INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('New_Religious_Movement_(NRM)_Or_Cult' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A new religious movement (NRM), sometimes still referred to as a cult, is a generally small, often recently emerged religious group that represents either a new religion or a major innovation of an existing faith, often holding beliefs and practices that differ significantly from mainstream religions and may be viewed as unconventional or outside the dominant religious traditions of a society. The term "cult" has acquired negative connotations and is often used pejoratively, so sociologists generally prefer the more neutral term NRM to avoid judgmental labeling. NRMs can vary widely in their size, structure, doctrines, and level of social acceptance, and they often attract followers who are seeking alternative spiritual paths or solutions to personal or societal problems. The study of NRMs in sociology examines their origins, development, social dynamics, and their relationships with the wider society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('New_Social_Movement' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'New social movements (NSMs) are organised collective activities that promote autonomy, self-determination, and improvements in the quality of life, often focusing on issues beyond traditional class-based or economic concerns. These movements typically emerge in post-industrial societies and address issues such as environmental protection, human rights, peace, gender equality, and social justice, often mobilizing through grassroots activism, non-hierarchical structures, and the use of media and technology to raise awareness and advocate for change. NSMs often emphasise identity, culture, and the transformation of values and social norms, rather than solely seeking political power or economic redistribution. They represent a shift in the focus of social movements towards broader social and cultural issues and often involve diverse participants united by shared values and concerns about the direction of modern society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('New_Urban_Sociology' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'New urban sociology is a contemporary approach to the study of urbanisation that goes beyond traditional ecological models by considering the complex interplay of local, national, and worldwide forces and their profound effect on local urban space and the lives of city dwellers. This perspective places a special emphasis on the impact of global economic activity, political decisions, and social inequalities on the development and transformation of cities, recognizing that urban areas are not isolated entities but are deeply embedded in broader regional, national, and global contexts. New urban sociology examines issues such as gentrification, urban sprawl, the spatial concentration of poverty, the role of global capital in shaping urban landscapes, and the social and economic consequences of these processes for different groups within cities. It highlights the interconnectedness of local urban dynamics with larger global forces and power structures.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Newly_Industrialising_Country' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Newly industrialising countries (NICs) are lower-income nations that are experiencing rapid economic growth and a significant shift towards industrial production and manufacturing, leading to a fast transition towards becoming higher-income countries with more developed economies. These countries often attract foreign investment, develop their infrastructure, and increase their participation in global trade, experiencing a rise in their standard of living and a more diversified economy beyond traditional agriculture or resource extraction. Examples of NICs include countries in Southeast Asia, Latin America, and parts of Eastern Europe that have achieved significant economic progress in recent decades. The process of industrialisation in these countries often brings about significant social and economic changes, including urbanisation, the growth of a middle class, and shifts in employment patterns.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Nisei' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Nisei is a term of Japanese origin, meaning "second generation," used in countries in North America and South America to refer to people born in those countries to at least one Issei (first-generation) immigrant parent who was born in Japan. The Nisei generation grew up in a cultural context that was often a blend of Japanese heritage and the culture of their birth country. In the United States, the Nisei faced significant challenges and discrimination, particularly during World War II when many were unjustly incarcerated in internment camps along with their Issei parents. Despite these hardships, the Nisei generation played a crucial role in navigating their dual identities and contributing to the social and economic fabric of their adopted countries. Subsequent generations include Sansei (third generation) and Yonsei (fourth generation).'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Non-material_Culture' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Non-material culture encompasses the intangible world of ideas, beliefs, values, norms, symbols, language, and social practices created and shared by the members of a society, shaping their understanding of the world and guiding their behaviour. It includes the abstract creations of human societies that are not embodied in physical objects. Non-material culture is just as crucial as material culture in defining a society\'s way of life and distinguishes human societies from one another. It is learned through socialisation and is transmitted across generations, forming the basis of cultural traditions and social order. Examples of non-material culture include religious beliefs, moral codes, customs, and systems of knowledge.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Non-verbal_Communication' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Non-verbal communication refers to the sending and receiving of messages through the use of body movements, gestures, facial expressions, posture, eye contact, touch, and other non-linguistic cues rather than through spoken or written words. These nonverbal signals can convey a wide range of emotions, attitudes, intentions, and meanings, often complementing, contradicting, or substituting for verbal communication. Non-verbal communication is a fundamental aspect of social interaction and plays a crucial role in how we understand and relate to others. Cultural norms can significantly influence the interpretation of nonverbal cues, leading to potential misunderstandings across different cultural contexts.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Normal_Accident' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Normal accidents are failures that are considered inevitable, or at least highly likely, given the inherent complexity and tight coupling of human and technological systems, particularly in high-risk industries such as nuclear power, aviation, and chemical processing. This theory, developed by sociologist Charles Perrow, suggests that in such complex systems, multiple unexpected failures can interact in unforeseen ways, leading to accidents that are not simply the result of isolated errors but are a systemic outcome of the organisation and technology involved. The interactive complexity and tight coupling of these systems make it difficult to predict or prevent all potential failure combinations, leading to what Perrow terms "normal" accidents, meaning they are a normal, albeit infrequent, feature of such systems.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Norm' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Norm are the rules, standards, and expectations of behaviour that are widely shared and understood within a society or group, guiding the actions and interactions of its members and defining what is considered acceptable, appropriate, and desirable in various social situations. Norm can be formal, such as laws and written rules with specific sanctions for violations, or informal, such as customs, traditions, and social etiquette that are maintained through social approval or disapproval. They provide a framework for social order and cohesion, helping individuals to anticipate how others will behave and to know how they themselves are expected to act. Norm vary across cultures and can change over time within a society, reflecting evolving values and beliefs.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Nuclear_And_Extended_Family_Unit' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Nuclear_And_Extended_Family_Unit represents traditional family structures organised around biological relationships, marriage bonds, and formal adoption arrangements that create legally and socially recognised kinship networks. These aggregates typically involve multiple generations and various degrees of kinship connection, serving as primary sites of socialisation, economic cooperation, and emotional support. They are characterised by established roles, responsibilities, and patterns of interaction that are culturally defined and socially sanctioned. These family units often serve as the primary context for child development, the transmission of cultural values and traditions, and the provision of care and support throughout the life cycle. The structure and dynamics of these units reflect broader cultural values about kinship, gender roles, and family obligations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Nuclear_Family' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A nuclear family is a family group that consists of a mother, a father (or one of these parents in the case of single-parent families), and their dependent children living together in the same household. This family structure is often considered the traditional or dominant family form in many Western industrialised societies, although diverse family arrangements are increasingly common. The nuclear family is typically characterised by close emotional bonds, economic cooperation, and the responsibility of the adult members for the upbringing and well-being of their children. It plays a crucial role in the socialisation of children and provides a primary source of social support for its members.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Obedience' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Obedience refers to compliance with the directives, commands, or instructions given by higher authorities in a hierarchical structure, such as in a workplace, military organisation, or within a family. It involves following the orders or rules set by those in positions of power or authority, even if one might personally disagree with them. Obedience is often seen as necessary for maintaining order and efficiency in hierarchical systems, but it can also raise ethical concerns when individuals are asked to follow commands that they believe are wrong or harmful, as highlighted by studies like the Milgram experiment on obedience to authority.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Objectivity' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Objectivity in research refers to a state of personal neutrality, impartiality, and the absence of bias or preconceived notions in the process of conducting research, analysing data, and interpreting findings. Researchers strive for objectivity to ensure that their personal opinions, values, or political beliefs do not unduly influence the research process or its outcomes, allowing the evidence to speak for itself. While complete objectivity may be an ideal that is difficult to achieve fully in social science research due to the researcher\'s own social location and perspectives, researchers employ various methods and techniques, such as standardised procedures, peer review, and transparency in reporting findings, to minimise bias and enhance the objectivity and credibility of their work.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Observation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Observation is a fundamental research technique in which an investigator systematically collects information and data through direct participation in and/or observation of a group, tribe, community, or social setting being studied. This method is often used in qualitative research, particularly in ethnography and field studies, to gain an in-depth understanding of social behaviours, interactions, and cultural practices in their natural context. Researchers may choose to be participant observers, actively engaging in the activities of the group while also observing, or non-participant observers, observing from a distance without directly participating. Systematic observation involves developing a focused research question, defining what will be observed, and using a structured approach to record and analyse the observations. This method allows for the collection of rich, detailed data about social life as it unfolds.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Operational_Definition' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'An operational definition is a clear, precise, and specific explanation of an abstract concept that is formulated in a way that allows a researcher to measure the concept empirically and systematically. It involves defining the concept in terms of the concrete, observable, and measurable indicators or procedures that will be used to represent it in a research study. For example, if a researcher is studying the concept of "happiness," an operational definition might be the score an individual reports on a standardised happiness scale, or the frequency with which they exhibit positive emotions during an observation period. Providing operational definitions is crucial for ensuring clarity, consistency, and replicability in research, as it specifies exactly how a concept will be measured and allows other researchers to understand and potentially replicate the study.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Oral_History' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Oral history refers to a method of collecting historical information and personal narratives through interviews with people about events they witnessed or experienced earlier in their lives. These interviews are typically recorded and transcribed, providing valuable primary source material that can offer unique perspectives and details not found in written documents. Oral history is widely used in sociology, history, anthropology, and other social sciences to understand past events, social changes, and the lived experiences of individuals and communities from their own viewpoints. It can capture the nuances of personal memories, emotions, and interpretations, enriching our understanding of the past and contributing to a more diverse and inclusive historical record.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Organic_Solidity' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Organic Solidarity, a fundamental concept in Émile Durkheim\'s sociological theory, describes the form of social cohesion and integration that characterises modern, complex, and industrialised societies. Unlike mechanical solidarity, which is based on similarity and shared beliefs in traditional societies, organic solidarity arises from the interdependence of individuals and groups due to a highly specialised division of labor. In societies with organic solidarity, individuals perform diverse, specialised tasks and rely on each other to fulfill their needs and contribute to the overall functioning of society as an integrated whole. This mutual dependence, or functional interdependence, fosters social unity even in the absence of a strong collective consciousness or shared morality. Durkheim argued that organic solidarity is maintained through the regulation of these interdependent relationships, often through formal laws and contracts, and the recognition that each person\'s unique contribution is vital to the well-being of the collective, thereby allowing for greater individual autonomy within a larger social system.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Organisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'An organisation in sociology refers to a large group of individuals who are structured and coordinated to achieve specific goals or purposes, involving a definite set of authority relations, rules, and procedures that govern their activities. Organisations can range from formal entities like corporations, government agencies, and educational institutions to more informal groups with shared objectives. They are characterised by a division of labor, a hierarchy of authority, and established patterns of communication and interaction among their members. Sociologists study organisations to understand their structure, culture, dynamics, and their role in shaping social life and achieving collective goals.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Organisational_And_Societal_Rationalisation_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Organisational_And_Societal_Rationalisation_Process represents the systematic transformation of social institutions, organisational structures, and cultural practices toward greater efficiency, predictability, and rule-based coordination characteristic of modern societies. These processes embody Max Weber\'s central insights about the fundamental character of modernity, where traditional, emotional, or value-based modes of social organisation are increasingly replaced by rational, calculable, and bureaucratic approaches. Rationalisation manifests in the development of formal rules, procedures, and hierarchical structures that prioritise efficiency and systematic organisation over personal relationships or traditional authority. Bureaucratisation represents the institutional expression of this broader rationalisation trend, as organisations adopt formal hierarchies, specialised roles, and standardised procedures to manage complex activities. Modernisation encompasses the comprehensive social transformation toward rationalised institutions, technological advancement, and systematic approaches to social organisation. These processes fundamentally reshape how societies coordinate collective action, make decisions, and organise productive activities. While rationalisation has enabled unprecedented levels of social coordination and technological achievement, it also creates new forms of social control and can lead to what Weber termed the "iron cage" of bureaucracy. Understanding these processes is crucial for analysing how modern societies balance efficiency with flexibility, formal coordination with personal autonomy, and systematic organisation with creative innovation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Organised_Crime' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Organised crime refers to the work of a group or network of individuals who engage in illegal activities on an ongoing basis, often regulating relations between various criminal enterprises involved in areas such as the smuggling and sale of drugs, prostitution, gambling, extortion, and other illicit activities for profit. These groups typically have a hierarchical structure, rules of conduct, and may use violence, corruption, and intimidation to maintain their power and control over their criminal operations. Organised crime can have significant social and economic consequences, undermining legitimate businesses, corrupting public officials, and contributing to violence and instability in communities.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Out-group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'An out-group is any group or category of people to which individuals feel they do not belong and with which they do not identify, often viewing them as different from or even in opposition to their own in-group. The distinction between in-groups and out-groups is fundamental to social identity theory and can influence social interactions, attitudes, and behaviours towards members of both groups. Individuals may perceive out-group members as less similar to themselves and may hold stereotypes or prejudices about them, sometimes leading to intergroup conflict or discrimination. The boundaries between in-groups and out-groups can be fluid and context-dependent, shifting based on social situations and group affiliations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Outsourcing' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Outsourcing is the business practice of contracting out a company\'s work tasks, functions, or processes to external third-party providers or service providers, which were previously carried out internally by the company\'s own employees. Companies may choose to outsource for various reasons, such as to reduce costs, improve efficiency, access specialised skills or technologies, or focus on their core business activities. Outsourcing can involve a wide range of functions, including manufacturing, information technology services, customer support, human resources, and accounting. While it can offer benefits to companies, outsourcing can also have implications for the company\'s employees, potentially leading to job losses or changes in working conditions, and can also raise ethical considerations related to labor practices and quality control in the outsourced operations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Participant_Observation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Participant observation is a key method of research widely used in sociology and anthropology, particularly in ethnographic studies, in which the researcher takes part in the activities, routines, and daily life of a group or community being studied over an extended period of time, while also systematically observing their behaviour and interactions in their natural setting. The goal of participant observation is to gain an in-depth understanding of the group\'s culture, perspectives, and social world from an insider\'s point of view, by immersing oneself in their environment and experiencing life as they do. This method allows researchers to gather rich, qualitative data about social processes, meanings, and practices that may not be accessible through other research techniques like surveys or interviews alone.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Participatory_Democracy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Participatory democracy is a system of democracy that emphasises the broad participation of all members of a group or community in the collective taking of major decisions that affect their lives, rather than relying solely on elected representatives to make decisions on their behalf. This form of democracy seeks to maximise citizen involvement in political and social decision-making processes, often through direct participation in forums, assemblies, or other mechanisms that allow for collective deliberation and action. The aim of participatory democracy is to empower individuals and communities to have a greater say in shaping their own futures and to promote a more inclusive and responsive form of governance.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Pastoral_Society' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Pastoral societies are preindustrial societies whose primary mode of subsistence and economic activity derives from the rearing and herding of domesticated animals, such as sheep, goats, cattle, or camels, for food, clothing, shelter, and transportation. These societies often have a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle, with a need to migrate between different areas according to seasonal changes in pasture availability or to seek fresh grazing lands for their herds. Social organisation in pastoral societies is often structured around kinship ties and the ownership and management of livestock, which can be a significant source of wealth and status. Compared to hunter-gatherer societies, pastoral societies tend to have larger populations and a more complex social structure, but they are often less settled than agrarian societies that rely on crop cultivation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Pastoralism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Pastoralism refers to a type of technology and way of life that is based on the domestication, herding, and raising of animals for subsistence and economic purposes. This practice involves managing herds of animals, such as cattle, sheep, goats, or camels, and often requires mobility to follow grazing patterns and ensure the animals have sufficient food and water. Pastoralism is the primary economic base of pastoral societies and has been a significant mode of adaptation to certain environments, particularly arid and semi-arid regions where crop cultivation may be difficult. The social organisation, cultural practices, and knowledge systems of pastoralist groups are often closely intertwined with their reliance on domesticated animals.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Patriarchy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Patriarchy is a form of social organisation in which men hold the primary power and predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege, and control of property, and in the domain of the family where fathers or father figures hold authority over women and children. This system often involves the oppression and exploitation of women, who typically have less access to resources and decision-making processes. Patriarchal structures are prevalent in many societies throughout history and continue to shape gender relations and social inequalities in various ways, influencing laws, customs, and cultural norms that often favour men and limit the opportunities and autonomy of women.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Patrilineal_Descent' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Patrilineal descent is a kinship system that favours the relatives of the father, tracing ancestral lineage, inheritance, and social identity primarily through the male line. In this system, individuals belong to their father\'s kin group, and family name, property, and social status are typically passed down from fathers to their sons across generations. This emphasis on the paternal line often reinforces patriarchal structures within society, where men tend to hold more power and authority within the family and in broader social institutions. Patrilineal descent is a common form of kinship organisation in many cultures around the world and has significant implications for family structure, inheritance patterns, and social relationships.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Patrilocality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Patrilocality is a residential pattern in which a married couple establishes their household in or very near the husband\'s family\'s residence, often living with the husband\'s parents or other male relatives. This practice is frequently associated with patrilineal descent systems, where kinship and inheritance are traced through the male line, as it keeps male family members and their offspring together, reinforcing family ties and the transmission of property and social status through the paternal lineage. Patrilocality can also provide support for the new couple from the husband\'s family and strengthen the husband\'s ties to his kin group. This residential pattern is one of the ways that societies organise post-marital living arrangements, with other common patterns being matrilocality (living with or near the wife\'s family) and neolocality (establishing an independent household).'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Peer_Group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A peer group is a social group whose members share common characteristics such as similar interests, social position, age, and often a sense of shared identity and belonging. Peer groups play a significant role in the socialisation process, particularly during adolescence, influencing individuals\' attitudes, values, behaviours, and self-concept. They provide a context for learning social skills, developing relationships, and establishing norms and expectations that may differ from those of the family or broader society. Peer influence can be strong, shaping choices related to fashion, music, activities, and even academic performance. Peer groups can provide social support and a sense of community, but they can also exert pressure to conform to group norms, sometimes in ways that may be positive or negative for the individual.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Peripheral_Country' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Peripheral countries, according to world-systems theory developed by Immanuel Wallerstein, are those countries that have a marginal and often subordinate role in the global economy and are thus dependent on the core-producing (wealthy, industrialised) societies for their trading relationships, often serving as sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets for core countries\' products. These countries typically have less diversified economies, weaker state institutions, and lower levels of industrialisation and technological development compared to core and semi-peripheral nations. The economic relationships between core and peripheral countries are often characterised by unequal exchange, where peripheral nations may be exploited for their resources and labor, hindering their own economic development and perpetuating global inequalities.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Personality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'In everyday speech, personality refers to a person\'s typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behaviour that are relatively stable and consistent over time and across different situations, influencing how they think, feel, and interact with the world and others. In sociology and psychology, personality is studied as the enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that make each individual unique. Various theories attempt to explain the development and structure of personality, including psychodynamic, humanistic, trait-based, and social-cognitive perspectives, each emphasizing different factors such as unconscious drives, personal growth, stable characteristics, and the interaction between individuals and their social environment.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Pilot_Study' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Pilot studies are small-scale, preliminary research studies or trial runs that are conducted in survey research or other research methodologies before the main study is carried out. The purpose of a pilot study is to test and refine the research design, instruments (such as questionnaires or interview guides), and procedures to identify any potential problems, ambiguities, or flaws before investing more time and resources in the full-scale study. Pilot studies can help researchers to assess the feasibility of their research methods, estimate the time and resources needed for the main study, and make necessary adjustments to improve the quality and validity of the final results.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Pluralism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Pluralism, in a sociological context, refers to a condition or ideology in which mutual respect and tolerance exist between the various cultural, ethnic, racial, religious, or other groups within a society, allowing minorities to maintain and express their own distinct cultures, traditions, and identities without experiencing prejudice, discrimination, or pressure to assimilate into the dominant culture. In a pluralistic society, diversity is valued and seen as enriching the social fabric, with different groups coexisting peacefully and participating equally in economic and political life while retaining their unique cultural heritage. This is often contrasted with assimilation, where minority groups are expected to adopt the dominant culture, and segregation, where groups are physically or socially separated.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Pluralist_Model' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The pluralist model is a view of society that posits that power is not concentrated in the hands of a single elite group but is rather distributed among many competing interest groups within the community, with various groups having access to governmental officials and the political process, ensuring that no single group is dominant or able to consistently impose its will on others. This model suggests that policy outcomes are the result of bargaining, compromise, and coalition-building among these diverse groups, each advocating for their own interests. Pluralism emphasises the role of voluntary associations, interest groups, and a relatively open political system in preventing the concentration of power and promoting a balance of influence among different segments of society. It contrasts with the elite model, which argues that a small, cohesive group holds the majority of power.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Political_Action_Committee_(PAC)' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A political action committee (PAC) is a political committee that is typically established by an interest group—such as a national bank, corporation, trade association, cooperative, or membership association—for the specific purpose of soliciting and distributing financial contributions to candidates running for political office or to political parties. PACs are a significant part of the campaign finance system in many democracies, allowing organised groups to pool resources and support candidates who align with their interests and policy objectives. The regulations governing PACs, including the amount of money they can raise and contribute, vary depending on the jurisdiction.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Political_Ideologies_And_Movement' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Political_Ideologies_And_Movement represents organised belief systems, value frameworks, and collective action initiatives that seek to shape political discourse, influence policy outcomes, and transform social and economic arrangements. This category encompasses both systematic ideological frameworks that provide comprehensive worldviews and organised movements that mobilise collective action around specific goals or grievances. These entities function as realizable potentials that can be activated under appropriate social and political conditions, manifesting in political campaigns, policy reforms, institutional changes, and social transformation. Ideological frameworks provide coherent sets of beliefs about how society should be organised, the proper role of government, and the relationship between individual freedom and collective welfare. Social movements represent organised efforts to challenge existing power structures, advocate for marginalised groups, or promote alternative visions of social organisation. The category recognises that political change emerges from the dynamic interaction between ideas and organised action, with movements serving as vehicles for translating ideological commitments into concrete political outcomes and policy changes.