant form of political organisation globally, although the relationship between nation and state can be complex and contested, especially in diverse or multinational states.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Nationalism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Nationalism is a complex set of beliefs, political ideas, and social movements that express a strong sense of identification with a given national community and pursue the interests, unity, and sovereignty of that community, often prioritizing national interests above all other considerations. Nationalism typically involves a belief in the unique character and destiny of one\'s nation, a sense of pride and loyalty to the nation, and a desire to promote its culture, interests, and well-being. It can be a powerful force in shaping political landscapes, driving movements for national independence, unification, or expansion, and influencing international relations. While nationalism can foster social cohesion and a sense of collective identity, it can also lead to exclusionary attitudes towards other nations and minority groups, as well as to conflict and rivalry between nations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Natural_Environment' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The natural environment encompasses the Earth\'s surface and atmosphere, including all living organisms (plants, animals, microorganisms) as well as the non-living components such as the air, water, soil, rocks, and other resources that are necessary to sustain life and ecological systems. It represents the part of the environment that is not directly created or significantly altered by human activities, although human actions increasingly have a global impact on natural environments. The study of the natural environment is crucial for understanding ecological processes, biodiversity, and the interactions between living organisms and their surroundings. It is also essential for addressing environmental challenges such as pollution, resource depletion, and climate change, which have significant social and ecological consequences.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Natural_Science' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Natural science is a branch of science that focuses on the study of the physical features of nature and the ways in which they interact and change, using systematic observation, experimentation, and the formulation of testable hypotheses and theories to understand the natural world. The natural sciences typically include disciplines such as physics, chemistry, biology, geology, astronomy, and environmental science, each focusing on different aspects of the natural world and employing specific methodologies to investigate natural phenomena. The goal of natural science is to gain a deeper understanding of the fundamental laws and principles that govern the universe and the processes that shape it, providing a foundation for technological advancements and our understanding of our place in the natural world.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Negotiated_Order' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Negotiated order is a sociological concept that refers to a social structure or system that does not have a fixed or predetermined existence but rather derives its character and stability from the ongoing social interactions and negotiations through which people define, interpret, and redefine its elements, rules, and boundaries. This perspective emphasises the dynamic and emergent nature of social organisation, highlighting how social order is continuously constructed and maintained through the interactions and agreements among individuals and groups within a particular setting or context. The negotiated order can be influenced by power dynamics, shared understandings, and the ongoing processes of communication and adjustment among participants. It suggests that social structures are not static entities but are constantly being shaped and reshaped by the interactions of those within them.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Negotiation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Negotiation is a fundamental social process that involves the attempt by two or more parties with differing interests or goals to reach a mutually acceptable agreement concerning some objective, issue, or course of action. It typically involves communication, discussion, and bargaining, where each party may make concessions or compromises to find a common ground that satisfies their essential needs or interests. Negotiation can occur in various contexts, from interpersonal relationships and business transactions to political and international relations. The success of negotiation often depends on factors such as the parties\' willingness to compromise, their communication skills, their understanding of each other\'s needs and interests, and the power dynamics between them. It is a key mechanism for conflict resolution, cooperation, and the achievement of shared goals in diverse social settings.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Neo-colonialism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Neo-colonialism refers to a new form of global power relationship that involves not direct political control over former colonies, but rather economic exploitation and dominance exerted by powerful multinational corporations and global financial institutions based in developed countries over less developed nations. In this system, former colonies or developing countries may be politically independent but remain economically dependent on and vulnerable to the interests of these powerful economic actors from the developed world. This dependence can manifest through control over key industries, trade imbalances, debt burdens, and the influence of international financial policies that may benefit wealthy nations at the expense of poorer ones. Neo-colonialism suggests that the patterns of global inequality established during the colonial era persist through economic mechanisms rather than direct political rule.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Neo-locality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Neo-locality is a residential pattern in which a married couple chooses to live apart from the parents of both spouses, establishing a new and independent household in a location of their own choosing. This pattern is common in many modern, industrialised societies where there is an emphasis on individualism, independence, and the nuclear family unit. Neo-locality allows the newly married couple to establish their own rules, traditions, and lifestyle without the direct influence or oversight of either set of parents. It reflects a shift away from more traditional residential patterns like patrilocality (living with or near the husband\'s family) and matrilocality (living with or near the wife\'s family), which were more prevalent in agricultural and extended family-based societies. The rise of neo-locality is linked to factors such as increased geographic mobility, economic independence, and changing cultural norms about family life.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Neoliberalism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Neoliberalism is a dominant economic belief system and political ideology that advocates for free market forces as the primary route to economic growth and prosperity, achieved by minimizing government restrictions and interventions on business and the economy. Key tenets of neoliberalism include deregulation, privatisation of state-owned enterprises, reduced government spending on social programs, free trade, and fiscal austerity. This ideology gained prominence in the late 20th century and has influenced economic policies in many countries around the world, often leading to increased globalisation and a greater role for the private sector in the economy. While proponents argue that neoliberal policies promote efficiency, innovation, and economic growth, critics point to potential negative consequences such as increased income inequality, social instability, and environmental degradation due to the prioritisation of market forces over social and environmental concerns.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Network' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A network in sociology refers to a set of informal and formal social ties that connects individuals, groups, or organisations to each other, forming a web of relationships through which information, resources, and social support can flow. These networks can vary in size, density, and complexity, ranging from small, close-knit groups to large, loosely connected global networks facilitated by technology. Social networks play a crucial role in various aspects of social life, influencing everything from job opportunities and social mobility to the spread of ideas and social support systems. The strength and nature of these ties (e.g., strong vs. weak ties) can have different implications for the individuals involved and the functioning of the network as a whole. Sociologists study social networks to understand social capital, social influence, and the structure of social relationships at different levels of analysis.'
       ) ;
