Environmental Sociology is a specialised subfield within sociology that focuses on the complex and reciprocal interactions and relationships between human societies and the natural environment. It examines how social factors, such as economic systems, political structures, cultural values, and technological advancements, shape environmental conditions and problems (e.g., global warming, deforestation, desertification, pollution, resource depletion). Conversely, it also investigates how environmental changes and challenges impact human societies, influencing social inequalities, migration patterns, health outcomes, and social conflicts. Environmental sociologists analyse the social causes and consequences of environmental degradation, the social movements advocating for environmental protection and justice, and the development of environmental policies and sustainable practices. This field often highlights issues of environmental justice, which addresses the disproportionate exposure of marginalised communities to environmental hazards. It emphasises a critical and systemic approach to understanding the human-environment nexus in a globalised world, often drawing on concepts like risk society and manufactured risk.Aging_Study = Aging Studies is an interdisciplinary academic field dedicated to the comprehensive examination of the multifaceted process of human aging and the experiences of older adults within societal contexts. This domain draws insights from sociology, psychology, biology, demography, public health, economics, and policy studies to understand the physiological, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur throughout the life course, particularly in later life. It focuses on the social roles older people occupy, the challenges they face (such as ageism, health disparities, and retirement transitions), and the diverse societal responses to an increasingly aging global population. Researchers in Aging Studies investigate topics like social support networks, elder care systems, generational relations, healthy aging initiatives, and the broader impact of demographic shifts on social institutions and resource allocation. The field also addresses the social construction of old age and the cultural perceptions of longevity, aiming to inform public policy and promote well-being, social inclusion, and equitable opportunities for individuals across all life stages within society. It is crucial for anticipating future societal needs.