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Political_Socialisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Political socialisation is the lifelong process through which individuals acquire their political attitudes, beliefs, values, and develop patterns of political behaviour, learning about the political system and their role within it. This process begins early in life with influences from family, schools, peers, and the media, and continues throughout adulthood as individuals interact with political institutions and participate in political activities. Political socialisation shapes individuals\' understanding of political ideologies, their party affiliations, their views on public issues, and their levels of political engagement.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Political_System' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A political system is the social institution within a society that relies on a recognised set of procedures and structures for implementing and achieving the collective goals of a group or society, particularly those related to power, authority, and governance. It encompasses the government, political parties, interest groups, and the broader political culture, including the norms, values, and beliefs that shape political behaviour and decision-making processes. The political system is responsible for making and enforcing rules, resolving conflicts, and allocating resources within a society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Political_Systems_And_Governance_Form' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Political_Systems_And_Governance_Form encompasses the fundamental organisational structures and institutional arrangements through which political authority is exercised, legitimated, and maintained within societies. This category represents the core architectural frameworks that define how power is distributed, exercised, and constrained in political communities. These systems establish the basic rules and procedures for collective decision-making, the selection of leaders, and the relationship between governing institutions and citizens. The category includes both democratic forms that emphasise popular participation and consent, as well as traditional forms like monarchies that derive legitimacy from historical precedent and hereditary succession. Each system embodies different principles regarding the source of political authority, the mechanisms of accountability, and the balance between individual rights and collective governance. These governance forms represent realizable entities that can be instantiated in different societies and historical contexts, each carrying specific potentials for political participation, representation, and the exercise of state power. The category captures the diversity of ways human societies have organised political authority while recognizing common patterns in institutional design and legitimation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Politics' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Politics, in Harold D. Lasswell\'s classic definition, is fundamentally about "who gets what, when, and how," highlighting the struggle for power and resources within a society and the processes through which decisions are made about their distribution and allocation. It involves the exercise of power and influence to shape policies, make collective decisions, and resolve conflicts over competing interests and values. Politics operates at various levels, from interpersonal relationships and small groups to national and international arenas, and is a central aspect of social organisation and governance.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Polyandry' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Polyandry is a specific form of polygamy in which a woman has more than one husband at the same time. This type of marriage is less common than polygyny (where a man has multiple wives) and is found in certain cultures around the world, often associated with specific economic or social conditions, such as limited land resources or the need to maintain family size in challenging environments. Different forms of polyandry exist, including fraternal polyandry, where a woman marries a group of brothers.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Polygamy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Polygamy is a form of marriage in which an individual is legally or socially permitted to have more than one spouse simultaneously. It can take two main forms: polygyny, where a man has multiple wives, and polyandry, where a woman has multiple husbands. While monogamy (marriage to one spouse at a time) is the most common form of marriage globally, polygamy is practiced in some cultures and religions around the world, often with specific social, economic, or religious justifications.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Polygyny' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Polygyny is a specific form of polygamy in which a man is allowed to have more than one wife at the same time. This practice is more common than polyandry and is found in various cultures and religions around the world, often associated with factors such as social status, economic advantages, or religious beliefs that permit or encourage it. The relationships within polygynous marriages can vary widely depending on cultural norms and individual circumstances.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Polytheism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Polytheism is the belief in the existence of two or more gods or deities, who are often seen as having distinct powers, responsibilities, and domains over various aspects of the natural world and human life. This belief system was prevalent in many ancient civilisations and continues to exist in some cultures and religions today. Polytheism contrasts with monotheism, the belief in one God, and atheism, the disbelief in gods. The pantheons of gods in polytheistic religions often have complex relationships and hierarchies, with different gods being worshipped for different purposes or in different contexts.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Population' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'In the context of social research, the population refers to the entire group of people who are the focus of a study or survey and about whom the researcher wants to draw conclusions. The population can be defined by specific characteristics, such as age, gender, ethnicity, geographic location, or membership in a particular group. Due to practical constraints, researchers often study a smaller subset of the population, known as a sample, and then generalise their findings from the sample back to the larger population, provided that the sample is representative of the population as a whole. Defining the target population clearly is a crucial step in the research design process.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Population_And_Demographic_Study' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Population_And_Demographic_Study encompasses academic disciplines that examine human populations through quantitative and qualitative analysis of demographic processes, life course dynamics, and population structures. This interdisciplinary domain integrates statistical analysis with social theory to understand how populations change over time and space, examining fundamental demographic processes and their social implications. The field employs sophisticated methodological approaches to analyse population data, demographic transitions, and cohort effects across different societies and historical periods. These disciplines contribute essential knowledge for understanding societal transformations, resource allocation challenges, and the social consequences of demographic shifts. They provide critical insights into how population structures influence social institutions, economic systems, and policy development. The domain bridges quantitative demographic analysis with sociological understanding of how population changes affect social organisation, intergenerational relationships, and societal adaptation. This knowledge base is increasingly vital for addressing contemporary challenges related to population aging, demographic transitions, and the social implications of changing population structures in both developed and developing societies.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Population_And_Research_Aggregate' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Population_And_Research_Aggregate encompasses collective entities defined for analytical and research purposes, including both naturally occurring populations and methodologically constructed groups used in social research and policy analysis. These aggregates represent how social scientists and policymakers create categories and samples to understand social phenomena, test theories, and develop policies. They include both target populations that researchers seek to understand and specific methodological tools used to study social processes. These aggregates demonstrate the intersection between social reality and social research, showing how analytical categories and research methods shape our understanding of social phenomena. They are essential for understanding how social knowledge is produced and how research findings are used to inform policy and social intervention.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Population_Movement_And_Migration_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Population_Movement_And_Migration_Process encompasses the systematic spatial movements of individuals and groups across geographic boundaries that reshape demographic patterns and social composition of societies. These processes involve both voluntary and involuntary movements of people driven by economic, political, social, and environmental factors. They include comprehensive frameworks for understanding population movement as well as specific forms of migration and diaspora formation. These processes fundamentally alter the demographic landscape of both sending and receiving areas, creating new patterns of cultural diversity, economic relationships, and social integration challenges. They involve complex interactions between individual agency, structural constraints, and macro-level forces that shape contemporary globalisation. Understanding these processes is essential for analysing demographic change, cultural transformation, and the social consequences of human mobility in an increasingly interconnected world.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Population_Pyramid' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A population pyramid, also known as an age-sex pyramid, is a specialised type of bar chart that visually shows the distribution of a population by gender (males and females) and age groups at a specific point in time. It typically consists of two horizontal bar graphs, one for males and one for females, placed back-to-back along a central vertical axis representing age cohorts, usually in five-year intervals. The length of each horizontal bar represents the percentage or absolute number of people in that particular age group and gender category. The shape of the population pyramid can provide insights into a population\'s demographic structure, including its age distribution, sex ratio, and potential for future growth or decline, reflecting factors such as birth rates, death rates, and migration patterns.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Positivism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Positivism, in sociology, is a theoretical approach that advocates for the study of the social world using the principles and methods of natural science, emphasizing empirical observation, objective measurement, comparison, and experimentation to produce objective knowledge about society. Positivists believe that social phenomena can be studied scientifically, just like natural phenomena, and that sociological research should aim to identify objective facts and patterns in social life, often relying on quantitative data and statistical analysis to uncover causal relationships and generalizable laws governing social behaviour. This approach seeks to establish sociology as a rigorous and evidence-based discipline, grounded in empirical evidence rather than speculation or subjective interpretation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Post-Fordism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Post-Fordism is a general term used to describe the transition from mass industrial production, which was characterised by Fordist methods of standardised production, assembly lines, and economies of scale, to more flexible and diversified forms of production that favour innovation, cater to niche markets, and are aimed at meeting increasingly differentiated market demands for customised and higher-quality products. This shift, which began in the late 20th century, is associated with advancements in technology, such as automation and computerisation, as well as changes in consumer preferences and global economic competition. Post-Fordist production systems often involve greater flexibility in production processes, the use of advanced technologies to allow for product variation, a more skilled and adaptable workforce, and a focus on quality and innovation rather than just mass quantity.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Postindustrial_City' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A postindustrial city is an urban center in which the economy is dominated by global finance, the electronic flow of information, technology, services, and consumption, rather than traditional manufacturing and industrial activities. These cities often serve as hubs for financial institutions, corporate headquarters, research and development, and high-technology industries, playing a central role in the global knowledge economy. The landscape and social structure of postindustrial cities may reflect this shift, with a decline in industrial areas and a growth in office buildings, service-oriented businesses, and residential areas catering to a more diverse and often highly skilled workforce.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Postmodernism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Postmodernism is a broad intellectual and cultural movement characterised by the belief that society is no longer governed by grand narratives of history or progress, universal truths, or objective realities. Postmodern society is seen as highly pluralistic and diverse, with a multiplicity of perspectives, identities, and fragmented realities, and no single overarching ideology or "grand narrative" guiding its development or providing a unified sense of meaning. Postmodern thought often emphasises relativism, skepticism towards authority and traditional institutions, and the social construction of knowledge and reality. It highlights the role of language, power, and discourse in shaping our understanding of the world and challenges the idea of objective truth in favour of multiple, subjective interpretations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Poststructuralism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Poststructuralism is a theoretical approach to social science that originated from the field of linguistics and gained prominence in sociology through the work of thinkers like Michel Foucault. Poststructuralists critically examine the underlying structures of meaning and power in society, rejecting the structuralist idea that there are fixed, universal structures that determine social phenomena. Instead, they argue that meaning is fluid, context-dependent, and constantly being constructed and deconstructed through language and discourse. Poststructuralism challenges the notion that absolute truths about the world can be definitively discovered, asserting that multiple interpretations of reality are inevitable and shaped by power relations and social contexts. It emphasises the instability of meaning and the importance of analysing how power operates through language and social practices.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Poverty' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Poverty refers to a state of deprivation where individuals or families lack the sufficient financial resources or material possessions to meet their basic needs or maintain a living standard considered customary in their society. This broad category encompasses various forms, most commonly distinguished as absolute poverty and relative poverty. Absolute poverty, also known as subsistence poverty, defines a condition where individuals lack the minimal resources required for basic survival, such as food, shelter, warmth, and safety, often measured by a fixed income threshold. Relative poverty, conversely, defines deprivation in relation to the living standards and average income levels of the majority within a particular society, implying social exclusion and a reduced ability to participate fully in customary activities. The feminisation of poverty highlights the increasing proportion of women among the poor. Poverty is a complex social problem influenced by economic systems, social inequalities, access to resources, and various structural and individual factors, leading to significant social and health consequences.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Power' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Power, in its most fundamental sociological sense, is the ability of an individual or group to exercise their will over others, even in the face of resistance, and to bring about desired outcomes or to prevent undesired ones. Power can manifest in various forms, including political power, economic power, social power, and cultural power, and it can be based on different sources such as authority, force, influence, or control over resources. The study of power is central to sociology, as it underlies social inequalities, shapes social interactions, and drives social change. Sociologists analyse how power is distributed, how it is used and contested, and its impact on individuals, groups, and social structures.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Power_Elite' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Power elite is a term popularised by sociologist C. Wright Mills to describe a relatively small, tightly knit group of individuals who occupy the top positions in the dominant institutions of American society—namely, the military, the industrial (corporate) sector, and the government—and who collectively hold the most power and make key decisions that shape the fate of the United States. According to Mills, these elites share similar backgrounds, interests, and worldviews, and their decisions have far-reaching consequences for the rest of the population, often operating outside of traditional democratic processes and accountability. The theory of the power elite suggests that power in modern industrial societies is concentrated rather than widely dispersed.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Preindustrial_City' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A preindustrial city is characterised by a relatively small population, often consisting of only a few thousand people living within its borders, and a social structure marked by a relatively closed class system with limited opportunities for social mobility. These cities typically have an economy based on agriculture, trade, or small-scale manufacturing, with social status largely determined by ascribed characteristics such as birth, family connections, and land ownership rather than individual achievement. The pace of social and economic change in preindustrial cities is generally slower compared to industrial or post-industrial cities, and social life is often more traditional and community-oriented, with less anonymity and more face-to-face interaction.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Prejudice' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Prejudice refers to the act of holding preconceived ideas or attitudes about an individual or a group of people, which are often based on limited information or stereotypes and are resistant to change even when confronted with new evidence or contradictory information. Prejudice can be either positive, involving favourable preconceived notions, or negative, involving unfavourable ones, but it often leads to biased judgments and unfair treatment of individuals based on their group affiliation rather than their personal characteristics. It is a key component of discrimination and can be rooted in various social factors, including social learning, conformity to group norms, and the need to justify social inequalities.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Prestige' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Prestige in sociology refers to the level of respect, admiration, and social honor that an occupation or social position holds within a society. Different occupations are typically ranked differently in terms of prestige based on factors such as the perceived importance of the work, the level of education or skill required, the income associated with the occupation, and the social status of those who typically hold the position. High-prestige occupations often command more respect and social standing, which can influence individuals\' social interactions, opportunities, and overall position within the social hierarchy. Sociologists often study occupational prestige to understand how societies value different types of work and how these valuations contribute to social stratification.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Prevalence' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Prevalence, in the context of studying disorders, diseases, or social phenomena within a population, refers to the total number of cases (both new and existing) of a specific condition or characteristic that exist in that population at a particular point in time or during a specified period. It provides a snapshot of how widespread a condition is within a population at a given time and is often expressed as a proportion or percentage of the population. Prevalence is influenced by both the rate at which new cases occur (incidence) and the duration of the condition. It is a key measure used in public health and sociology to understand the extent of social or health issues and to plan interventions and resource allocation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Primary_And_Intimate_Group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Primary_And_Intimate_Group represents the most fundamental and emotionally significant social aggregates characterised by face-to-face interaction, emotional intimacy, and strong personal bonds among members. These groups typically involve small numbers of individuals who know each other personally and interact regularly in informal, spontaneous, and deeply meaningful ways. They serve crucial functions in socialisation, emotional support, identity formation, and the transmission of values and norms. The relationships within these groups are often diffuse and multifaceted rather than focused on specific tasks or objectives. These aggregates provide the foundational social experiences that shape individual personality, self-concept, and basic social skills, representing the most immediate and influential social environment for most individuals throughout their lives.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Primary_Group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A primary group is a small social group characterised by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation among its members, fostering close, personal, and often emotional relationships. These groups, such as family members, close friends, or a tightly knit group of peers, are typically characterised by a strong sense of belonging, mutual support, and shared activities and experiences. Interactions within primary groups are often informal, spontaneous, and deeply personal, playing a crucial role in the socialisation process, the development of self-identity, and the provision of emotional well-being for their members.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Primary_Socialisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Primary socialisation is the fundamental process by which children learn the basic cultural norms, values, beliefs, language, and behaviours of the society into which they are born, primarily occurring within the family and close-knit social environments during their early years. Through interaction with primary caregivers and other close family members, children develop their initial sense of self, learn how to communicate, and internalise the foundational norms and expectations of their culture, which are essential for functioning within that society. This stage of socialisation lays the groundwork for future learning and social development.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Production_And_Organisational_Economic_Model' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Production_And_Organisational_Economic_Model represents specific approaches to organizing production processes, manufacturing systems, and economic activities within broader economic frameworks. These realizable entities focus on the operational and organisational aspects of economic production rather than comprehensive societal economic arrangements. They include both traditional production methods and modern industrial approaches that emphasise efficiency, standardisation, and technological advancement. These models demonstrate how societies have developed different strategies for organizing work, managing resources, and coordinating productive activities. They highlight the evolution from simple subsistence-based production to complex industrial and post-industrial systems. Understanding these models is crucial for analysing how technological advancement, organisational innovation, and economic development shape work experiences, productivity, and social relationships within economic systems.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Profane' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The profane, in the sociological study of religion, refers to the ordinary, mundane, and commonplace elements of everyday life that are considered secular and lack special religious significance or sacredness. This concept, contrasted with the sacred, encompasses the routine activities, objects, and experiences that are part of the everyday world and do not inspire the same sense of awe, reverence, or spiritual connection associated with the sacred. The distinction between the sacred and the profane is central to understanding how societies create and maintain religious beliefs and practices, with the sacred often being set apart and treated with special respect.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Professional_Criminal' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A professional criminal is a person who pursues criminal activity as their primary day-to-day occupation and source of income, developing specialised skills, techniques, and a certain level of status and recognition within the criminal underworld. Unlike amateur or occasional offenders, professional criminals often plan their crimes carefully, work in organised groups or networks, and may have a long-term commitment to a life of crime. They often develop a code of conduct and may view their criminal activities as a career, acquiring expertise in specific types of crime such as theft, fraud, drug trafficking, or gambling.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Proletariat' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Proletariat, in the theoretical framework of Karl Marx, refers to the working class in a capitalist society who do not own the means of production (such as factories, land, and capital) and must therefore sell their labor power to the bourgeoisie (the capitalist class who own the means of production) in order to earn a living and survive. According to Marx, the proletariat is exploited by the bourgeoisie, who extract surplus value from their labor in the form of profit, leading to inherent class conflict and the potential for the proletariat to develop class consciousness and ultimately overthrow the capitalist system.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Public_Sphere' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The public sphere is a concept associated with the German sociologist Jürgen Habermas, referring to the arena of public debate and discussion in modern societies where individuals can come together to freely discuss and form opinions about matters of general interest and concern, ideally independent of state control or economic pressures. Habermas envisioned the public sphere as a space for rational-critical discourse, where citizens could exchange ideas, critique power structures, and participate in the formation of public opinion, which could then influence political action and policy-making. This sphere is not necessarily a physical place but rather a discursive space that can exist in various forms, such as through media, public gatherings, and online platforms, where reasoned arguments and open dialogue are central to the process of shaping collective understanding and political will. The ideal of the public sphere emphasises accessibility, inclusivity, and the free exchange of ideas among informed citizens.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Push_And_Pull_Factor' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'In the early study of global migration, push and pull factors were identified as the internal and external forces believed to significantly influence patterns of migration. \'Push factors\' refer to the dynamics and conditions within the country of origin that compel people to leave, such as high rates of unemployment, economic hardship, war or conflict, famine or natural disasters, political persecution, or lack of opportunities. \'Pull factors\' describe the features and characteristics of destination countries that attract migrants, such as a buoyant labor market with available jobs, higher wages, lower population density, a higher standard of living, better educational or healthcare opportunities, political stability, or the presence of established communities of migrants from the same origin country. While this model provides a basic framework for understanding migration decisions, contemporary migration studies recognise that the process is often more complex and influenced by a wider range of interconnected factors, including social networks, government policies, and individual agency.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Qualitative_Research' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Qualitative research is a research approach that primarily relies on data that is not numerical and often involves studying social phenomena in their natural settings or "in the field" rather than in controlled laboratory environments. This type of research seeks to understand the qualities, characteristics, and meanings of social phenomena through methods such as observation, interviews, and the analysis of texts or artifacts. The focus is often on exploring the depth and complexity of experiences, perspectives, and social processes, rather than on quantifying them through statistical data. Qualitative research aims to provide rich, descriptive insights into the social world and the ways in which people interpret and make sense of their experiences.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Qualitative_Research_Approaches_And_Method' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Qualitative_Research_Approaches_And_Method encompasses methodological approaches that prioritise depth, context, and understanding of social phenomena through non-numerical data collection and analysis. These methods emphasise the subjective experiences, meanings, and interpretations that individuals attach to their social world. Biographical and life history approaches focus on individual narratives and personal experiences across time, while ethnographic methods involve immersive fieldwork to understand cultural practices and social dynamics. Documentary research analyses existing texts and materials to uncover social patterns and historical contexts. Dramaturgical approaches examine social interaction through theatrical metaphors, exploring how individuals present themselves and manage impressions in social situations. These methods share a commitment to capturing the richness and complexity of social life, often employing techniques like in-depth interviews, participant observation, and narrative analysis. They provide holistic, contextual understanding of social phenomena that complements quantitative approaches by revealing the underlying meanings and processes that shape human behaviour and social structures.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Qualitative_Research_Method' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Qualitative research methods are those sociological methods that primarily focus on gathering in-depth, detailed, and rich data, often in non-numerical form, with the primary aim of gaining a better understanding of the social phenomena being studied from the perspectives of the individuals or groups involved. These methods often involve exploring the \'why\' and \'how\' of social issues rather than just the \'what\' or \'how many\' that quantitative methods typically address. Common qualitative research methods include in-depth interviews, focus groups, participant observation, ethnography, and the analysis of textual or visual data. The goal of qualitative research is to provide a holistic and contextual understanding of social phenomena, uncovering meanings, patterns, and experiences in a detailed and nuanced way.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Quality_Circle' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A quality circle is a type of industrialised group production or work team, often found in manufacturing or service industries, where workers who are involved in a particular area of work come together regularly to use their collective expertise and knowledge to actively participate in problem-solving, decision-making, and continuous improvement processes related to the quality of products, services, or work processes. These circles typically involve a small group of employees who meet voluntarily and are trained in problem-solving techniques to identify, analyse, and propose solutions to work-related issues, aiming to enhance efficiency, productivity, and the quality of outcomes by leveraging the insights and experiences of those directly involved in the work.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Quantitative_Research_And_Data_Collection_Method' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Quantitative_Research_And_Data_Collection_Method represents systematic approaches to gathering and analysing numerical data to identify patterns, test hypotheses, and make generalizable conclusions about social phenomena. These methods emphasise measurement, statistical analysis, and the ability to quantify relationships between variables across populations. Survey research forms a cornerstone of this category, collecting standardised data from representative samples through questionnaires and interviews. Content analysis provides systematic coding of communication materials, while comparative research enables cross-cultural and cross-national analysis. Secondary analysis leverages existing datasets for new research questions, making efficient use of previously collected information. Victimisation surveys and vital statistics represent specialised data collection approaches for specific social domains. Mixed methods bridge qualitative and quantitative traditions, combining numerical precision with contextual understanding. These approaches prioritise reliability, validity, and replicability, enabling researchers to identify statistical relationships, test causal hypotheses, and produce findings that can inform evidence-based policy decisions and theoretical development in sociology.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Quantitative_Research_Method' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Quantitative research methods are those sociological methods that primarily focus on collecting and analysing social phenomena using numerical data, mathematical models, statistical techniques, and computational methods to measure and quantify social patterns, relationships between variables, and the strength and direction of these relationships. These methods often involve the use of surveys with closed-ended questions, experiments with controlled variables, and the analysis of large datasets to identify trends, test hypotheses, and make generalisations about populations. The goal of quantitative research is often to establish statistical significance, identify causal relationships, and produce findings that can be generalised to a larger population.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Queer_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Queer theory is a critical perspective that emerged in the early 1990s, primarily within sociology, gender studies, and literary theory, arguing that traditional academic disciplines, including sociology, often operate with inherent biases and assumptions that favour heterosexuality (heteronormativity) and binary understandings of sex and gender. Queer theory challenges these heterosexual assumptions that underlie much contemporary thinking about sexuality, gender, and identity, advocating for the foregrounding and validation of non-heterosexual voices, experiences, and perspectives. It questions fixed categories of sexual orientation and gender identity, emphasizing the fluidity, diversity, and social construction of these concepts and seeking to deconstruct normative understandings of sexuality and gender in order to challenge power structures and promote inclusivity.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Questionnaire' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of written questions that a researcher supplies to subjects or respondents, typically in a written or digital format, requesting their responses to gather data on their attitudes, beliefs, behaviours, or characteristics. Questionnaires can include various types of questions, such as multiple-choice, true/false, rating scales, and open-ended questions, depending on the research objectives and the type of information being sought. They are a widely used method in survey research for collecting data from a large number of people in a standardised way, allowing for statistical analysis of the responses. The design of a questionnaire, including the wording, order, and format of questions, is crucial for obtaining accurate and reliable data.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Racial_Group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A racial group is a category of people who are set apart from others within a society primarily because of obvious physical differences that are perceived as socially significant and are used to define group membership and often to justify differential treatment and social hierarchies. These perceived physical differences are not inherently meaningful but become socially significant when a society defines them as such and uses them as a basis for categorizing people and assigning them to different social positions, often leading to inequalities in power, privilege, and status. The concept of racial groups is closely tied to the social construction of race and the social processes of racialisation, where certain physical characteristics are imbued with social meaning and used to create racial categories that have real social consequences.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Racism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Racism is the attribution of characteristics of superiority or inferiority to a population sharing certain physically inherited characteristics, often leading to prejudice, discrimination, and the belief in the inherent superiority of one race over others. It is a complex system of power and ideology that operates at individual, interpersonal, and institutional levels, based on the social construction of racial categories and the belief that these categories are biologically real and associated with distinct traits, abilities, or moral character. Racism can manifest as overt acts of discrimination and hate speech, as well as in more subtle forms of bias embedded in social structures, policies, and practices that perpetuate racial inequalities in areas such as education, employment, housing, and the criminal justice system. It is a pervasive and harmful social phenomenon with deep historical roots and lasting consequences for individuals and societies.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Random_Sample' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A random sample is a subset of individuals or cases selected from a larger population for research purposes, where every member of the entire population has an equal chance of being selected into the sample. This method of sampling aims to create a sample that is representative of the population from which it is drawn, allowing researchers to generalise their findings from the sample to the larger population with a certain degree of confidence. Achieving a truly random sample requires a well-defined population and a method of selection that ensures every member has an equal and independent probability of being included, such as using a random number generator or drawing names from a complete list of the population.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Random_Sampling' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Random sampling is a specific type of sampling method used in research where a sample of participants or cases is chosen from a larger population in such a way that every member of the population has a known and equal probability of being included in the sample. This technique is fundamental to probability sampling and is used to ensure that the sample is as representative as possible of the population from which it is drawn, minimizing sampling bias and allowing researchers to make statistical inferences about the population based on the sample data. Various methods can be used to achieve random sampling, such as simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, and cluster sampling, depending on the characteristics of the population and the research design.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Rationalisation_Of_Society' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Rationalisation of society, a key concept in the work of Max Weber, refers to the historical and ongoing process by which traditional, emotional, or value-based modes of thought and social organisation are increasingly replaced by rational, logical, efficient, and calculable approaches based on scientific knowledge, abstract rules, and bureaucratic procedures as the dominant mode of human thought and social structuring in modern societies. Weber saw this process as a defining characteristic of modernity, influencing various aspects of social life, including the economy, law, politics, and religion, leading to the development of bureaucratic institutions and a focus on efficiency and instrumental reason. While rationalisation has brought about progress in many areas, Weber also warned of its potential negative consequences, such as the "iron cage" of bureaucracy and the loss of meaning and individual freedom.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Rationality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Rationality, in a sociological context, refers to deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient means to accomplish a particular goal or achieve a desired outcome, often involving logical thinking, systematic planning, and the careful consideration of costs and benefits. It emphasises the use of reason and logic to make decisions and solve problems, prioritizing efficiency and effectiveness in achieving specific objectives. Max Weber distinguished between different types of rationality, including instrumental rationality (focused on the efficient pursuit of goals), value rationality (guided by ethical or moral beliefs), traditional rationality (based on customs and habits), and affectual rationality (driven by emotions). The increasing dominance of instrumental rationality is a key aspect of Weber\'s theory of the rationalisation of society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Rationalisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Rationalisation is a concept extensively used by Max Weber to refer to the multifaceted process by which modes of precise calculation, efficiency-oriented organisation, and action based on abstract rules, laws, and procedures increasingly come to dominate the social world, replacing more traditional, emotional, or value-driven forms of social organisation and behaviour. This process is a central theme in Weber\'s analysis of modernity and is closely linked to the rise of bureaucracy, capitalism, and science. Rationalisation involves a shift towards systematic thinking, the application of reason and logic to social life, and an emphasis on predictability and control through formal structures and procedures. While it has led to advancements in technology, efficiency, and administration, Weber also cautioned about the potential negative consequences of rationalisation, such as the disenchantment of the world and the dominance of impersonal bureaucratic structures.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Real_Culture' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Real culture, in contrast to ideal culture, refers to the actual social patterns, behaviours, customs, and practices that people in a society exhibit in their everyday lives, which may often deviate from or only approximate the cultural expectations, norms, and values that are formally espoused or idealised by that society. While ideal culture represents the norms and values that a society publicly endorses and strives for, real culture reflects how people actually behave in practice, which can include inconsistencies, contradictions, and a selective adherence to the ideal norms. The gap between ideal and real culture is a common area of sociological study, highlighting the complexities of social life and the fact that what people say they believe or do may not always align with their actual behaviour.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Reflexivity' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Reflexivity in sociology describes the ongoing connections and mutual influence between social life and the knowledge we gain about it; the very act of studying and understanding society can subsequently affect the way individuals and groups behave within it. For instance, if a survey reveals a high level of public support for a particular political party, this knowledge might lead some individuals to express their own support for that party, either to align with the perceived majority or because the information itself influences their opinion. Similarly, sociological research on the effects of labeling can lead to changes in how institutions approach and treat individuals labeled as deviant, potentially altering the outcomes for those individuals. Reflexivity highlights the dynamic and interactive relationship between social research and the social world it seeks to understand, emphasizing that sociological knowledge is not always neutral or detached but can have real-world consequences on social actions and perceptions.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Refugee' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Refugee are people who have been forced to flee their own country due to well-founded fears of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, or to avoid war, widespread violence, or other circumstances that gravely endanger their lives, safety, or freedom. Unlike economic migrants who choose to move primarily for economic reasons, refugees are compelled to leave their homes and seek protection in another country because it is unsafe for them to remain in their country of origin. They are often recognised and protected under international law, particularly the 1951 Refugee Convention, which outlines their rights and the obligations of host countries to provide them with asylum and protection.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Rehabilitation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Rehabilitation, in the context of criminology and sociology, refers to a planned and systematic program or process aimed at reforming an offender\'s attitudes, behaviours, and skills in order to reduce the likelihood of future offenses and facilitate their reintegration into society as law-abiding citizens. Rehabilitation programs can take various forms, including educational and vocational training, therapy and counseling to address underlying issues contributing to criminal behaviour (such as substance abuse or mental health problems), and restorative justice initiatives that focus on repairing the harm caused by the crime and promoting empathy and accountability. The goal of rehabilitation is to address the root causes of crime and provide offenders with the tools and support they need to lead productive and crime-free lives upon release from correctional facilities or completion of their sentences.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Reincarnation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Reincarnation is a religious or philosophical belief, most often associated with Hinduism and Buddhism, that the soul or spirit of a person, after death, is reborn in another body or form, which could be another human being, an animal, or even a plant, in a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. The specific details and beliefs about reincarnation vary across different religious and philosophical traditions, often involving concepts such as karma, where one\'s actions in past lives influence their future rebirths, and the ultimate goal of liberation from this cycle of reincarnation. While reincarnation is primarily a religious concept, it has sociological relevance in understanding religious beliefs, cultural practices, and worldviews in societies where it is prevalent, influencing how people perceive life, death, and their place in the universe.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Relative_Deprivation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Relative deprivation is the thesis that people\'s subjective feelings of deprivation, discontent, or grievance are not absolute or based on an objective standard of poverty or need, but rather are relative to their assessment of themselves and their situation in comparison with others around them, particularly those they perceive as being more privileged or having more of what they desire. This feeling of being disadvantaged can arise even when one\'s basic needs are met, if one believes they are unfairly lacking in comparison to a relevant reference group or societal standards. The experience of relative deprivation can be a significant factor in social unrest, the formation of social movements, and the expression of social discontent, as people strive to achieve what they perceive as equitable or just in relation to others.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Relative_Poverty' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Relative poverty refers to a floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, whatever their absolute lifestyles or level of material comfort, are judged to be disadvantaged and lacking in comparison with the overall standards and average lifestyle of the nation or society as a whole. This measure of poverty is not based on a fixed threshold of basic needs but rather on the relative economic position of individuals or households within their social context. It acknowledges that what is considered a minimally acceptable standard of living can vary across different societies and change over time, and that poverty is not just about lacking the bare necessities for survival but also about being excluded from the ordinary living patterns, customs, and amenities that are considered customary in the society in which one belongs.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Reliability' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Reliability is the extent to which a measurement instrument, test, or research procedure consistently provides the same or very similar results each time it is used under the same conditions, indicating the stability and dependability of the measurement. A reliable measure is one that is free from significant random error, meaning that the scores or observations obtained are consistent and not due to chance variations in the measurement process. In social science research, reliability is a crucial aspect of the quality of data, as it ensures that the findings are consistent and can be trusted. Different methods are used to assess reliability, such as test-retest reliability (consistency over time), internal consistency (consistency across items within a measure), and inter-rater reliability (consistency across different researchers using the measure).'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Religion' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Religion is a complex and multifaceted social institution that involves a set of beliefs adhered to by the members of a community, typically involving symbols that are regarded with a sense of awe, wonder, or the sacred, along with ritual practices in which members of the community collectively engage to express and reinforce their shared beliefs and values. It often provides a framework for understanding the world, the meaning of life, and the nature of ultimate reality, and can include a moral code, a system of ethics, and a sense of community among believers. Religious beliefs are statements or doctrines to which members of a particular religion adhere, providing a cognitive framework for their faith. Religious experience refers to the subjective feeling or perception of being in direct contact with the ultimate reality, such as a divine being, or of being overcome by intense religious emotion, often considered a powerful and transformative aspect of religious life. Religious rituals are the practices, ceremonies, and behaviours that are required or expected of members of a faith, often performed collectively and imbued with symbolic meaning, serving to reinforce beliefs, create social bonds, and connect individuals to the sacred.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Religious_Belief' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Religious beliefs are the specific statements, doctrines, tenets, and convictions to which members of a particular religion adhere, providing a framework for understanding the nature of the divine, the purpose of life, morality, and the relationship between humanity and the sacred. These beliefs often form the core of a religion\'s teachings and can be found in sacred texts, traditions, and the pronouncements of religious leaders. They offer explanations for fundamental questions about existence, the universe, and humanity\'s place within it, and they often guide the behaviour and practices of believers. Religious beliefs can vary widely between different religions and even within different denominations or sects of the same religion, encompassing a diverse range of ideas about God or gods, the afterlife, the origins of the world, and ethical principles.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Religious_Experience' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Religious experience refers to the subjective feeling, perception, or sense of being in direct contact with what is considered the ultimate reality, the sacred, or a divine being, or of being profoundly overcome by intense religious emotion, awe, or spiritual insight. These experiences are often deeply personal and can range from feelings of peace, joy, and unity to moments of profound revelation, mystical encounters, or a sense of the presence of the transcendent. Religious experiences are considered by many believers to be powerful confirmations of their faith and can play a significant role in shaping their religious lives and practices. The interpretation and significance of religious experiences can vary greatly depending on the individual\'s religious background, cultural context, and personal understanding.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Religious_Organisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Religious_Organisation encompasses collective entities formed around shared spiritual beliefs, religious practices, and faith traditions that provide meaning, community, and moral guidance to their members. These aggregates vary in their relationship to broader society, from established institutions that are well-integrated into mainstream culture to newer movements that may challenge conventional religious practices. They serve multiple functions including spiritual instruction, community support, ritual facilitation, and moral authority within their respective communities. The diversity within this category reflects different approaches to religious organisation, from hierarchical institutional structures to more informal or innovative religious movements. These organisations play crucial roles in transmitting religious traditions, providing social support networks, and offering frameworks for understanding life\'s fundamental questions and moral challenges.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Religious_Ritual' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Religious rituals are the formal practices, ceremonies, and behaviours that are required or expected of members of a particular faith or religious community, often performed in a prescribed manner and at specific times or places. These rituals are imbued with symbolic meaning and serve various functions, such as expressing and reinforcing religious beliefs, connecting individuals and communities to the sacred, commemorating important events or myths, marking life transitions, and fostering social cohesion among believers. Religious rituals can include prayer, worship services, sacraments, pilgrimages, festivals, and other communal acts that help to enact and embody the core tenets and values of a religion.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Replication' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Replication in research is the process of repeating a study or experiment by other researchers, often independently, to determine whether the original findings can be reproduced and are reliable across different settings, samples, or conditions. If a study\'s results can be consistently replicated by other researchers, it increases confidence in the validity and generalizability of the original findings, strengthening the scientific rigor of the research. Failure to replicate findings can raise questions about the original study\'s methodology, potential biases, or the robustness of its conclusions.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Representative_Democracy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Representative democracy is a political system in which decisions affecting a community or society as a whole are not taken directly by its members but rather by a smaller group of people whom they have elected through a process of voting to represent their interests and make decisions on their behalf. This form of democracy is common in large and complex societies where direct participation by all citizens in every decision may be impractical. Elected representatives are typically accountable to their constituents and may be removed from office through regular elections if they fail to represent their interests effectively.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Representative_Sample' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A representative sample is a selection of individuals or cases drawn from a larger population that is statistically found to be typical of that population in terms of key characteristics relevant to the study, such as age, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, or opinions. The goal of obtaining a representative sample is to ensure that the findings from the sample can be generalised with a reasonable degree of accuracy to the entire population from which the sample was drawn, allowing researchers to make broader inferences and conclusions about the population as a whole. Various sampling techniques, including random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling, are used to try to achieve a representative sample.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Research_Design' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A research design is a detailed and systematic plan or method developed by a researcher for obtaining data scientifically to address a specific research question or test a hypothesis. It outlines the overall strategy of the research, including the type of study (e.g., experiment, survey, ethnography, case study), the methods of data collection (e.g., questionnaires, interviews, observations, analysis of existing data), the selection of participants or cases (sampling strategy), and the procedures for data analysis. A well-developed research design is crucial for ensuring that the research is valid, reliable, and capable of answering the research question effectively while minimizing bias and maximizing the rigor of the study.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Research_Design_And_Analytical_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Research_Design_And_Analytical_Process represents systematic approaches to structuring research investigations, testing hypotheses, and developing theoretical understanding from empirical evidence. These processes involve the careful design of research studies to maximise validity and reliability while addressing specific research questions. They include both experimental methods that manipulate variables to establish causal relationships and logical reasoning processes that move from specific observations to general theoretical conclusions. These processes emphasise the importance of systematic thinking, methodological rigor, and theoretical development in social research. They require researchers to consider issues of research design, variable control, and the relationship between empirical evidence and theoretical understanding. These processes are essential for advancing sociological knowledge and ensuring that research findings contribute meaningfully to scientific understanding.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Research_Design_And_Methodological_Principle' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Research_Design_And_Methodological_Principle encompasses the fundamental frameworks, guidelines, and logical structures that underpin rigorous sociological inquiry. This category includes the foundational elements of scientific research design, from hypothesis formulation and operational definition of concepts to the establishment of causal relationships through systematic investigation. The scientific method provides the overarching framework for conducting objective, replicable research, while research principles ensure ethical conduct and methodological rigor. Applied social research connects academic inquiry to practical problem-solving, emphasizing the translation of findings into actionable solutions for social issues. Causal logic and causation represent critical analytical concepts for understanding relationships between variables and establishing explanatory frameworks. These principles guide researchers in developing coherent research strategies, selecting appropriate methods, and maintaining standards of validity and reliability. The category emphasises the importance of systematic planning, logical reasoning, and methodological transparency in producing credible knowledge that can advance sociological theory and inform evidence-based practice in addressing complex social challenges.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Research_Methodology_And_Validity_Quality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Research_Methodology_And_Validity_Quality represents characteristics related to the quality, accuracy, and reliability of social research methods and findings. These qualities include measures of research validity, reliability, objectivity, and the various methodological considerations that ensure the quality and credibility of social research. They encompass both the technical aspects of research design and the philosophical considerations about how social knowledge can be produced and validated. These qualities are crucial for ensuring that social research produces reliable and meaningful findings that can inform our understanding of social phenomena and guide policy and practice.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Research_Method' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Research methods encompass the diverse range of specific techniques, procedures, and tools that are used by researchers in various disciplines, including sociology, to gather empirical (factual) material or data that can be used to investigate social phenomena, test theories, and answer research questions. These methods can be broadly categorised into quantitative methods, which focus on numerical data and statistical analysis (e.g., surveys, experiments), and qualitative methods, which focus on non-numerical data and in-depth understanding (e.g., interviews, observations, content analysis). The choice of research methods depends on the nature of the research question, the goals of the study, and the type of data needed to address the question effectively.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Research_Principle' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Research Principles refer to the fundamental guidelines, ideals, and ethical considerations that underpin the conduct of systematic inquiry in social science. This category encompasses core tenets that ensure the quality, integrity, and trustworthiness of research findings. Key principles include objectivity (striving for impartiality and freedom from bias in data interpretation), value neutrality (Max Weber\'s emphasis on sociologists setting aside personal values during research), reliability (consistency of measurement), validity (accuracy of measurement), and replicability (the ability for other researchers to repeat a study). It also covers ethical considerations such as informed consent, protection of participants\' privacy, and responsible data management. These principles guide researchers in formulating hypotheses, designing studies, collecting and analysing data, and drawing conclusions, ensuring that sociological knowledge is produced through rigorous, transparent, and ethical means. Concepts like the Hawthorne effect (changes in behaviour due to being studied) and the need for applied social research (aiming to solve problems) also fall under this domain, reflecting the practical and methodological considerations in sociological investigation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Research_Tool' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A research tool is a systematic and well-defined technique or instrument that is specifically designed and employed by researchers to collect, analyse, and interpret data in order to conduct research and answer their research questions in a rigorous and scientific manner. These tools can vary widely depending on the nature of the research, the type of data being sought, and the methodological approach being used, encompassing both quantitative tools like surveys, questionnaires, experiments, and statistical software, as well as qualitative tools such as interview guides, observation protocols, focus group discussion plans, and content analysis frameworks. The selection and appropriate application of research tools are crucial for ensuring the validity, reliability, and overall quality of the research findings.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Research_Validation_And_Quality_Assurance_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Research_Validation_And_Quality_Assurance_Process encompasses methods for ensuring the reliability, validity, and credibility of social research through verification, replication, and examination of research effects. These processes focus on establishing confidence in research findings and identifying potential sources of bias or error that might compromise research quality. They include both systematic replication of studies to test the robustness of findings and investigation of how researcher and contextual factors might influence research outcomes. These processes are crucial for maintaining scientific standards and building cumulative knowledge in sociology. They address fundamental questions about the trustworthiness of research findings and the conditions under which social research can produce reliable knowledge. Understanding these processes is essential for both conducting high-quality research and critically evaluating the research conducted by others.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Residential_Patterns_And_Marriage_Rule' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Residential_Patterns_And_Marriage_Rule encompasses the spatial and social regulatory mechanisms that govern where married couples establish households and whom they may legitimately marry. This class includes post-marital residence patterns (patrilocality, matrilocality, neo-locality) that determine family proximity and support networks, as well as marriage rules that define acceptable and prohibited partners (endogamy, exogamy, incest taboo). These patterns and rules work together to structure social space, maintain group boundaries, prevent genetic problems, and facilitate alliance formation between social groups. The interplay between residential choices and marriage regulations reflects how societies balance competing needs for family support, social integration, genetic health, and group identity while managing potential conflicts and maintaining social cohesion across generations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Resocialisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Resocialisation is a profound process of discarding former behaviour patterns, values, norms, and beliefs that were learned in previous socialisation experiences and accepting new ones as part of a significant transition or change in an individual\'s life circumstances or social roles. This process often occurs when individuals move into a new social environment with drastically different norms and expectations, such as entering a total institution like a prison or a military boot camp, converting to a new religion, or undergoing a major life change like retirement or becoming a parent. Resocialisation can involve both unlearning old behaviours that are no longer appropriate or functional in the new context and internalizing new ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that are required for successful adaptation to the new social environment.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Resource_Mobilisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Resource mobilisation theory (RMT) is a major theoretical perspective in the study of social movements that emphasises the crucial role of resources—such as money, political influence, access to the media, personnel (volunteers and staff), and communication networks—in the emergence, growth, and success of social movements. RMT argues that grievances or social discontent are widespread and are not sufficient on their own to explain the development of social movements; rather, it is the ability of aggrieved groups to mobilise and effectively utilise various types of resources that determines whether a social movement will form and achieve its goals. This theory focuses on the strategic actions of social movement organisations in acquiring, organizing, and deploying resources to challenge existing power structures and bring about social change.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Responses_To_Deviance' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Responses to Deviance constitute a sociological category that examines the various ways in which societies, institutions, and individuals react to behaviours that violate social norms, rules, or laws. This domain explores the mechanisms and consequences of social control, both formal and informal, that aim to discourage deviant acts and maintain social order. It includes formal responses such as the processes and institutions of the criminal justice system (e.g., police, courts, prisons, capital punishment, incarceration) which apply sanctions and aim for rehabilitation or deterrence. Informal responses encompass social approval or disapproval, ridicule, gossip, and social ostracism from family, peers, and community. This category also considers concepts like the degradation ceremony, which can strip individuals of their former identities in total institutions, and stigma, a negative label that devalues members of deviant groups. Understanding these responses is crucial for analysing how societies define, manage, and react to deviance, and their impact on individuals and social structures.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Risk_Society' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Risk society is a concept developed by the German sociologist Ulrich Beck to describe the contemporary condition of society where industrial and technological advancements have created many new types of dangers and risks that were largely unknown in previous ages, characterised by their global scale, potential for catastrophic consequences, and often invisible or uncertain nature. Beck argues that in modern society, the primary risks we face are increasingly manufactured risks, which are not attributable to natural disasters but are the result of human decisions, actions, and technological development, such as the risks associated with global warming, nuclear power, genetically modified organisms, and widespread pollution. These risks often transcend national borders and can have long-term and potentially irreversible impacts, leading to a heightened sense of uncertainty and the need for new forms of social organisation and political action to manage and mitigate these complex and often systemic risks.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Role_Exit' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Role exit is the social process through which an individual disengages from a role that has been central to their self-identity and establishes a new identity associated with a different role. This process often involves a period of adjustment and can be challenging as individuals may experience a sense of loss, uncertainty, or even identity crisis as they relinquish a familiar role and take on a new one. Examples of role exit include retirement from a long-term career, divorce leading to the end of the spouse role, or recovery from a serious illness leading to a change in one\'s identity as a "sick" person. Role exit typically involves stages such as doubt, search for alternatives, the turning point where the decision to leave the role is made, and the creation of a new identity.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Role_Taking' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Role taking is a fundamental social psychological process, particularly emphasised in the symbolic interactionist perspective, that involves mentally assuming the perspective, attitudes, feelings, and expectations of another individual or a group, thereby enabling one to understand how they might think, feel, and respond in a particular situation and to adjust one\'s own behaviour accordingly. This ability to take the role of the other is crucial for effective communication, social interaction, empathy, and the development of a sense of self, as it allows individuals to anticipate others\' reactions and to see themselves from an external viewpoint. George Herbert Mead highlighted the importance of role taking in the development of the self, suggesting that through taking on the roles of significant others and the generalised other, individuals develop a sense of social self and learn to navigate social situations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Routine_Activities_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Routine activities theory is a criminological perspective that suggests criminal victimisation is most likely to occur when there is a convergence in time and space of three minimal elements: a motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of capable guardianship (such as police, security personnel, or even bystanders). This theory focuses on the situational factors that increase the risk of crime rather than on the motivations of offenders or broad social inequalities. A suitable target can be a person or object that is attractive to a potential offender, while capable guardianship refers to any factors that could prevent the crime from happening. The theory posits that changes in routine activities, such as people spending more time away from home or carrying valuable items in public, can influence crime rates by altering the opportunities for offenders to find suitable targets without the presence of guardians.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sacred' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The sacred, in the sociological study of religion, refers to those aspects of life, including objects, places, times, symbols, and beliefs, that inspire attitudes of awe, reverence, respect, and even fear among believers in a given set of religious ideas. The sacred is set apart from the ordinary and mundane aspects of everyday existence, which are considered profane. Émile Durkheim emphasised the fundamental distinction between the sacred and the profane as the basis of religious life, arguing that the sacred represents the collective beliefs and values of a society, fostering social solidarity and a sense of shared identity among members of a religious community. Rituals and ceremonies often revolve around the sacred, reinforcing its significance and the emotional bonds between believers.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sampling' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Sampling is a fundamental research technique used in sociology and other disciplines that involves studying a carefully selected proportion of individuals or cases from a larger population in order to gather data and make inferences or generalisations about the characteristics of that entire population as a whole. The key principle of sampling is to select a subset that is representative of the larger group, meaning that it accurately reflects the diversity and key attributes of the population of interest. Various sampling methods exist, including probability sampling techniques like random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling, which aim to ensure that every member of the population has a known chance of being selected, as well as non-probability sampling techniques like convenience sampling and snowball sampling, which may be used when a representative sample is not feasible or the research goals are exploratory. The quality of a sample is crucial for the validity and generalizability of research findings.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sapir-Whorf_Hypothesis' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, also known as the linguistic relativity hypothesis, is a theory concerning the intricate role of language in shaping cultures and influencing our modes of thought and perception of reality. It posits that the structure of a language affects its speakers\' worldview or cognition, suggesting that the way people perceive and understand the world is, to some extent, determined by the language they speak. The strong version of the hypothesis argues that language completely determines thought, limiting the ways in which speakers can think about the world, while the weaker version suggests that language influences thought and habitual patterns of perception and cognition without being entirely deterministic. This hypothesis has been influential in linguistic anthropology and sociology, highlighting the close relationship between language, culture, and thought, although the extent of linguistic determinism remains a subject of ongoing debate.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Science' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Science is a systematic and logical system of acquiring knowledge about the natural and social world that bases its understanding on direct, systematic observation, empirical evidence, experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses and theories. It is characterised by its commitment to objectivity, empirical verification, and a self-correcting process where new evidence can lead to the revision or rejection of existing knowledge. The scientific method provides a structured approach to conducting research, ensuring rigor and minimizing bias in the pursuit of understanding how the world works. In sociology, science aims to apply these principles to the study of social behaviour, social structures, and social phenomena to develop reliable and valid knowledge about the social world.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Scientific_Method' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The scientific method is a systematic, organised, and rigorous series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem or phenomenon, aiming to develop reliable and valid knowledge. It typically involves several key stages, including identifying a research question or problem, conducting a literature review, formulating a testable hypothesis, designing a research study to test the hypothesis, collecting data through observation, experimentation, or other methods, analysing the data, drawing conclusions based on the evidence, and reporting the findings. The scientific method emphasises empirical evidence, logical reasoning, transparency, and the possibility of replication to ensure the credibility and trustworthiness of research outcomes.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Secondary_Analysis' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Secondary analysis encompasses a variety of research techniques that involve the use of publicly accessible information and data that were originally collected by other researchers or for different purposes, such as government statistics, census data, survey data archives, historical documents, and media content. Researchers conducting secondary analysis analyse these existing datasets to address new research questions, explore different aspects of a topic, or replicate previous studies using different samples or methods. This approach can be cost-effective and time-saving, as the data collection has already been completed, and it allows researchers to study large-scale trends or historical patterns that might be difficult or impossible to investigate through primary data collection. However, researchers must carefully consider the limitations of using secondary data, such as the original purpose of the data collection, the methods used, and the potential for missing or incomplete information.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Secondary_Group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A secondary group is a formal, impersonal, and often temporary group in which there is typically little social intimacy, emotional closeness, or mutual understanding among members, with interactions often being task-oriented and focused on achieving specific goals or objectives. Examples of secondary groups include a workplace project team, a classroom of students, members of a large organisation, or people waiting in line at a store. Relationships in secondary groups are often based on specific roles and statuses rather than personal connections, and the group may dissolve once its purpose is fulfilled. While secondary groups are essential for the functioning of modern complex societies, they generally do not provide the same level of emotional support or personal fulfillment as primary groups.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Secondary_Labour_Market' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The secondary labour market refers to jobs that typically provide minimal benefits to workers, such as low wages, limited job security, few opportunities for advancement, and often poor working conditions. These jobs are often found in the service sector, in temporary or part-time positions, and may require lower levels of skill or education. Workers in the secondary labor market often experience precarious employment, with little control over their work and limited prospects for upward mobility. This segment of the labor market is often contrasted with the primary labor market, which consists of jobs that offer better pay, benefits, stability, and career advancement opportunities. The existence of a dual labor market can contribute to social and economic inequalities within a society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Secondary_Sector' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The secondary sector of the economy is the part that is primarily involved in transforming raw materials, which are typically extracted or produced by the primary sector (such as agriculture, mining, and forestry), into finished or manufactured goods. This sector encompasses a wide range of industries, including manufacturing, construction, and energy production, where raw materials are processed, assembled, and converted into products that are ready for consumption or use by other industries. Examples of activities within the secondary sector include automobile manufacturing, textile production, food processing, building construction, and the generation of electricity. The growth and development of the secondary sector were central to the Industrial Revolution and the rise of industrialised economies, playing a key role in creating jobs, driving economic growth, and producing the goods that underpin modern society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Secondary_Socialisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Secondary Socialisation is the process of learning and internalizing the norms, values, behaviours, and roles that are specific to particular social groups, institutions, or contexts outside of the primary family environment. This stage of socialisation typically occurs during adolescence and adulthood, building upon the foundational learning acquired during primary socialisation. Key agents of secondary socialisation include schools (where individuals learn academic knowledge, punctuality, and conformity to formal rules), peer groups (influencing social behaviours, identity formation, and cultural trends), religious institutions (imparting moral beliefs and practices), and the workplace (socializing individuals into professional roles, organisational culture, and specific job responsibilities). Unlike the intimate and emotionally charged nature of primary socialisation, secondary socialisation often involves more impersonal and instrumental relationships, as individuals learn how to navigate diverse social settings and adopt appropriate behaviours for new roles and statuses in a complex society. It is a continuous process of adaptation and learning throughout the life course.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sect' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A sect is a relatively small religious group that has typically broken away from a larger, more established religious organisation, such as a church or denomination, in an effort to renew what its members perceive as the original vision, doctrines, or practices of the faith, which they believe have become corrupted or diluted in the parent organisation. Sects often emphasise a more strict adherence to religious principles, may have a more exclusive membership, and can be characterised by a greater level of religious fervor and commitment among their followers compared to established churches. They may see themselves as a more authentic or purer form of the religion from which they originated and may have a more critical stance towards the wider society. In sociological terms, sects are often seen as being in a state of tension with the broader society and may evolve over time, potentially becoming more established and eventually forming new denominations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Secularisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Secularisation is a complex and multifaceted process of decline in the social and cultural influence of religion in modern societies. While many contemporary societies have become increasingly secular, the extent and nature of secularisation are subjects of ongoing sociological debate and research. Secularisation can be observed and measured in various ways, including a decrease in levels of individual involvement with religious organisations (such as lower rates of church attendance and religious affiliation), a reduction in the social and material influence wielded by religious institutions in areas like politics, education, and social welfare, and a decline in the degree to which people hold traditional religious beliefs and adhere to religious practices in their personal lives. Secularisation does not necessarily mean the complete disappearance of religion, but rather a shift in its role and significance in society and individual lives, often leading to a greater separation between religious and secular spheres of life.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Segregation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Segregation refers to the act and process of physically, socially, or legally separating two or more groups of people, often based on characteristics such as race, ethnicity, religion, gender, or socioeconomic status. While segregation can occur in various forms, it is frequently imposed on a minority group by a dominant group within a society, leading to unequal access to resources, opportunities, and social institutions such as housing, education, healthcare, and employment. Segregation can be enforced through explicit laws and policies (de jure segregation) or through informal social norms and practices (de facto segregation). It often results in social isolation, limited intergroup contact, and the perpetuation of inequalities between the separated groups. The history of segregation in various parts of the world, such as racial segregation in the United States and apartheid in South Africa, demonstrates its profound and lasting negative impacts on marginalised groups and society as a whole.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Self' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'According to the social psychology of George Herbert Mead, the self is not an innate quality but rather emerges and develops through social interaction and communication with others. Mead defined the self as the sum total of an individual\'s conscious perceptions, feelings, and evaluations of their own identity as distinct from others in the social world. This sense of self develops through a process of social interaction that involves taking the role of the other, initially through play and games, and eventually by internalizing the attitudes and expectations of the broader society, which Mead referred to as the "generalised other." The self is thus a social construct, constantly being shaped and reshaped through ongoing interactions and the internal dialogue between the "I" (the spontaneous, acting self) and the "me" (the self as object, reflecting on how others perceive us).'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Self-employment' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Self-employment refers to the situation where an individual earns a living directly from their own business, trade, or profession, without being employed by a large organisation or working for a regular salary or wages from an employer. Self-employed individuals are their own bosses and are responsible for all aspects of their work, including planning, organizing, managing finances, and providing the goods or services they offer. This can include a wide range of occupations, from freelancers and independent contractors to small business owners and entrepreneurs. Self-employment offers autonomy and the potential for greater control over one\'s work life and income, but it also typically involves more risk and responsibility compared to traditional employment.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Self-fulfilling_Prophecy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A self-fulfilling prophecy is a social psychological phenomenon where the tendency of people to respond to and act on the basis of stereotypes, expectations, or predictions about themselves or others ultimately leads to the validation or confirmation of those initially false definitions or beliefs. In other words, a belief or expectation, whether accurate or not, can influence behaviour in such a way that it makes the originally false belief come true. For example, if a teacher believes that certain students are less capable, they may treat those students in a way that inadvertently hinders their learning and confirms the initial low expectations. Similarly, if a person is labeled as deviant, they may begin to act in ways that are consistent with that label due to the way others treat them and their own internalisation of the label.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Self-identity' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Self-identity refers to the ongoing and dynamic process of self-development, self-definition, and the formulation of our personal identity through which we develop a unique sense of who we are as individuals and our relationship to the world and the people around us. It encompasses our sense of self-awareness, our understanding of our own characteristics, values, beliefs, and how we see ourselves in relation to various social categories and groups to which we belong or do not belong. Self-identity is not fixed but is continuously shaped and negotiated through social interactions, personal experiences, and the internalisation of societal norms and expectations throughout the life course. It involves both how we perceive ourselves and how we believe others perceive us, contributing to our sense of individuality and belonging within the social world.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Semi-peripheral_Country' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Semi-peripheral countries, in the context of world-systems theory, occupy an intermediate position in the global economic hierarchy, supplying sources of labor and raw materials to the core industrial countries and the world economy, but not being themselves fully industrialised or dominant in the global market. These countries often have a mix of economic characteristics, with some level of industrialisation and diversification, but they may still be dependent on core countries for capital, technology, and high-value goods. Semi-peripheral countries can experience some degree of economic development and may have the potential to move up to the core or down to the periphery depending on various factors. Examples of semi-peripheral countries might include some nations in Eastern Europe, Latin America, and parts of Asia that are in a transitional stage of economic development.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Semiotics' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Semiotics is the systematic study of symbols and signs and how they are used to create meaning in communication and culture. It explores how signs, which can be words, images, sounds, gestures, or objects, represent something other than themselves and how these representations are interpreted by individuals and within social contexts. Semiotics examines the relationship between signs, the objects or concepts they refer to (referents), and the individuals or groups who interpret them (interpreters). It is a multidisciplinary field that draws from linguistics, philosophy, sociology, and anthropology to understand the complex processes of meaning-making in human communication and cultural systems.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Serial_Monogamy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Serial monogamy is a form of marriage or intimate relationship pattern in which a person has several spouses or partners throughout their lifetime, but only one spouse or partner at any given time. This involves a sequence of monogamous relationships, where one relationship ends (typically through divorce or death of a partner) before another one begins. Serial monogamy has become an increasingly common pattern in many modern societies, reflecting changing social norms around marriage and relationships, as well as higher rates of divorce and remarriage.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sex' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Sex refers to the biological distinction between females and males, primarily based on differences in their reproductive organs, chromosomes, hormones, and other physical characteristics that are typically assigned at birth. It is generally considered a binary classification in many societies, although biological variations and intersex conditions exist that do not fit neatly into this binary. Sex is often conflated with gender, which is a social construct referring to the roles, behaviours, identities, and expectations that a society ascribes to individuals based on their perceived sex. While sex is rooted in biology, gender is culturally defined and can vary widely across different societies and time periods.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sex_Ratio' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The sex ratio is a demographic indicator that represents the number of males for every hundred females in a given population, providing a measure of the relative balance between the sexes. It is calculated by dividing the total number of males by the total number of females and then multiplying the result by 100. The sex ratio can vary across different age groups, regions, and populations due to factors such as birth rates, mortality rates, migration patterns, and cultural preferences that may influence the sex of offspring or differential survival rates between males and females. The sex ratio at birth is typically around 105 males per 100 females in most human populations. Significant imbalances in the sex ratio can have social and economic consequences, potentially affecting marriage patterns, labor markets, and social stability.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sexual_And_Gender_Disposition_Orientation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Sexual_And_Gender_Disposition_Orientation encompasses the inherent patterns of emotional, romantic, and sexual attraction that constitute fundamental aspects of individual identity and social relationships. This class includes the general framework for understanding these attraction patterns (Sexual_Orientation) and the specific manifestations of attraction toward the same gender (Homosexuality, Lesbianism) or toward multiple genders (Bisexual). These dispositions represent deep-seated tendencies that shape personal identity, relationship formation, and social group membership. They are understood as natural variations in human sexuality rather than choices or preferences, constituting core aspects of who individuals are rather than what they do. The recognition and acceptance of these diverse orientations reflects evolving social understanding of human sexuality and the importance of acknowledging the full spectrum of human romantic and sexual disposition patterns.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sexual_Harassment' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Sexual harassment is a form of discrimination that involves unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favours, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature that explicitly or implicitly affects an individual\'s employment, unreasonably interferes with an individual\'s work performance, or creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment. It can occur in two main forms: quid pro quo harassment, where work benefits or conditions of employment are made contingent on sexual favours, and hostile environment harassment, where unwelcome sexual conduct, such as offensive touching, lewd comments, or the display of pornographic material, is severe or pervasive enough to create a hostile or abusive workplace. Sexual harassment is illegal in many countries and is recognised as a serious form of misconduct that can have significant negative impacts on the victim\'s psychological and professional well-being.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sexual_Orientation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Sexual orientation refers to an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes, or neither sex. It also encompasses an individual\'s sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviours, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions. Common sexual orientations include heterosexuality (attraction to the opposite sex), homosexuality (attraction to the same sex), bisexuality (attraction to both sexes), and asexuality (lack of sexual attraction to others). Sexual orientation is generally understood to be a fundamental aspect of personal identity and is distinct from gender identity and gender expression.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sexuality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Sexuality is a broad and encompassing term that refers to the sexual characteristics, behaviours, attractions, desires, fantasies, and identities of human beings, as well as the social, cultural, and political aspects related to sex and intimacy. It includes biological sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, sexual practices, and the emotional and social dimensions of sexual relationships. Sexuality is shaped by a complex interplay of biological, psychological, social, cultural, and historical factors and is a fundamental aspect of human experience and identity. The study of sexuality in sociology examines its diverse expressions, its role in social life, and the ways in which it is regulated and understood across different societies and time periods.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sick_Role' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The sick role is a concept in medical sociology, developed by Talcott Parsons, that describes the societal expectations and norms surrounding the attitudes and behaviour of a person who is viewed as being ill. According to this concept, when individuals are sick, they are generally expected to adopt certain behaviours, such as seeking medical attention, trying to get well, and cooperating with healthcare professionals. In return, they are often granted certain exemptions from normal social responsibilities, such as work or school, and are not held responsible for their condition. However, these exemptions are typically conditional on the individual actively trying to recover and return to their normal social roles. The sick role highlights the social aspects of illness and how society shapes our understanding and responses to being sick.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Single-parent_Family' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Single-parent families are households in which there is only one parent present to care for and raise children, without the presence of the other biological or adoptive parent in the same residence. This family structure can arise due to various circumstances, including divorce, separation, death of a parent, or the choice of an individual to parent alone. Single-parent families can face unique challenges, often related to financial strain, time constraints, and the emotional demands of raising children without a co-parent in the home. Sociological studies of single-parent families examine their prevalence, the social and economic factors that contribute to their formation, and their impact on the well-being and development of both parents and children, often highlighting the resilience and diverse experiences within these family structures.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Small_Group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A small group in sociology is typically defined as a group of individuals that is small enough in size for all members to interact simultaneously with one another, meaning they can engage in direct face-to-face communication, such as talking with one another or at least being personally acquainted. The size of a small group can vary, but it is usually considered to be a number where direct interaction and mutual awareness are feasible, often ranging from a dyad (two people) to a group of around 15-20 members. Small groups are characterised by closer relationships, more intimate interactions, and a greater sense of personal connection and mutual influence among members compared to larger, more formal groups. They play a crucial role in social life, providing a context for primary relationships, socialisation, and the development of social norms and identities.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Snowball_Sampling' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Snowball sampling is a non-probability sampling method used by researchers to gather a sample for research studies, particularly when the population of interest is difficult to reach or identify, such as in studies of marginalised groups or hidden populations. In this method, researchers begin by identifying a small number of individuals who meet the study criteria and who are willing to participate. These initial participants are then asked to recruit acquaintances, friends, or other individuals from their own social networks who also fit the study\'s criteria, and this process continues, with each new participant potentially leading to more participants, much like a snowball rolling down a hill and gathering more snow. While snowball sampling can be effective in reaching hard-to-find populations, it may not result in a sample that is representative of the entire population, as participants are recruited through existing social networks, which may introduce certain biases.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_And_Cultural_Identity_Quality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_And_Cultural_Identity_Quality encompasses attributes related to cultural background, social group membership, and identity formation that shape individual and collective social experience. These qualities include aspects of gender identity, sexual orientation, personality characteristics, and cultural diversity that influence how individuals understand themselves and relate to others. They represent both personal identity attributes and broader social characteristics that contribute to cultural richness and social complexity. These qualities are often central to discussions of diversity, inclusion, and social justice, as they can be the basis for both social solidarity and discrimination. Understanding these qualities is crucial for analysing identity politics, cultural dynamics, and the construction of social difference.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_And_Political_Consciousness_Quality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_And_Political_Consciousness_Quality represents characteristics related to awareness of social position, political understanding, and collective consciousness that influence social and political action. These qualities include various forms of social and political awareness that can lead to collective action, social change, and political mobilisation. They encompass both accurate and distorted forms of social consciousness and highlight the role of ideas and awareness in shaping social and political behaviour. These qualities are crucial for understanding how social movements emerge, how political change occurs, and how social actors develop understanding of their interests and possibilities for action.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Change' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social change refers to significant alterations over time in the behaviour patterns, social structures, cultural norms, values, and beliefs of a society or a significant part of it. This can occur at various levels, from micro-level changes in individual behaviours and interactions to macro-level transformations in institutions and global systems. Social change can be driven by a multitude of factors, including technological innovations, economic shifts, demographic changes, social movements, cultural diffusion, and political events. It is a continuous and dynamic process that shapes the evolution of societies and can have both positive and negative consequences for different groups within a society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Class' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social Class is a fundamental concept within social stratification, referring to a large group of people who share a similar economic position in society, primarily based on their relationship to the means of production, income, wealth, and occupation. While specific definitions vary, major sociological class distinctions often include the upper class (those with inherited wealth or control of large businesses), the middle class (professionals, managers, small business owners), the working class (manual or blue-collar laborers), and the underclass (those experiencing chronic poverty and marginalisation). Social class influences an individual\'s life chances, affecting their access to education, healthcare, housing, and opportunities for social mobility. Marxist theory emphasises class consciousness and the inherent conflict between the bourgeoisie (capitalist class) and the proletariat (working class) over the means of production. Understanding social class is crucial for analysing structured inequalities, economic exploitation, and the distribution of power and resources within a society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Cognitive_And_Behavioural_Disposition' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Cognitive_And_Behavioural_Disposition encompasses the inherent tendencies and capacities that shape how individuals and groups perceive, interpret, and respond to social situations and cultural differences. This class includes cognitive dispositions such as the tendency to view one\'s own culture as superior (Ethnocentrism), the capacity for systematic calculation and goal achievement (Rationality), and the ability to connect personal experiences with broader social patterns (Sociological_Imagination). It encompasses behavioural tendencies toward emotional support and group harmony (Expressiveness) versus task-oriented external focus (Instrumentality), and the capacity for multilingual communication (Bilingualism). The class also includes structural dispositions such as market control tendencies (Monopoly), migration-influencing factors (Push_And_Pull_Factor), and resistance to change based on established interests (Vested_Interest), as well as opportunities shaped by social position (Life_Chance). These dispositions collectively represent the diverse ways social actors are oriented toward their social environment.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Cohesion' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social Cohesion refers to the degree of solidarity, unity, and sense of belonging that exists among individuals and groups within a society, reflecting the bonds that tie people together and enable them to live and work together effectively. It is characterised by shared values, common norms, mutual trust, and a willingness to cooperate for the collective good. Émile Durkheim identified two types of social cohesion: mechanical solidarity, found in traditional societies based on homogeneity and shared morality, and organic solidarity, prevalent in modern, complex societies based on interdependence and specialisation. High levels of social cohesion contribute to social stability, order, and collective well-being, fostering a sense of community and mutual support. Conversely, a lack of social cohesion can lead to social disorganisation, conflict, and a sense of anomie or normlessness among individuals.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Cohesion_And_Integration_Quality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Cohesion_And_Integration_Quality represents characteristics that describe the bonds, solidarity, and unity that hold societies and social groups together. These qualities include different forms of social solidarity, collective consciousness, and the mechanisms through which societies maintain integration and stability. They encompass both traditional forms of solidarity based on similarity and modern forms based on interdependence and specialisation. These qualities are central to understanding how societies maintain social order, manage conflict, and create shared identity and purpose among their members. They highlight the importance of social bonds and collective commitment for the functioning and stability of social systems.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Conflict_And_Inequality_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Conflict_And_Inequality_Theory represent perspectives that emphasise tensions, power struggles, and systematic inequalities as fundamental features of social organisation. These theories reject harmonious views of society, instead highlighting how competing groups struggle over scarce resources, power, and status. Marxist and exploitation theories focus specifically on class-based conflicts within capitalist systems, examining how economic structures create and perpetuate inequality. Conflict perspectives extend beyond class to include racial, ethnic, gender, and other forms of social stratification. Contact hypothesis addresses intergroup relations and prejudice reduction, while new urban sociology examines how global forces create spatial inequalities in cities. These theories share the assumption that social change occurs through struggle and conflict rather than gradual adaptation, viewing inequality and competition as driving forces in social development. They emphasise how dominant groups maintain power and how subordinated groups challenge existing hierarchies.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Consciousness_And_Theoretical_Quality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Consciousness_And_Theoretical_Quality encompasses characteristics related to social awareness, theoretical understanding, and the various forms of consciousness that shape social life and social change. These qualities include both individual and collective forms of social awareness, theoretical concepts that explain social phenomena, and the various ways that social actors understand and interpret their social world. They represent the cognitive and interpretive dimensions of social life that influence how people understand their social position, relationships, and possibilities for action. These qualities are central to understanding social change, political mobilisation, and the role of ideas and consciousness in shaping social reality.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Constructionist_Perspective' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The social constructionist perspective is a sociological approach to understanding various social phenomena, including deviance, that emphasises the role of culture, social interaction, and shared meanings in the creation and definition of social reality. In the context of deviance, this perspective argues that what is considered deviant is not inherent in a particular behaviour itself but rather is socially defined and labeled as such by particular groups or societies based on cultural norms, values, and power dynamics. The social construction of deviance involves processes through which certain behaviours come to be defined as unacceptable or abnormal, and individuals who engage in these behaviours are labeled as deviant, often with significant social consequences for their identity and life chances. This perspective highlights the relativity of deviance across different cultures and time periods.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Control' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social control refers to the diverse techniques, mechanisms, and strategies that are used by individuals, groups, institutions, and societies to prevent or regulate deviant human behaviour and to ensure conformity to established norms, rules, and laws. Social control can be informal, operating through everyday social interactions and the use of social sanctions such as disapproval, ridicule, or ostracism within families, peer groups, and communities. It can also be formal, involving the use of laws, regulations, and the authority of institutions like the police, courts, and correctional systems to enforce norms and punish deviance. The goal of social control is to maintain social order, stability, and cohesion within a society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Control_And_Regulatory_Mechanism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Control_And_Regulatory_Mechanism encompasses the systematic processes, institutions, and practices through which societies maintain order, enforce norms, and regulate behaviour to ensure conformity with established rules and expectations. This category represents the coercive and normative apparatus that societies develop to prevent deviance, punish violations, and maintain social stability. These mechanisms operate as realizable entities that can be activated when norm violations occur, representing the potential for societies to respond to threats to social order through both formal institutional responses and informal social sanctions. The category includes both the legal framework that provides formal rules and procedures for addressing deviance, as well as broader social control processes that operate through everyday interactions and community responses. These mechanisms demonstrate how societies balance individual autonomy with collective order, establishing boundaries of acceptable behaviour and consequences for transgression. The regulatory dimension captures how these control mechanisms not only punish deviance but also serve preventive functions by establishing clear expectations and demonstrating the consequences of norm violation to the broader community.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Control_And_Response_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Control_And_Response_Process encompasses systematic societal mechanisms for maintaining order, addressing norm violations, and managing social conflicts through various forms of intervention, punishment, and exclusion. These processes represent how societies respond to deviance and attempt to maintain social cohesion through both formal and informal control mechanisms. Capital punishment represents the most extreme form of state-sanctioned social control. Rehabilitation focuses on transformative interventions aimed at reintegrating offenders into society. Discrimination and segregation involve systematic exclusion and differential treatment based on group characteristics. Sexual harassment represents processes of gender-based social control and victimisation. Hate crimes involve targeted violence based on group identity. Social exclusion encompasses broader patterns of marginalisation and systematic denial of participation in social life. Strikes represent organised collective action challenging economic power structures. Victimisation processes highlight the experiences and impacts of being targeted by various forms of harm. These processes demonstrate the complex interplay between social control, resistance, and the ongoing negotiation of power relations within society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Deviance_And_Norm_Violation_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Deviance_And_Norm_Violation_Process represents behaviours and activities that challenge, violate, or exist outside established social norms, moral codes, and cultural expectations, regardless of their legal status. These processes demonstrate how societies define boundaries between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour and how individuals and groups navigate these boundaries. Deviance serves as the overarching concept for understanding norm violation and social boundary maintenance. Victimless crimes represent activities where willing participants engage in legally prohibited behaviours without clear harm to others. The underground economy encompasses economic activities that operate outside formal regulatory frameworks. Collective behaviour involves spontaneous group actions that deviate from routine social patterns and institutional procedures. These processes highlight the socially constructed nature of normalcy and deviance, showing how cultural context, power relations, and social change influence what behaviours are considered acceptable or problematic within different social groups and historical periods.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Epidemiology' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social epidemiology is a subfield within epidemiology and sociology that focuses on the study of the social determinants of health, examining the distribution of disease, impairment, and general health status across a population and identifying the social factors, such as socioeconomic status, race, ethnicity, gender, social networks, and neighborhood conditions, that influence health outcomes and contribute to health inequalities within and between populations. Social epidemiologists investigate how these social factors affect the risk, incidence, prevalence, and progression of diseases, as well as overall well-being, aiming to understand the underlying social mechanisms that shape health and to inform public health policies and interventions that can reduce health disparities and promote health equity.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Evolution' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social evolution is a theoretical perspective that was initially popular among nineteenth-century sociological scholars who sought to apply the principles of evolutionary theory from biology to the study of the long-term development and progression of human societies over time. These early social evolutionists often posited that societies develop through a series of fixed stages, moving from simpler, more primitive forms to more complex, advanced, and civilised states, drawing analogies to the biological evolution of species. While this unilinear view of social evolution, suggesting a single path of development for all societies, has largely been discredited in contemporary sociology due to its ethnocentric biases and lack of empirical support, the broader concept of social evolution still informs the study of long-term social change and the ways in which societies adapt and transform over extended periods in response to various factors such as technological innovation, environmental pressures, and intergroup interactions. Modern sociological approaches to social change recognise the multilinear nature of societal development, acknowledging that different societies can follow diverse paths and experience change in various ways, not necessarily leading to a single predetermined endpoint.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Exclusion' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social exclusion is a complex and multidimensional process and outcome where individuals or groups are prevented from fully participating in the economic, social, political, and cultural life of the society in which they are located due to a combination of multiple and often intersecting deprivations. These deprivations can include lack of adequate income and resources, limited access to employment, education, healthcare, housing, and social support networks, as well as experiences of discrimination, marginalisation, and a lack of voice or power in decision-making processes that affect their lives. Social exclusion can lead to feelings of isolation, alienation, and a diminished sense of belonging, hindering individuals\' ability to exercise their rights, fulfill their potential, and participate as full and valued members of society. Addressing social exclusion requires tackling the various interconnected factors that contribute to it through inclusive policies and practices that promote equal opportunities and social integration for all members of society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Experience_And_Condition_Quality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Experience_And_Condition_Quality encompasses characteristics that describe the subjective experiences and social conditions that shape individual and collective social life. These qualities include various forms of social alienation, anomie, and other conditions that affect social well-being and integration. They represent both positive and negative aspects of social experience and highlight the psychological and social dimensions of life in modern society. These qualities are important for understanding the human costs and benefits of different forms of social organisation and the various challenges that individuals face in navigating complex social environments.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Fact' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social facts, according to the foundational sociologist Émile Durkheim, are the aspects of social life—such as norms, values, beliefs, institutions, and social structures—that exist external to individuals and yet shape our actions, thoughts, and feelings as individuals, exerting a coercive influence over us. Durkheim argued that these social facts have an objective reality and are not simply the product of individual psychology or biology, and therefore, they could and should be studied scientifically, using empirical observation and analysis to uncover the patterns and laws that govern social life. Examples of social facts include the institution of marriage, the education system, religious beliefs, and legal codes, which exist independently of any single individual but influence how people behave and organise their lives within a society. Durkheim emphasised the importance of studying social facts to understand the nature of society and the forces that maintain social order and cohesion.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Function' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social function refers to the consequences or effects of any social pattern, institution, behaviour, or social activity for the overall operation, stability, and maintenance of a society or a social system. In functionalist sociology, the focus is on understanding how different parts of society contribute to the whole and help to meet the needs of the social system. Social functions can be manifest, meaning they are the recognised and intended consequences of a social pattern, or latent, meaning they are the unintended and often unrecognised consequences. For example, the manifest function of education is to transmit knowledge and skills, while a latent function might be the development of social networks among students. Analysing the social functions of various aspects of society helps sociologists understand how societies are structured and how they maintain themselves over time.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A social group is defined as a collection of two or more individuals who interact with one another in systematic and patterned ways on a regular or recurring basis, share common norms, values, and expectations, and develop a sense of collective identity or belonging. Groups can vary in size, from small, intimate primary groups like families and close friends, to larger, more formal secondary groups like workplaces or voluntary organisations, and even larger social categories like ethnic groups or social classes. The interaction within social groups is characterised by shared understandings, reciprocal influence, and a sense of "we-ness" that distinguishes members from non-members. Social groups are fundamental to social life, providing individuals with social support, a sense of identity, and a context for learning and enacting social roles and behaviours.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Groups_And_Collective' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Groups_And_Collective encompasses the fundamental building blocks of social organisation that emerge from regular patterns of human interaction, shared identity, and mutual recognition among members. These object aggregates represent various scales and types of social association, from intimate personal relationships to large-scale social categories, each characterised by distinct patterns of interaction, solidarity, and group consciousness. They include both primary groups that provide emotional support and identity formation, and secondary groups that serve more instrumental purposes. The diversity within this domain reflects the multiple ways humans organise themselves socially, create boundaries between "us" and "them," and develop collective identities that transcend individual characteristics. These aggregates are essential for understanding how social structure emerges from individual action and how social identity and belonging are constructed and maintained.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Identity_And_Category_Group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Identity_And_Category_Group encompasses collective entities defined by shared characteristics, social positions, or cultural attributes that create group consciousness and social identity among members. These aggregates are often based on ascribed characteristics or shared experiences that become socially significant through processes of social construction and group formation. Members may not interact directly but share common experiences, challenges, or social positions that create a sense of group belonging and shared fate. These groups play crucial roles in social stratification, identity formation, and political mobilisation, often serving as the basis for social movements and political action. The boundaries and significance of these groups are socially constructed and can change over time, reflecting broader social and political dynamics within society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Identity_And_Personal_Quality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Identity_And_Personal_Quality encompasses the fundamental characteristics and attributes that define individual and collective identity within social contexts. These qualities represent both ascribed characteristics determined by birth or social assignment and achieved attributes developed through social interaction and personal development. They include demographic characteristics, psychological attributes, and social positions that shape how individuals and groups are perceived and how they perceive themselves within society. These qualities form the foundation for social categorisation, group membership, and the construction of social identity, influencing patterns of interaction, opportunity, and social organisation. Understanding these qualities is essential for analysing social stratification, identity formation, and the dynamics of inclusion and exclusion in social systems.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Inequality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social inequality refers to a condition within a society in which its members have significantly different amounts of wealth, income, prestige, power, or other valued resources and opportunities. This unequal distribution can be based on various social categories such as social class, race, ethnicity, gender, age, sexual orientation, and disability, often resulting in hierarchical arrangements where some groups have more access to resources and privileges than others. Social inequality is a fundamental topic of study in sociology, with researchers examining its causes, consequences, and the ways in which it is maintained and challenged over time. It can manifest in various forms, including economic disparities, differences in social status and respect, and unequal access to political influence and decision-making power.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Inequality_And_Stratification_Quality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Inequality_And_Stratification_Quality encompasses the characteristics and attributes that reflect and constitute systems of social hierarchy, privilege, and disadvantage within society. These qualities represent both the manifestations of inequality and the mechanisms through which social stratification is maintained and reproduced. They include economic conditions, social status markers, and experiences of discrimination and disadvantage that create and sustain hierarchical social arrangements. These qualities are central to understanding how societies organise themselves into different social strata and how individuals and groups experience differential access to resources, opportunities, and social rewards. They highlight the multidimensional nature of social inequality and the various ways in which advantage and disadvantage are distributed across social categories.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Institution' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social Institutions represent complex, enduring, and organised sets of norms, values, statuses, roles, and groups that are established and accepted as fundamental components of a society\'s structure, primarily organised to meet basic human needs and perform essential societal functions. These major spheres of social life, such as the family, education, religion, government, and the economy, provide a framework for social interaction, guide individual and group behaviour, and contribute to the overall stability and continuity of society. Each institution has its own specific purposes, functions, and established ways of operating, and they are interconnected, influencing and being influenced by one another. Sociologists study social institutions to understand how they are structured, how they function, and how they evolve over time, as well as their impact on individuals and the perpetuation of social inequalities within a society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Interaction' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social interaction is the fundamental process by which people act and react in relation to others, involving communication, mutual influence, and the creation of shared meanings and social bonds. It occurs at all levels of social life, from brief encounters between strangers to long-term relationships within families and close-knit groups, and in formal settings like workplaces and organisations as well as informal settings like social gatherings. Social interaction can take various forms, including verbal communication, nonverbal cues such as gestures and facial expressions, and the exchange of symbols and meanings. It is through social interaction that individuals develop their sense of self, learn social norms, establish relationships, and collectively construct social reality. The study of social interaction is a core focus of microsociology, aiming to understand the patterns and dynamics of everyday social life.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Mobility' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups from one position to another within a society\'s stratification system, which is the hierarchical arrangement of social positions based on factors like wealth, income, occupation, education, and social status. This movement can be upward, representing an improvement in social standing (e.g., moving from a working-class job to a professional occupation), or downward, indicating a decline in social position (e.g., due to unemployment or business failure). Social mobility can occur within an individual\'s lifetime (intragenerational mobility) or across generations (intergenerational mobility, comparing the social position of children to that of their parents). The degree of social mobility in a society is often seen as an indicator of its openness and the extent to which individuals can change their social standing based on their achievements and efforts rather than being limited by their ascribed status at birth.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Movement' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A social movement encompasses collective attempts by a group of people to further a common interest or secure a shared goal through organised action that typically takes place outside the sphere of established political institutions and conventional channels. These movements often arise in response to perceived social, economic, or political grievances and seek to bring about or resist social change, existing in a dynamic relationship, often one of conflict, with organisations or power structures whose objectives and outlook they frequently oppose. Social movements can vary widely in their goals, tactics, organisational structures, and the scale of change they aim to achieve, ranging from advocating for specific policy reforms to seeking fundamental transformations in societal norms and values. While they operate outside of formal political systems, successful social movements can sometimes influence policy and, if they manage to gain significant power and become institutionalised, may evolve into formal organisations or even political parties.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Movements_And_Collective_Behaviour' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social Movements and Collective Behaviour constitutes a dynamic and significant sociological domain that studies organised and unorganised collective actions by groups of people. Collective behaviour typically refers to spontaneous, unstructured activities (like crowds, riots, fads, or panics) that emerge in response to common stimuli, often outside established social norms. Social movements, on the other hand, are more organised, sustained, and goal-oriented collective efforts to bring about or resist social change, often operating outside conventional political institutions. This field examines the emergence, mobilisation (e.g., resource mobilisation theory), strategies, tactics, and impacts of various collective actions, from grassroots activism and protests (e.g., Black Power, Luddite) to broad social and cultural shifts. It analyses how individuals come together to express shared grievances, form collective identities, challenge existing power structures, and ultimately influence the direction of social change.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Network' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A social network refers to a series of interconnected social relationships that links an individual directly to other people and, through them, indirectly to an even wider circle of individuals, forming a complex web of social connections. These networks can be based on various types of relationships, including friendship, kinship, work affiliations, shared interests, or online interactions, and they facilitate the flow of information, resources, social support, and influence among the individuals within them. The structure and characteristics of an individual\'s social network, such as its size, density, and the strength of its ties, can have significant implications for their opportunities, well-being, and social capital, which is the collective benefit derived from social connections and relationships.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Object_Aggregate' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Object_Aggregate encompasses organised collections of individuals, institutions, and social formations that constitute the fundamental building blocks of social structure and organisation. This category includes diverse forms of collective entities ranging from small-scale interpersonal groupings to large-scale societal formations and institutional arrangements. It covers primary social units such as families, peer groups, and dyads, as well as complex organisational structures including bureaucracies, corporations, and formal organisations. The category extends to broader societal classifications encompassing social classes, ethnic groups, and various forms of social stratification. It also includes economic formations such as different types of societies (agrarian, industrial, postindustrial) and economic groupings (bourgeoisie, proletariat, working class). Geographic and developmental classifications are represented through concepts like core countries, peripheral countries, and various world system designations. Religious and cultural formations are captured through churches, denominations, sects, and ethnic groups. These aggregates represent the organised collective dimension of social life, forming the structural foundation through which individuals participate in society and through which social processes operate and social change occurs.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Organisation_And_Collective_Quality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Organisation_And_Collective_Quality encompasses characteristics and attributes that describe how societies organise themselves collectively and maintain social order and cohesion. These qualities represent both the mechanisms that hold societies together and the characteristics that describe different types of social organisation and collective life. They include measures of social solidarity, cultural integration, and the various ways societies structure themselves to manage diversity, maintain order, and coordinate collective action. These qualities are essential for understanding how societies function as integrated wholes and how they balance unity with diversity, order with change, and individual autonomy with collective needs.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Organisational_Structures_And_Framework' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Organisational_Structures_And_Framework encompasses the analytical concepts, theoretical constructs, and empirical patterns that describe how societies organise themselves into stable, predictable arrangements of roles, relationships, and institutions. This category represents the foundational architecture of social life that provides the context within which political systems operate and through which social control is exercised. These structures function as realizable entities that manifest through repeated patterns of interaction, institutional arrangements, and the reproduction of social hierarchies and organisational forms. The category includes both the concrete organisational arrangements that coordinate social life and the conceptual frameworks that sociologists use to analyse and understand these patterns. These structures represent the relatively stable backdrop against which political processes unfold, providing the institutional context that shapes how power is exercised, how conflicts are managed, and how social change occurs. The organisational dimension captures how societies develop systematic ways of coordinating collective activities, managing resources, and maintaining continuity across time, while the conceptual dimension provides the analytical tools necessary for understanding these complex arrangements and their effects on individual and collective behaviour.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Organisations_And_Institution' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Organisations_And_Institution encompasses structured collective entities that emerge from coordinated human activity to achieve specific purposes, maintain social order, and fulfill societal functions. These object aggregates represent formalised arrangements of individuals bound together by shared goals, authority structures, rules, and procedures that transcend individual participation. They include both voluntary associations formed for specific purposes and institutionalised entities that provide essential societal functions. The diversity within this domain reflects the complexity of modern social organisation, from small-scale voluntary groups to large-scale bureaucratic institutions. These aggregates demonstrate how individual human agency becomes channeled through collective structures to achieve outcomes that would be impossible through individual action alone, creating stable patterns of social organisation that persist across time and membership changes.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Organisations_And_Setting' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social Organisations and Settings is a meta-category that encompasses the structured groups, formal associations, and diverse social environments or contexts where social interaction and collective activities take place. This domain includes various types of formal organisations (e.g., corporations, bureaucracies, total institutions like prisons and monasteries) which are deliberately designed for efficiency and specific goals, characterised by hierarchical authority and established rules. It also covers the general concept of "organisation" itself, alongside specific types like "classical theory" management approaches (e.g., scientific management). Furthermore, it includes distinct social settings (e.g., front region, back region in dramaturgical analysis) and the dynamics that emerge within them. This category provides a framework for understanding how groups are structured, how individuals interact within these structures, and how organisational principles influence social behaviour, efficiency, and power relations in various societal contexts, from workplaces to broader societal settings.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social Processes is a broad, overarching category in sociology that refers to the dynamic, recurrent patterns of social interaction, relationships, and changes that shape and maintain society over time. These are the fundamental ways in which individuals and groups interact, influence each other, and collectively create, reproduce, or transform social structures and cultural patterns. Key social processes include socialisation (learning norms and values), social interaction (how people act and react to each other), social change (significant alterations in society), and social control (mechanisms for regulating behaviour). Other processes involve social mobility (movement within stratification), migration (population movements), and deviance (norm violation). This category provides a framework for understanding the dynamic nature of social life, emphasizing that society is not static but constantly in flux through ongoing interactions, adaptations, and transformations that occur at micro, meso, and macro levels.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Process_General' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This comprehensive category encompasses all dynamic, recurrent patterns of social activity, interaction, and transformation that unfold over time within human societies. It serves as a high-level grouping for phenomena that describe changes, developments, or occurrences at individual, group, or societal levels.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Research_And_Analytical_Quality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Research_And_Analytical_Quality encompasses characteristics and attributes related to the systematic study of social phenomena, including methodological concepts, analytical frameworks, and measures used to understand and analyse social life. These qualities represent both the tools and concepts that social scientists use to study society and the characteristics that emerge from social research and analysis. They include statistical measures, research quality indicators, and theoretical concepts that help explain social phenomena. These qualities are essential for understanding how social knowledge is produced, validated, and applied to understand complex social patterns and relationships. They reflect the scientific foundation of sociological inquiry and the various ways social phenomena can be measured and analysed.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Role' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Role represents the organised system of behavioural expectations, positions, and identities that individuals occupy within social structures and through which social interaction is organised and regulated. This category encompasses the fundamental mechanisms through which societies organise human behaviour and social relationships, including both positions that individuals achieve through their actions and those that are ascribed based on characteristics beyond their control. The concept includes the hierarchical dimension of social positions through status systems and the specialised behavioural expectations associated with particular social positions. Gender roles represent culturally defined expectations based on sex categories, while the sick role exemplifies how societies organise responses to illness and health conditions. Master status refers to dominant identity categories that override other social positions in social interaction. The category captures how societies create and maintain social order through the assignment and performance of differentiated roles that coordinate individual behaviour with collective needs and expectations. These roles serve as bridges between individual identity and social structure, providing frameworks for social interaction, identity formation, and the reproduction of social patterns across time and social contexts.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Science' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social science is a broad field of academic disciplines that focuses on the systematic study of various aspects of human society, social behaviour, social structures, and the relationships among individuals within society. It encompasses a wide range of specialised fields, including sociology, anthropology, political science, economics, psychology, and history, among others, each employing different theoretical perspectives and research methods to investigate the complexities of human social life. The goal of social science is to develop a deeper understanding of how societies function, how people interact, the causes and consequences of social phenomena, and to contribute to knowledge that can inform social policies and address social problems.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Science_Disposition' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Science_Disposition encompasses enduring tendencies, capacities, orientations, and potentialities that individuals, groups, and social entities possess which manifest in characteristic patterns of social behaviour, perception, and action under appropriate circumstances. As a BFO disposition, this category captures the inherent propensities and latent capabilities that become actualised through social interaction and environmental triggers. It includes fundamental forms of social authority that represent dispositions to exercise legitimate power through traditional, charismatic, or legal-rational means. Sexual orientations and related identity dispositions reflect deep-seated tendencies toward particular forms of attraction and relationship formation. Cognitive and perceptual dispositions such as ethnocentrism, rationality, and sociological imagination represent characteristic ways of understanding and interpreting social reality. Economic dispositions include monopolistic tendencies and vested interests that shape market behaviour and resource control. The category encompasses both individual-level dispositions like bilingualism, expressiveness, and instrumentality, as well as structural dispositions that emerge from social positioning, such as life chances and the effects of push and pull factors in migration. These dispositions represent the underlying capacities and tendencies that, when activated by appropriate social conditions, generate observable social phenomena and behavioural patterns, serving as crucial explanatory mechanisms in sociological analysis.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Self' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The social self, according to the theory of George Herbert Mead, is the basis of self-consciousness and personal identity in human individuals, which emerges and develops through social interaction and the internalisation of others\' perspectives and attitudes towards oneself. Mead argued that the self is not an innate characteristic but is socially constructed through a process of taking the role of the other, initially significant others like family members, and eventually the generalised other, representing the broader societal norms and expectations. Through these interactions, individuals develop a sense of who they are as distinct from others by seeing themselves reflected in the reactions and evaluations of those around them, leading to self-awareness and the ability to think about oneself as an object.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Solidarity' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social Solidarity refers to the bonds of unity, cohesion, and mutual support that hold members of a social group or society together, creating a sense of shared identity and collective belonging. Émile Durkheim, a foundational sociologist, distinguished two primary forms: Mechanical Solidarity, found in traditional, homogeneous societies, based on the likeness of individuals and a strong collective consciousness (shared values and beliefs). Organic Solidarity, characteristic of modern, complex societies, arises from the interdependence of individuals due to a highly specialised division of labor, where people rely on each other\'s specialised skills and contributions. Social solidarity is crucial for maintaining social order, stability, and cooperation, as it fosters trust, reciprocity, and a collective commitment to the group\'s well-being. A breakdown in social solidarity can lead to social disorganisation, anomie, and increased conflict within a society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Social_Spatial_Region' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Social_Spatial_Region encompasses the various spatially defined areas and environments that are socially constructed, organised, and experienced as meaningful contexts for human interaction and social life. This category includes both physical and virtual spaces that have been imbued with social significance and serve as contexts for different forms of social behaviour and interaction. It covers urban formations ranging from historical city types to contemporary metropolitan areas and suburban developments, reflecting the evolution of human settlement patterns and spatial organisation. The category includes specialised spatial concepts such as defended neighborhoods, which represent territorialised social spaces, and squatter settlements, which reflect informal urban development patterns. Virtual spaces are represented through cyberspace, acknowledging the increasing importance of digital environments in contemporary social life. The public sphere represents spaces dedicated to democratic discourse and civic engagement. Back regions refer to spaces where individuals can relax social performances and behave more informally. These spatial regions are not merely physical containers but are actively constructed through social processes, carrying cultural meanings, social rules, and behavioural expectations that shape how individuals and groups interact within them.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Status_And_Recognition_Quality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Status_And_Recognition_Quality encompasses attributes related to social honor, respect, and recognition that create hierarchies of social standing and prestige within society. These qualities include measures of social esteem, occupational prestige, and cultural capital that influence how individuals and groups are valued and respected by others. They represent the non-economic dimensions of social stratification that can operate independently of material wealth and reflect different sources of social value and recognition. These qualities highlight how societies create systems of social honor and how these systems interact with economic inequality to create complex patterns of social hierarchy and distinction.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Stratification' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social stratification refers to the existence of structured inequalities between different groups in society in terms of their access to material or symbolic rewards, such as wealth, income, prestige, power, status, and opportunities. While some forms of social differentiation may exist in all societies, significant and enduring patterns of inequality, leading to hierarchical arrangements of social groups, tend to arise with the development of more complex, state-based systems. The most distinctive and extensively studied form of stratification in modern societies involves class divisions, based primarily on economic factors, but stratification can also occur along lines of race, ethnicity, gender, age, sexual orientation, and other social categories. Sociologists examine the causes and consequences of social stratification, as well as the processes that maintain or challenge these inequalities over time.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Stratification_And_Mobility_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Stratification_And_Mobility_Process represents the dynamic movements of individuals and groups within hierarchical social systems that determine life chances, opportunities, and social outcomes across generations and within individual lifetimes. These processes encompass both the general mechanisms of social mobility and specific patterns of movement within stratification systems. They include movement across different social strata as well as lateral movement within the same social level. These processes are fundamental to understanding how societies maintain or transform their inequality structures and how individual effort, social circumstances, and structural opportunities interact to shape social trajectories. They reflect the tension between social reproduction and social change, highlighting how societies balance stability with opportunities for advancement. Understanding these processes is crucial for analysing meritocracy, equality of opportunity, and the persistence or transformation of social inequalities.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Structure' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social structure refers to the underlying patterns of social relationships, institutions, and social organisation that shape and constrain individuals\' behaviour and interactions within a society, providing a framework for social life. It is the way in which a society is organised into predictable relationships and hierarchies based on factors such as social class, gender, race, ethnicity, age, and social institutions like the family, education, government, and the economy. Social structure is not always immediately visible but exerts a powerful influence on individuals\' opportunities, experiences, and life chances. Sociologists study social structure to understand the enduring patterns of social behaviour and the ways in which society is organised at a macro level.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Structure_Concept' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social Structure Concepts is a meta-category that encompasses the abstract ideas, analytical frameworks, and theoretical constructs sociologists use to understand the stable, patterned, and enduring relationships, roles, institutions, and organisations that constitute the framework of a society. These concepts help to delineate how society is organised and how it influences human behaviour. Examples include the general idea of "social structure" itself, as well as specific components like social facts (Durkheim\'s external, coercive aspects of social life), social functions (consequences for societal operation), and various organisational principles (e.g., formal organisation, bureaucracy). It also covers dynamic processes like structuration (the mutual shaping of agency and structure) and negotiated order (social order arising from ongoing interactions). This category provides the essential vocabulary for analysing the underlying organisation of society, beyond individual actions, to understand how social forces shape collective life.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Theory_And_Analysis_Framework' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Theory_And_Analysis_Framework encompasses the analytical tools, theoretical models, and conceptual frameworks that sociologists employ to understand, explain, and predict social phenomena at various scales of analysis. This class includes demographic theories that link population patterns to societal development (Demographic_Transition_Theory), global structural theories that examine international power relations (World-systems_Theory), gender theories that analyse masculinity constructions (Hegemonic_Masculinity), statistical concepts for measuring relationships between variables (Correlation), communication systems that enable cultural transmission (Language), and educational paradigms for continuous development (Lifelong_Learning). These frameworks provide the methodological and theoretical foundation for systematic social research, enabling scholars to move beyond description to explanation and prediction. They represent the accumulated wisdom of sociological inquiry and the diverse approaches needed to comprehend the complexity of human social organisation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Socialism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Socialism is an economic system characterised by the collective or public ownership and control of the means of production and distribution of goods and services, with the goal of promoting social equality and meeting the needs of the community rather than maximizing private profit. In socialist systems, there is typically a greater degree of government intervention in the economy compared to capitalism, with the state often playing a significant role in planning and regulating production, managing key industries, and providing social welfare programs. The specific forms and extent of public ownership and control can vary among different socialist models, ranging from democratic socialism to more centrally planned economies.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Socialisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Socialisation refers to the lifelong social processes through which individuals develop an awareness of social norms, values, beliefs, and behaviours of their culture and society, and achieve a distinct sense of self and identity. This process begins in early childhood with primary socialisation within the family, where children learn basic language, social skills, and cultural norms from parents and close relatives. As individuals grow, they continue to be socialised through secondary agents such as schools, peer groups, the media, religion, and the workplace, learning the more specific roles, expectations, and behaviours associated with different social contexts and stages of life. Socialisation is crucial for individuals to become integrated members of their society and for the transmission of culture across generations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Societal-reaction_Approach' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The societal-reaction approach is another term for labeling theory, a perspective in sociology and criminology that emphasises how societal reactions to an individual\'s behaviour can lead to the creation and perpetuation of deviance. This theory posits that deviance is not inherent in the act itself but rather a consequence of the application of labels to certain behaviours and individuals by those in positions of power or authority. Once a person is labeled as deviant, this label can negatively impact their self-conception and limit their access to conventional opportunities, potentially leading to further deviance, a process known as deviance amplification. Early proponents like Howard Becker argued that social groups create deviance by making rules whose infraction constitutes deviance and by applying those rules to particular people and labeling them as outsiders. The focus shifts from why individuals initially engage in certain behaviours (primary deviance) to the consequences of being labeled and internalizing that label (secondary deviance).'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Societal_Concept_And_Process_Aggregate' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Societal_Concept_And_Process_Aggregate represents collective entities that embody broader sociological concepts, social processes, or analytical frameworks used to understand societal dynamics and power relationships. These aggregates often represent theoretical constructs that describe how societies function, change, and maintain themselves over time. They include entities that illustrate important sociological theories about elite power, social resistance, and the relationship between economic systems and social organisation. These aggregates serve as concrete examples of abstract sociological concepts, demonstrating how theoretical ideas about society manifest in actual social formations and historical movements. They are crucial for understanding how sociological theory connects to empirical social phenomena and how analytical concepts help explain patterns of social organisation and change.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Societal_Systems_And_Population' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Societal_Systems_And_Population encompasses large-scale social aggregates that represent comprehensive social, economic, and political arrangements organizing human societies across different levels of development, technological advancement, and global integration. These object aggregates include both entire societies organised around particular modes of production and subsistence, as well as analytical categories that describe different types of populations and social systems. They represent the broadest level of social organisation and collective human arrangement, demonstrating how different societies have developed distinct approaches to organizing production, distribution, governance, and social relationships. The diversity within this domain reflects the historical evolution of human social organisation and the contemporary global system of interconnected but unequal societies with varying levels of technological development and economic power.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociobiology' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Sociobiology is a theoretical approach within the social sciences that involves the systematic study of the biological bases of social behaviour in all kinds of organisms, including humans. It posits that many forms of social behaviour, such as cooperation, altruism, aggression, and mate selection, have a genetic basis and have evolved over time through natural selection to enhance the survival and reproductive success of individuals and their kin. Sociobiology seeks to understand how evolutionary principles and biological factors interact with social and environmental influences to shape patterns of social behaviour in both animal and human societies. While it has provided valuable insights into the biological underpinnings of some social behaviours, it has also been a subject of considerable debate, particularly regarding its applicability to complex human social phenomena and concerns about biological determinism.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociocultural_Evolution' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Sociocultural evolution is a theoretical perspective in sociology and anthropology that examines the long-term process of change and development in human societies and cultures over time, resulting from the cumulative growth and transmission of their stores of cultural information, knowledge, technologies, and practices across generations. This perspective suggests that societies evolve and become more complex through processes of innovation, adaptation, and the accumulation of cultural capital, leading to transformations in social organisation, technology, economic systems, values, and beliefs. Unlike earlier, often deterministic theories of social evolution, more contemporary approaches recognise that sociocultural evolution is a complex, multilinear process influenced by a variety of factors, including environmental conditions, intergroup interactions, and internal dynamics within societies, and that it does not necessarily follow a fixed or predetermined path.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Abstract_Social_Concept' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category groups fundamental, abstract sociological ideas and phenomena that represent broad principles, conditions, or collective realities within a society. These concepts often provide frameworks for understanding overarching aspects of social life that are not primarily theoretical perspectives, research methodologies, academic disciplines, or specific social structures/institutions. They highlight generalised features or complex phenomena relevant to social analysis.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Academic_Disciplines_And_Field' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category groups established academic disciplines, specialised subfields, and interdisciplinary areas of study within or related to sociology. These fields represent organised bodies of knowledge, theoretical perspectives, and research practices dedicated to the systematic investigation of human society, social behaviour, and social phenomena.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Analytical_Domains_And_Construct' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category groups abstract concepts, specialised fields of study, and key methodological or conceptual tools fundamental to sociological analysis. It encompasses both the intellectual areas where sociological inquiry is conducted and the theoretical or practical constructs that sociologists use to understand, measure, and interpret social phenomena.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Classification_And_Categorisation_Concept' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category groups abstract concepts, systems, and frameworks used by sociologists to understand how individuals and groups are categorised, ranked, and organised within social hierarchies. It includes concepts related to social class, status, and the underlying principles of social differentiation and stratification within societies.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Concepts_And_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This comprehensive category encompasses abstract ideas, analytical frameworks, theoretical constructs, and established methodologies that exist to be realised, applied, or instantiated within sociological inquiry. It serves as a high-level grouping for intellectual artifacts, systems, or plans that guide understanding, research, and social organisation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Cultural_Belief_System' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category comprises abstract systems of thought, shared doctrines, and collective convictions that underpin a culture\'s understanding of reality, morality, and the divine. These systems provide frameworks for interpreting the world, guiding behaviour, and shaping societal values, often serving as foundational elements of religious or philosophical traditions within a social group.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Cultural_Systems_And_Form' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category encompasses the abstract and shared systems of meaning, beliefs, norms, values, practices, and forms of expression that collectively define a culture or subculture within a society. It includes both tangible and intangible cultural components, as well as the overarching frameworks that shape human interaction, identity, and social organisation, and are transmitted across generations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Demographic_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category encompasses the dynamic processes that drive changes in human populations, including fundamental biological occurrences at a societal level (such as births and deaths) and movements of people across geographical territories. It focuses on the quantifiable and patterned aspects of population dynamics and their social implications.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Economic_Activity_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category encompasses the dynamic processes and activities related to the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services within a society, as viewed from a sociological perspective. It focuses on the social organisation and implications of economic operations, from industrial practices to market interactions.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Economic_Systems_And_Ideology' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category groups abstract systems, frameworks, and dominant ideologies that define how societies organise the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. It includes various economic models, philosophies, and the principles underlying societal resource allocation, often with profound implications for social structure and inequality.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Environmental_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category encompasses dynamic processes that describe the interaction, transformation, or impact between human societies and their natural environment. It focuses on large-scale environmental changes that are influenced by social factors or that have significant social consequences.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Exceptional_Phenomena_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category includes dynamic processes representing unique social phenomena or events that are studied for their specific characteristics and impacts, often not fitting neatly into broader categories of social change, interaction, or control. These processes highlight particular occurrences or effects observed in social contexts.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Family_And_Kinship_System' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category encompasses abstract systems, patterns, and established relationships that define and organise familial and kinship ties within a society. It includes various forms of marriage, descent systems, residential patterns, and the fundamental rules governing family formation, inheritance, and social obligations across generations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Fundamental_Social_Construct' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category encompasses core, abstract sociological concepts and frameworks that describe the fundamental nature, organisation, and functioning of social reality and collective life. It includes the underlying principles, forms, and inherent characteristics of societies and their various components, as viewed from a sociological perspective.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_General_And_Foundational_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category comprises the most fundamental and overarching theoretical frameworks in sociology, serving as foundational lenses for understanding the entire social world. These theories provide broad conceptual tools and systematic approaches that guide the analysis of social phenomena, societal structure, and human behaviour across various levels of sociological inquiry.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Imagination' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The sociological imagination is a concept developed by sociologist C. Wright Mills that refers to the ability to think imaginatively and critically about the relationship between personal troubles and public issues, linking individual experiences to broader social, historical, and cultural contexts. It involves "thinking oneself away" from the familiar routines of day-to-day life and viewing one\'s own society as an outsider would, to understand the social forces that shape individual lives and societal patterns. The sociological imagination enables us to see that personal problems, such as unemployment or poverty, are often symptoms of larger social issues rather than simply individual failings, and it encourages us to ask critical questions about the social world and the ways in which it is organised and experienced by different groups of people.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Material_Entity' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Sociological_Material_Entity encompasses concrete, tangible objects, institutions, and material arrangements that have sociological significance and serve as important components in social processes, relationships, and structures. This category includes both individual material actors and institutional arrangements that shape social life through their material properties and social functions. It covers technological infrastructure such as the Internet, which has fundamentally transformed social communication and interaction patterns. Material culture represents the physical objects and artifacts through which societies express and transmit cultural meanings and values. The category includes specific social roles with material dimensions, such as entrepreneurs who organise economic resources and professional criminals who operate within illegal economic markets. Institutional arrangements are represented through concepts like total institutions, which are material environments designed to control and reshape individual behaviour, and sweatshops, which represent specific forms of exploitative labor organisation. Research tools represent the material instruments through which sociological knowledge is produced and validated. These entities demonstrate the materiality of social life, showing how physical objects, spaces, and arrangements both shape and are shaped by social processes, serving as both constraints and resources for social action and organisation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Normative_And_Value_System' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category encompasses the abstract and shared systems of rules, standards, expectations, and principles that guide collective behaviour and shape moral judgments within a society. It includes both explicit, codified regulations and implicit cultural expectations, reflecting what is deemed desirable, appropriate, or important in various social contexts.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Political_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category comprises the dynamic processes through which power is exercised, organised, and legitimised within societies. It includes the activities of governance, political decision-making, and the exertion of influence and control within political systems.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Political_Systems_And_Governance' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category groups abstract concepts, organisational forms, and frameworks related to the organisation, exercise, and legitimation of power, authority, and collective decision-making within societies. It includes various forms of government, political ideologies, and the principles governing state-citizen relations, which are crucial for understanding social order and political dynamics.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Postmodern_And_Critical_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category encompasses theoretical frameworks that emerged as critiques of traditional sociological thought, particularly challenging grand narratives, universal truths, and fixed structures. These theories emphasise relativism, deconstruction, and the fluidity of meaning and power in society, often exploring fragmented realities, discourse, and the social construction of knowledge in contemporary contexts.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Processes_of_Cultural_Exchange_and_Innovation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category includes dynamic processes related to the introduction, spread, and transmission of new elements, ideas, or practices within and between cultures. It captures how cultural forms are generated, adapted, and passed across generations, influencing societal evolution.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Processes_of_Deviance_and_Control' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category encompasses the dynamic activities and mechanisms through which societies define, produce, and respond to behaviours that violate established social norms, rules, or laws. It includes both the acts of norm-breaking (deviance) and the subsequent societal efforts to regulate, manage, and sanction such behaviours to maintain social order.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Processes_of_Interaction_and_Communication' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category comprises the dynamic patterns by which individuals and groups mutually influence each other and create shared meanings through direct or indirect exchange. These processes are foundational to the formation of social relationships, the construction of reality, and the daily flow of information and understanding within society, occurring at both micro and meso levels of social life.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Processes_of_Social_Change' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category comprises the dynamic and often complex processes that bring about significant alterations in societal structures, cultural norms, values, and human behaviours over time. These processes are fundamental to how societies evolve, adapt, and are reshaped by internal and external forces, driving long-term development, progress, or disruption across various dimensions of social life.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Processes_of_Socialisation_and_Development' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category encompasses the dynamic and lifelong processes through which individuals acquire and internalise the norms, values, beliefs, and behaviours of their culture and society, developing a distinct sense of self and identity. It also includes key developmental processes and transitional stages that shape human social experience across the life course.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Processes_of_Socioeconomic_Transformation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category encompasses large-scale, dynamic processes that fundamentally alter the economic and social organisation of societies over time. These transformations are often driven by industrial, technological, or systemic shifts and involve profound changes in production methods, labor markets, wealth distribution, and the structure of urban life. They reshape societal hierarchies, institutions, and the daily experiences of individuals, impacting social mobility, inequality, and overall societal development. Examples include transitions from agrarian to industrial societies, shifts in economic paradigms, and the social consequences of technological advancements and environmental changes on human populations. These processes are complex, often long-term, and can lead to both progress and significant social disruption.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Quality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Sociological_Quality encompasses measurable characteristics, attributes, conditions, and properties that describe and quantify various aspects of social life, social structures, and social processes. This category includes demographic measures such as birth rates, death rates, fertility rates, and mortality statistics that capture population dynamics and health patterns. Economic indicators like GDP and measures of poverty (absolute and relative) quantify material conditions and economic inequality. Social psychological concepts such as alienation, anomie, identity, and personality describe individual and collective states of being within social contexts. The category encompasses various forms of social inequality and discrimination including racism, sexism, ageism, and homophobia, as well as measures of social stratification and class consciousness. Cultural concepts such as cultural diversity, cultural lag, and culture shock describe the dynamics of cultural change and interaction. Methodological qualities include reliability, validity, correlation coefficients, and various statistical measures used in social research. Social cohesion, solidarity, and social integration represent qualities of group and societal functioning. These qualities serve as both analytical tools for understanding social phenomena and as substantive characteristics that describe the conditions, states, and properties that characterise different aspects of social reality and human social experience.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Research_and_Inquiry_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category covers the dynamic activities and steps involved in the systematic investigation and acquisition of knowledge about social phenomena. It includes the actual conduct of research methodologies, the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, and the execution of experiments and observations within sociological inquiry'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Research_Method_And_Concepts' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category includes the diverse set of established techniques, systematic procedures, and fundamental conceptual tools that sociologists employ to gather, analyse, and interpret data in a rigorous and scientific manner. It encompasses methodological approaches, research designs, and core principles guiding empirical inquiry into social phenomena.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Control_And_Collective_Action_Framework' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category encompasses abstract concepts, strategies, and organisational forms related to how societies regulate behaviour, maintain order, and respond to deviance, as well as how collective efforts are organised to achieve social goals or bring about change. It includes both formal and informal mechanisms of social control, and the frameworks of social movements and collective behaviour.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Social_Relationships_And_Organisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category encompasses abstract concepts related to the patterns, forms, and principles governing how individuals and groups are interconnected and arranged within society. It includes various types of social ties, kinship systems, marital structures, and fundamental organisational principles that shape social interaction and collective life.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Representations_And_Interaction' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category groups abstract concepts and patterns related to how social reality is mediated, understood, and expressed, particularly concerning communication, social networks, and the forms of social categorisation. It highlights the symbolic, interactive, and classificatory elements that shape social experience and relationships within society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Structures_And_Institution' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category encompasses the abstract concepts, organisational forms, and enduring patterns that frame and organise social life within societies. It includes formal and informal institutions, established social systems, and the underlying structural arrangements that regulate collective behaviour, power relations, and the distribution of resources, providing a stable framework for social interaction and societal functioning.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Theoretical_Perspectives_And_Framework' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category includes overarching intellectual approaches, comprehensive sets of statements, and systematic conceptual frameworks that seek to explain, interpret, and predict patterns in the social world. These theories and perspectives provide fundamental lenses through which sociological phenomena are analysed.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Theories_of_Deviance_And_Control' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category encompasses various theoretical frameworks and sociological approaches that attempt to explain why individuals or groups violate social norms, rules, or laws, and how such norm-breaking behaviour emerges and is sustained in society. These theories analyse the causes, patterns, and social consequences of deviant behaviour in various social contexts.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Theories_of_Social_Change_and_Evolution' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'This sub-category groups theoretical frameworks that attempt to explain the long-term development, progression, and transformation of human societies and cultures over time. These theories analyse the driving forces, patterns, and mechanisms of societal change, often considering concepts of progress, complexity, and adaptation, and may draw parallels to biological evolutionary processes.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociological_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Sociological Theory is a comprehensive meta-category encompassing systematic frameworks, sets of statements, and interconnected propositions that seek to explain, interpret, and predict patterns, problems, and changes in the social world. Theories provide lenses through which sociologists examine human behaviour, social interactions, social groups, institutions, and entire societies. This domain includes foundational perspectives like functionalism (emphasizing societal stability and integration), conflict theory (focusing on power struggles and inequality), and symbolic interactionism (highlighting meaning-making in micro-interactions). It also covers specific theories (e.g., Anomie theory of deviance, World-systems theory, Modernisation theory), and broader intellectual movements (e.g., Postmodernism, Poststructuralism). Sociological theory guides research questions, informs data analysis, and contributes to a deeper understanding of the complexities of social life, offering explanations for why societies are organised the way they are and how they change.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociology' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Sociology is the systematic and scientific study of human groups, societies, social interactions, and the social forces that shape human behaviour, giving particular emphasis to the analysis of the industrialised world and modern complex societies. It is one of a group of social sciences, which also includes anthropology, economics, political science, and human geography, all of which share a common interest in understanding various aspects of human society, although they may focus on different dimensions or use different approaches. Sociology employs a diverse range of theoretical perspectives and research methods to investigate social phenomena at different levels of analysis, from micro-level interactions between individuals to macro-level patterns in social institutions and global processes, aiming to develop a deeper understanding of how societies function, how social change occurs, and how social life is organised and experienced by individuals and groups.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociology_Of_Deviance' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The sociology of deviance is a specialised branch within the broader field of sociology that is specifically concerned with the systematic study of behaviours, actions, or characteristics that violate social norms and expectations, and with understanding the social processes through which some behaviours and individuals come to be identified, defined, and treated as deviant within a society. This field explores a wide range of topics, including the social construction of deviance, the different theories that attempt to explain why deviance occurs (such as strain theory, labeling theory, and conflict theory), the social control mechanisms that societies use to regulate deviance, the consequences of deviance for individuals and society, and the social and cultural variations in what is considered deviant across different groups and time periods.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sociology_Of_The_Body' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The sociology of the body is a specialised branch of sociology that focuses on how our bodies are shaped by social influences, cultural norms, and social structures, examining the body not just as a biological entity but also as a social object that is experienced, understood, and regulated within social contexts. This field explores a wide range of topics, including how social factors influence health and illness (as in social epidemiology), the social construction of beauty and body ideals, the impact of social inequalities on bodily experiences, the ways in which bodies are disciplined and controlled by social institutions, and the role of the body in social interaction and the construction of identity. It emphasises that our understanding and experience of our own bodies and the bodies of others are deeply intertwined with social and cultural forces.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Solidarity' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Solidarity, in the work of Émile Durkheim, refers to the internal forces of social cohesion, unity, and integration that hold a society together and create a sense of collective identity and shared purpose among its members. Durkheim distinguished between two main types of solidarity: mechanical solidarity, found in traditional societies based on shared values, beliefs, and common experiences, and organic solidarity, prevalent in modern, complex societies characterised by a high division of labor and interdependence among individuals with different roles and functions. More generally, the term "solidarity" is often used, particularly by those on the left of the political spectrum, to describe the political consciousness, unity, and mutual support among members of an emerging class or group who are struggling against oppression or seeking to achieve common goals, such as working-class solidarity in the face of economic inequality.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Spatial_And_Environmental_Study' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Spatial_And_Environmental_Study represents sociological approaches that examine the fundamental relationships between human societies and their physical environments, focusing on how spatial arrangements and environmental conditions shape social organisation and human behaviour. This domain integrates ecological thinking with sociological analysis to understand the complex interactions between social systems and their environmental contexts. It emphasises the mutual constitution of social and spatial relationships, recognizing that human societies both shape and are shaped by their physical environments. The field employs ecological metaphors and concepts to analyse social phenomena, examining how environmental factors influence social structures, community formation, and human adaptation. These approaches contribute to understanding urbanisation processes, environmental sustainability challenges, and the social dimensions of environmental change. The domain bridges sociology with environmental studies, geography, and urban planning, offering insights into how spatial organisation affects social life and how social processes create and modify physical environments. This interdisciplinary perspective is increasingly important for addressing contemporary challenges related to climate change, urbanisation, and sustainable development, providing analytical frameworks for understanding the social dimensions of environmental issues.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Specialised_Institutional_Group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Specialised_Institutional_Group encompasses collective entities that emerge around specific functional purposes, professional activities, or quality improvement initiatives within larger organisational contexts. These aggregates represent focused, often temporary or project-based collectives that bring together individuals with particular expertise or shared involvement in specific work processes. They typically operate within larger institutional frameworks but maintain distinct identities and purposes related to their specialised functions. These groups demonstrate how modern complex organisations generate sub-aggregates to address specific technical, professional, or improvement objectives. They often emphasise collaborative problem-solving, knowledge sharing, and continuous improvement processes, reflecting contemporary organisational trends toward participatory management and worker empowerment in achieving institutional goals.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Specialised_Sociological_Subfield' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Specialised_Sociological_Subfield represents focused analytical domains that examine specific aspects of social life through concentrated theoretical and empirical investigation. These subfields develop specialised conceptual frameworks, methodological approaches, and research traditions to analyse particular social phenomena with depth and precision. They represent the maturation of sociological inquiry into distinct areas of expertise that require specialised knowledge and analytical tools. Each subfield has developed its own theoretical traditions, research methodologies, and scholarly communities while maintaining connections to broader sociological theory and method. These domains demonstrate sociology\'s capacity to generate focused analytical frameworks for understanding complex social phenomena that require specialised attention. They contribute to the discipline\'s theoretical sophistication by developing nuanced understanding of specific social processes, structures, and experiences. The subfields collectively illustrate sociology\'s analytical diversity and its ability to address varied aspects of social life through targeted scholarly investigation, contributing specialised knowledge that informs both academic understanding and practical interventions in their respective domains.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Squatter_Settlement' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Squatter settlements are informal and often unplanned areas of housing that are typically occupied by the very poor on the fringes of cities or in other marginal urban spaces, where residents do not have legal rights to the land they occupy or the dwellings they construct. Housing in squatter settlements is often self-built by the settlers themselves using whatever discarded or inexpensive materials they can find, resulting in makeshift structures that may lack basic amenities such as clean water, sanitation, electricity, and secure tenure. These settlements often emerge due to rapid urbanisation, poverty, lack of affordable housing, and inadequate urban planning, and they can face challenges related to overcrowding, health risks, and the threat of eviction. Sociologists study squatter settlements to understand the living conditions, social organisation, and the struggles for recognition and basic rights faced by their residents, as well as the broader issues of urban poverty and inequality.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('State' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The state in sociology refers to a political apparatus or organised structure of rule that governs a specific territory and its population, characterised by its authority, which is generally backed by law, and its capacity to use force to maintain order and enforce its policies. It typically includes governmental institutions such as the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, as well as the civil service officials who administer state functions. A key feature of the state is its claim to sovereignty over the territory and its citizens, meaning it asserts the ultimate authority within its borders, often recognised by other states in the international system. The state plays a crucial role in establishing and enforcing laws, providing public services, regulating the economy, and defending its territory and interests, often relying on a monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within its boundaries to ensure compliance and maintain social order.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Statistical_And_Analytical_Measurement_Quality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Statistical_And_Analytical_Measurement_Quality encompasses numerical and analytical characteristics used to describe, measure, and analyse social phenomena and population characteristics. These qualities include various statistical measures, demographic indicators, and analytical concepts that help quantify and understand social patterns and relationships. They represent the mathematical and analytical tools that social scientists use to describe populations, measure relationships between variables, and test hypotheses about social phenomena. These qualities are essential for the empirical study of society and provide the foundation for evidence-based understanding of social patterns and trends.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Status' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Status, in sociological terms, refers to any of the full range of socially defined positions that an individual can occupy within a large group or society. Statuses provide a framework for social organisation and interaction, as they come with associated roles, expectations, rights, and obligations that guide how individuals are expected to behave in different social contexts. As mentioned previously, statuses can be either ascribed, assigned to an individual at birth or involuntarily, or achieved, attained through personal effort or choice. An individual typically holds multiple statuses simultaneously, forming their status set, and one status may become more significant than others in shaping their social identity and interactions; this is known as a master status.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Status_Group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A status group, as defined by Max Weber, is a category of people within a society who share a similar level of social prestige, honor, or lifestyle, which may or may not be directly related to their economic class position. Membership in a status group is often based on shared attributes such as ethnicity, religion, occupation, education, or family background, which are socially valued or devalued and contribute to a sense of collective identity and social standing. Status groups are characterised by a shared style of life, which can include distinctive patterns of consumption, social interaction, and cultural practices. While class refers to economic position in the market, status is about social honor and can influence social interactions and access to certain social circles or opportunities, sometimes independently of economic factors.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Status_Set' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A status set refers to the complete collection or group of all the social statuses that a single individual occupies at a particular point in time. Each person holds multiple statuses simultaneously, which can include ascribed statuses (those assigned at birth or involuntary, such as age, sex, and race) and achieved statuses (those acquired through personal effort or choice, such as occupation, education level, and marital status). The various statuses within an individual\'s status set can sometimes intersect and influence one another, shaping their social identity, experiences, and interactions with others. For example, a person might be a female, a doctor, a mother, and a member of a particular ethnic group, all of which contribute to their overall social position and how they are perceived and treated by society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Stereotype' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A stereotype is a fixed, overgeneralised, and often negative characterisation or set of beliefs about a particular group of people, based on simplified or exaggerated assumptions that are applied to all members of the group, regardless of individual differences. Stereotypes can be based on various social categories such as race, ethnicity, gender, age, religion, or occupation, and they are often learned through socialisation and perpetuated by cultural norms and media representations. Stereotypes can lead to prejudice, discrimination, and unfair treatment of individuals based solely on their group membership, as they ignore the diversity and complexity within groups and can be resistant to change even in the face of contradictory evidence.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Stigma' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Stigma refers to a negative label, mark of disgrace, or social disapproval that is used to devalue members of deviant social groups or individuals who possess certain characteristics or attributes that are seen as undesirable or different from the prevailing social norms. A stigma can be attached to various conditions, behaviours, or identities, such as mental illness, criminal history, physical disabilities, certain lifestyles, or membership in particular social groups. The process of stigmatisation can lead to social exclusion, discrimination, prejudice, and a loss of social status for the stigmatised individuals or groups, often impacting their self-esteem, social interactions, and opportunities in life. Labeling theory in sociology highlights the role of stigma in the social construction of deviance and its consequences for those who are labeled.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Stratification' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Stratification in sociology refers to a structured ranking of entire groups of people within a society that perpetuates unequal economic rewards, power, social status, and life chances across different social strata or layers. This hierarchical arrangement is based on various social categories such as social class, race, ethnicity, gender, age, and other factors, leading to systematic inequalities in access to resources and opportunities. While some forms of social differentiation may exist in all societies, stratification implies a more enduring and institutionalised pattern of inequality where certain groups consistently have more advantages and privileges than others. Sociologists study social stratification to understand its causes, consequences, and the ways in which it shapes social life and individual experiences.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Stratification_And_Class_Aggregate' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Stratification_And_Class_Aggregate encompasses collective entities defined by shared economic position, social status, and relationship to systems of production that create hierarchical arrangements within society. These aggregates represent how economic inequality and power differentials become organised into distinct social classes with different life chances, lifestyles, and political interests. They reflect the fundamental structure of inequality in modern societies and the ways in which economic positions become translated into broader patterns of social stratification. These class aggregates often develop distinct cultures, political orientations, and collective interests that shape broader social and political dynamics. Understanding these aggregates is crucial for analysing how economic systems generate and maintain social inequality and how class consciousness and conflict emerge from structural positions within the economy.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Strike' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A strike is a temporary stoppage of work or a collective withdrawal of labor by a group of workers or employees from their workplace as a form of protest or to exert pressure on their employer to meet specific demands or grievances, such as for better wages, improved working conditions, job security, or other employment-related issues. Strikes are a key tactic used by labor unions as part of collective bargaining to negotiate with employers and advocate for the rights and interests of their members. The decision to strike is often a significant one, involving a collective vote by union members, and it can have economic and social consequences for both the workers and the employer.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Structural_Functionalism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Structural functionalism is a major theoretical perspective in sociology that is rooted in the work of Émile Durkheim and further developed by Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton. This perspective analyses societies as complex social systems composed of various interconnected social institutions (such as the family, education, religion, government, and the economy), each of which performs specific functions that contribute to the overall stability, order, and smooth operation of the system as a whole. Structural functionalists examine how these institutions work together to meet the needs of society and maintain social equilibrium through shared norms, values, and consensus. They often focus on the functions (both manifest and latent) of social structures and how they contribute to social cohesion and the maintenance of social order.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Structuration' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Structuration is a sociological theory, most prominently associated with the work of Anthony Giddens, that attempts to bridge the divide between agency (the actions of individuals) and social structure (the broader social forces and institutions that shape those actions). It posits that social structure and human agency are not separate or opposing forces but are mutually dependent and interactive in a two-way process. Individuals shape their social world through their everyday actions and practices, but these actions are also enabled and constrained by existing social structures, which in turn are reproduced and sometimes transformed through those very actions. Structuration emphasises the dynamic and recursive relationship between individual agency and social structure, highlighting how they continuously influence and reshape each other over time.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Subculture' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A subculture is a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores (norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society), folkways (norms governing everyday social behaviour), values, beliefs, and often behaviours that differ from the dominant patterns of the larger society to which it belongs. Members of a subculture typically identify with each other and may share common interests, lifestyles, or social characteristics that set them apart from the mainstream culture. Subcultures can emerge based on a variety of factors, including age, ethnicity, social class, religion, occupation, sexual orientation, or shared hobbies and interests, and they can manifest in distinct styles of dress, language (including argot or specialised language), music preferences, and social practices. While subcultures maintain their own unique characteristics, they are still part of and interact with the broader society, sometimes influencing it and sometimes being influenced by it. The study of subcultures helps sociologists understand the diversity within societies and the ways in which different groups navigate and express their identities within a larger cultural context.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Suburb' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'According to the U.S. Census Bureau, a suburb is defined as any territory within a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) that is not included in the central city or cities of that MSA. Metropolitan areas are typically defined as having at least one urbanised area of 50,000 or more people, plus adjacent territory that has a high degree of social and economic integration with the core urban area, as measured by commuting ties. Suburbs are often characterised by lower population density compared to central cities, a higher proportion of single-family homes, and a greater reliance on automobiles for transportation. They have become a significant form of residential and commercial development in many industrialised countries, often representing a migration of population and economic activity away from the central urban core. The development and characteristics of suburbs are influenced by various factors, including transportation infrastructure, housing policies, economic trends, and social preferences.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Surplus' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'In an economic and sociological context, Surplus primarily refers to an excess of production or resources beyond what is immediately needed or consumed. This category often relates to the concept of "surplus value" in Marxist theory, which describes the value of a worker\'s labor that is "left over" after the cost of their wages has been repaid to the employer, constituting the capitalist\'s profit and representing a form of exploitation. Beyond this specific Marxist usage, "surplus" can also describe any excess production (e.g., agricultural surplus allowing for specialisation and urbanisation) or resources accumulated by a society beyond its immediate subsistence needs. The generation and distribution of surplus are central to understanding economic systems, social stratification, and the development of more complex societies, as it allows for investment, the division of labor, and the emergence of non-productive classes.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Surplus_Value' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'In Marxist economic theory, surplus value is the difference between the value of the goods or services produced by a worker\'s labor power and the wages the employer pays for that labor power; it is the value of the worker\'s labor that is \'left over\' after the employer has covered all the costs involved in hiring the worker, including wages and the costs of production. According to Marx, this surplus value is the source of capitalist profit and represents the exploitation of the proletariat (working class) by the bourgeoisie (capitalist class) because the workers do not receive the full value of what they produce; instead, the surplus is appropriated by the capitalists who own the means of production. The extraction of surplus value is seen by Marx as a fundamental characteristic of capitalism and a key driver of the inherent conflict between the interests of capitalists and workers.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Survey' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A survey is a widely used method of sociological research that typically involves the systematic administration of a standardised set of questions, often in the form of questionnaires, to a sample of individuals drawn from a larger population being studied. The goal of a survey is to collect data on the attitudes, beliefs, behaviours, opinions, or characteristics of the population of interest through the responses provided by the sample members. The data collected through surveys is often analysed using statistical techniques to identify patterns, regularities, and relationships between variables within the population. Surveys can be conducted in various formats, including mail-in questionnaires, telephone interviews, face-to-face interviews, and online surveys, each with its own advantages and limitations in terms of cost, response rates, and the type of data that can be collected. The quality of a survey depends on factors such as the design of the questions, the selection of a representative sample, and the rate of response from the participants.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sustainable_Development' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Sustainable development is a concept and an approach to economic growth and social progress that emphasises the need to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It is based on the principle that economic development should proceed in a way that natural resources are used responsibly and, where possible, recycled rather than depleted, biodiversity is maintained and protected, and clean air, water, and land are safeguarded for the long-term well-being of both human societies and the environment. Sustainable development seeks to integrate economic, social, and environmental considerations in decision-making, recognizing the interconnectedness of these dimensions and the importance of balancing them to achieve a more equitable and environmentally sound future for all.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sweatshop' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Sweatshop is a derogatory term used to describe a factory, workshop, or other place of work in which employees are subjected to exploitative labor practices, including working long hours for very low wages, often under poor, unsafe, or unhealthy working conditions that may violate labor laws and basic human rights. Sweatshops are often associated with industries that have high labor intensity and operate in countries or regions with lax labor regulations or weak enforcement, where the pressure to produce goods at very low costs can lead to the exploitation of workers, including women and children. The issue of sweatshops has gained international attention due to concerns about fair labor practices, human rights, and the ethical implications of global supply chains.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Symbolic_Interactionism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Symbolic interactionism is a micro-level theoretical approach in sociology, primarily developed by George Herbert Mead and Herbert Blumer, that places a strong emphasis on the role of symbols and language as core elements of all human interaction and the social construction of meaning. This perspective views society as a product of everyday social interactions among individuals who communicate and interpret the world around them through shared symbols and meanings. Symbolic interactionists focus on how individuals create, negotiate, and modify meanings through their interactions, and how these meanings shape their behaviour and social reality. Key concepts in symbolic interactionism include the self, the looking-glass self, the generalised other, and the importance of language and symbols in shaping human thought and action within social contexts.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Symbol' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Symbol are the gestures, objects, words, images, sounds, or events that form the basis of human communication by carrying a particular meaning or set of meanings that are recognised and shared by people within a specific culture or social group. Symbol are arbitrary in that the meaning is not inherent in the symbol itself but is socially constructed and learned through cultural transmission and interaction. They can represent abstract ideas, emotions, values, or concrete objects, and they are essential for communication, social interaction, and the creation and maintenance of culture. Language, with its system of words as symbols, is a fundamental aspect of symbolic communication, but nonverbal cues such as gestures, facial expressions, and material objects can also serve as powerful symbols with shared cultural meanings.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Teacher-expectancy_Effect' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The teacher-expectancy effect, also known as the Pygmalion effect in education, refers to the impact that a teacher\'s expectations, beliefs, or predictions about a student\'s academic performance or potential can have on the student\'s actual achievements and learning outcomes. Research has shown that when teachers hold high expectations for certain students, they may unconsciously treat those students in ways that encourage and facilitate their success, leading to improved performance that confirms the initial expectations. Conversely, low expectations can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy where students perform poorly because their teachers do not believe in their ability to succeed and may provide less support or fewer opportunities. This effect highlights the powerful role of social expectations and interactions in shaping educational outcomes.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Temporary_And_Situational_Collective' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Temporary_And_Situational_Collective represents aggregates that form spontaneously or temporarily around specific events, situations, or shared experiences, characterised by loose organisation and relatively brief duration. These collectives demonstrate how social aggregation can emerge rapidly in response to immediate circumstances or shared focus of attention, often involving individuals who may not know each other personally but who find themselves in similar situations or responding to common stimuli. While these aggregates may lack the formal structure or lasting bonds of more established groups, they can exhibit powerful collective behaviour and shared emotional experiences. They illustrate the dynamic and fluid nature of social aggregation and how social order can emerge even in temporary or spontaneous situations through shared attention and mutual influence.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Theism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Theism is a broad category of beliefs that encompasses the belief in the existence of a god or gods who are typically seen as the creators and sustainers of the universe and who may intervene in the world and the lives of humans. Theism can take various forms, including monotheism (belief in one God), polytheism (belief in multiple gods), and pantheism (belief that God is immanent in all of nature). Theistic beliefs often involve a relationship between humanity and the divine, which may include prayer, worship, and adherence to religious doctrines or moral codes. Theism has been a dominant feature of many cultures and societies throughout history, shaping religious practices, ethical systems, and worldviews.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Theoretical_And_Conceptual_Framework_Quality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Theoretical_And_Conceptual_Framework_Quality represents abstract theoretical concepts and analytical frameworks that sociologists use to understand and explain social phenomena. These qualities include various theoretical constructs, conceptual distinctions, and analytical categories that help organise and interpret social reality. They encompass both empirical concepts that describe observable social phenomena and theoretical concepts that explain underlying social processes and relationships. These qualities provide the intellectual foundation for sociological analysis and represent the accumulated wisdom and theoretical development of the discipline.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Theoretical_Concepts_And_Analytical_Framework' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Theoretical_Concepts_And_Analytical_Framework encompasses the conceptual tools and analytical perspectives that sociologists use to interpret data, understand social phenomena, and construct theoretical explanations. This category includes fundamental analytical concepts like Pierre Bourdieu\'s cultural capital, which explains how knowledge, skills, and cultural resources translate into social advantages and reproduce inequality across generations. Max Weber\'s ideal type methodology provides a framework for constructing analytical models that highlight essential characteristics of social phenomena. Data analysis concepts encompass the statistical and interpretive tools necessary for making sense of empirical findings. Inequality concepts provide vocabulary for understanding social stratification and differential access to resources and opportunities. Interpretative sociology emphasises the subjective meanings and cultural understandings that shape social action. Semiotics offers tools for analysing symbols and signs in communication and cultural systems. These frameworks bridge the gap between empirical observation and theoretical understanding, providing sociologists with sophisticated analytical lenses for interpreting complex social realities and developing comprehensive explanations of social structures, processes, and cultural meanings.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Theories_Of_Deviance' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Theories of Deviance is a crucial sub-category within the broader study of deviance and social control, encompassing various theoretical frameworks that attempt to explain why individuals or groups violate social norms, rules, or laws, and how such norm-breaking behaviour emerges and is sustained in society. This domain includes micro-level theories focusing on individual-level factors and learning processes, such as differential association theory (deviance learned through social interaction) and control theory (deviance prevented by social bonds). It also covers macro-level theories that examine how societal structures and processes contribute to deviance, including anomie theory (strain from mismatch between goals and means), labeling theory (deviance as a social construct through societal reaction), and routine activities theory (convergence of motivated offenders, suitable targets, and lack of guardianship). These diverse theoretical approaches offer different lenses through which to analyse the causes, patterns, and social consequences of deviant behaviour in various social contexts.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'In sociology, a theory is a set of logically interconnected statements, concepts, and propositions that seeks to explain problems, actions, behaviour, social phenomena, or the relationships between them in a systematic and coherent way. Theories provide frameworks for understanding the social world, offering explanations for why certain things happen, how they happen, and under what conditions. They are developed through observation, research, and logical reasoning, and they can be broad in scope, attempting to explain large-scale social patterns (grand theories), or more focused, addressing specific aspects of social life (middle-range theories). Sociological theories guide research by suggesting questions to ask, concepts to consider, and relationships to examine, and they are constantly being tested, refined, and sometimes revised or replaced as new evidence emerges and our understanding of the social world evolves.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Third_World' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The term "Third World" was a historical and somewhat outdated categorisation used during the Cold War era to refer to the less developed societies and nations in the world that were not aligned with either the First World (Western industrialised capitalist countries) or the Second World (communist and socialist states led by the Soviet Union). These countries, often located in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, were typically characterised by low levels of industrialisation, poverty, and dependence on agriculture or the extraction of raw materials. The majority of the world\'s population lived in Third World countries during this period. With the end of the Cold War and the increasing complexity of global economic and political landscapes, the term "Third World" has become less commonly used and is often considered problematic due to its overgeneralisation and implication of a hierarchical global order. More contemporary and nuanced terms like "developing countries," "low- and middle-income countries," or specific regional classifications are now generally preferred.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Total_Fertility_Rate_(TFR)' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The total fertility rate (TFR) is a key demographic indicator that represents the average number of children that would be born alive to a woman over her lifetime if she were to experience the exact current age-specific fertility rates (births per woman at each age) through all her childbearing years (typically considered to be from age 15 to 49), and if she were to survive from birth to the end of her reproductive life. It is a hypothetical measure that provides an estimate of the average family size in a population based on current trends in fertility. A TFR of around 2.1 children per woman is generally considered the replacement level, which is the average number of children needed to replace the parents and maintain a stable population size in the long run, assuming no migration. TFRs vary significantly across different countries and regions due to a variety of social, economic, cultural, and health-related factors.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Total_Institution' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Total institutions, a term popularised by sociologist Erving Goffman, refer to facilities such as asylums for the mentally ill, prisons, monasteries, military barracks, and boarding schools that exert a pervasive and encompassing influence on the lives of their residents by imposing a forcibly regulated system of existence in complete or near-complete isolation from the outside world. These institutions are characterised by a breakdown of the barriers separating the three spheres of life that are usually distinct: sleep, work, and play; all aspects of life are conducted in the same place and under the same single authority. Residents typically experience a loss of autonomy and personal identity as their daily routines are strictly controlled, and they are subjected to a uniform system of rules and regulations aimed at managing large groups of people within the confines of the institution. Goffman\'s analysis of total institutions highlighted the processes of resocialisation and the potential for the stripping away of former identities and the adoption of an institutional identity among residents.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Totemism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Totemism is a system of religious belief and practice, often found in indigenous societies, which attributes sacred or divine properties and symbolic significance to a particular type of animal, plant, natural object, or even a mythical being, known as a totem. The totem serves as an emblem or symbol for a group, such as a clan or lineage, representing its identity, origin, and its spiritual or mystical relationship with the natural world. Members of the group may have specific rituals, obligations, or prohibitions associated with their totem, such as not hunting or eating the animal, or showing it particular reverence. Totemism often reinforces social cohesion and group solidarity by providing a shared symbol of identity and a framework for understanding the group\'s place within the broader ecological and spiritual order.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Tracking' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Tracking, in the context of education, is the practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups or academic programs within a school system based on their perceived academic abilities, which are often assessed through standardised test scores, prior academic performance, or teacher recommendations. This practice can result in students being separated into different tracks, such as "high-achieving," "average," or "low-achieving," which may offer different levels of academic rigor, resources, and future opportunities. While proponents argue that tracking allows teachers to tailor instruction to the specific needs of students at different academic levels, critics raise concerns about its potential to perpetuate social inequalities, as students from disadvantaged backgrounds may be disproportionately placed in lower tracks, limiting their educational attainment and future prospects, while those in higher tracks often receive more enriched learning experiences and better preparation for college. The effects of tracking on student achievement and social equity remain a subject of ongoing debate in educational sociology.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Trade_Union' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Trade unions, also known as labor unions, are organisations formed by workers in a specific trade, industry, or company with the primary purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment. These conditions typically include attaining better wages and benefits, improving working conditions, and enhancing safety standards in the workplace. Trade unions operate through elected leadership and bargaining committees that negotiate with employers on behalf of their members in a process known as collective bargaining, aiming to establish labor contracts or collective bargaining agreements that outline the terms of employment. Unions may organise workers based on their specific skills (craft unionism), across various trades (general unionism), or within an entire industry (industrial unionism). Historically, trade unions emerged in response to the often precarious and exploitative conditions faced by workers, particularly during the Industrial Revolution, providing a collective voice and power to negotiate for fairer treatment and improved livelihoods. They have played a significant role in advocating for workers\' rights, safer workplaces, and the end of child labor, often operating with a democratic structure where members elect officers and pay dues to support the union\'s activities.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Traditional_Authority' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Traditional authority, as defined by Max Weber, is a form of legitimate power that is conferred by custom, established traditions, and accepted practices that have been passed down over time. This type of authority is often associated with hereditary leadership, where the right to rule is inherited through family lineage and is accepted as legitimate because it has always been that way. Obedience is owed to the person in authority due to their traditional status and the sanctity of established customs, rather than based on their personal charisma or legally defined rules. Examples of traditional authority can be found in monarchies where power is passed down through royal families, or in traditional tribal societies where leadership is based on long-standing customs and norms. Weber contrasted traditional authority with charismatic authority, which is based on the exceptional personal appeal of a leader, and rational-legal authority, which is based on formally established rules and laws.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Triad' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A triad is a social group consisting of three members, representing the simplest form of a group that allows for complexities of interaction beyond a dyad (a two-member group). The addition of a third member introduces new dynamics and possibilities for social interaction that are not present in a dyad. For example, in a triad, there is the potential for one member to act as a mediator or arbitrator in disputes between the other two, which is not possible in a dyad where conflict can only be resolved directly or lead to the dissolution of the group. A triad can also experience the formation of coalitions or alliances between two members, potentially leaving the third member isolated or in a minority position. The presence of three individuals can also diffuse intensity compared to a dyad, making the group potentially more stable as the loss of one member does not necessarily lead to the group\'s termination. The study of triads is important in sociology for understanding basic group dynamics and the emergence of social structures within small groups.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Unconscious' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The unconscious, in the context of sociology (drawing from psychoanalytic theory), refers to the realm of experiences, memories, desires, and feelings that become too difficult or painful for an individual to confront directly and are thus hidden from their conscious awareness, yet can still exert a powerful influence on their thoughts, emotions, and behaviours. While primarily a concept in psychology, the idea of the unconscious can have sociological relevance in understanding deeply ingrained social norms, cultural values, and hidden biases that may operate at a level below conscious awareness and shape social interactions, attitudes, and societal patterns. For example, unconscious biases related to race, gender, or social class can influence discriminatory behaviours even in individuals who consciously believe in equality. The exploration of the unconscious, often through methods like psychoanalysis, can provide insights into the deeper, often unacknowledged, motivations and influences that underlie human behaviour and social phenomena.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Underclass' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The underclass is a term used in sociology to describe a group of people who are considered to be \'under\' or outside the traditional class structure of society, often characterised by chronic poverty, long-term unemployment or underemployment, social isolation, and economic, political, and social marginalisation and exclusion. Members of the underclass may experience multiple and overlapping forms of disadvantage, including limited access to education, healthcare, stable housing, and social support networks, often leading to a cycle of poverty that is difficult to escape. The concept of the underclass is often associated with inner-city areas and may be linked to factors such as deindustrialisation, lack of job opportunities, and systemic discrimination. There is ongoing debate among sociologists about the definition, causes, and consequences of the underclass, as well as the most effective ways to address the complex issues of poverty and social exclusion that affect this group.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Underdevelopment' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Underdevelopment is a concept used in social science, particularly in the context of global inequality and post-colonial studies, to describe the economic state of societies, primarily in the Global South, that were historically exploited and/or previously colonised by Western countries during the periods of colonialism. This perspective suggests that the current state of poverty and limited economic development in many of these societies is not simply a natural or inevitable condition but is, in part, a result of historical processes of exploitation and dependence imposed by powerful, wealthy states, which actively extracted resources, disrupted local economies, and established unequal trade relationships that continue to disadvantage these nations. Underdevelopment theory emphasises the historical and ongoing power dynamics between developed and developing countries, highlighting how the wealth and prosperity of some nations may have been built upon the exploitation and impoverishment of others, perpetuating a cycle of dependence and hindering genuine economic development in the formerly colonised regions.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Underground_Economy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The underground economy, also known as the shadow economy or informal economy, refers to economic activity that generates income but is unreported to the government as required by law, often to avoid taxation or regulation. This can include a wide range of activities, both legal and illegal, such as undeclared cash transactions, off-the-books employment, informal services, the sale of illegal goods, and other economic exchanges that take place outside the formal, regulated sector of the economy. The size and nature of the underground economy can vary significantly across different countries and regions, influenced by factors such as tax rates, regulatory burdens, levels of corruption, and the availability of formal employment opportunities. While it can provide income for individuals who may be excluded from the formal economy, it also has implications for government revenue, economic statistics, and social protections for workers involved in these activities.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Unilinear_Evolutionary_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Unilinear evolutionary theory is a now largely outdated theory of social change that was prominent in nineteenth-century anthropology and sociology, which posited that all societies follow the same single, linear path of development through a fixed and predetermined sequence of successive stages of evolution, inevitably progressing from simple, so-called "primitive" forms to more complex, "advanced," and "civilised" stages, often with Western industrialised societies seen as the pinnacle of this evolutionary process. This theory suggested that different societies were simply at different points along this universal evolutionary trajectory. Unilinear evolutionary theories have been widely criticised for their ethnocentric biases, their lack of empirical support, and their failure to account for the diversity of historical and cultural development across different societies, often imposing a Western-centric view of progress onto other cultures. Contemporary sociological perspectives on social change, such as multilinear evolutionary theory, recognise that societies can change in various ways and follow diverse paths of development, influenced by their unique historical, cultural, and environmental contexts, without necessarily converging on a single end point.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Upper_Class' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The upper class is a social class broadly composed of the most affluent members of society, who typically possess significant wealth, often inherited across generations, and may own large businesses or hold substantial numbers of stocks and shares, wielding considerable economic and social influence. Membership in the upper class is often associated with high social status, exclusive social networks, and a lifestyle characterised by luxury and privilege. While income can be a factor, upper-class status is often more closely tied to the ownership of assets and the perpetuation of wealth over time, distinguishing it from other affluent individuals who may have high incomes but less accumulated wealth or inherited privilege. This class often plays a significant role in shaping economic and political landscapes due to its control over resources and its influence within elite circles.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Urban_Ecology' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Urban ecology is a subfield within sociology that focuses on the study of the intricate link and dynamic interrelationships between the physical and social dimensions of cities, examining how the spatial organisation, physical environment, and material infrastructure of urban areas shape social life, human behaviour, and community dynamics, and vice versa. It explores topics such as the distribution of populations, resources, and social problems within urban spaces, the impact of urban design and planning on social interactions, the relationship between urban environments and human health, and the processes of urban growth, change, and sustainability. Drawing on ecological principles, urban ecology views the city as a complex ecosystem where social and physical factors are interdependent and constantly interacting to shape the urban experience.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Urban_Renewal' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Urban renewal is a comprehensive process aimed at reviving and revitalizing deteriorating neighborhoods and urban areas that may be experiencing decline, disinvestment, or social problems. It typically involves a range of strategies, such as recycling underutilised land and existing buildings for new purposes, improving the physical environment through infrastructure upgrades and beautification projects, implementing better management practices for local areas with the active participation of local citizens, and strategically using public funds to stimulate regeneration and attract further private investment. The goals of urban renewal often include enhancing the quality of life for residents, fostering economic development, improving housing conditions, and creating more vibrant and sustainable urban communities. However, urban renewal projects can sometimes lead to unintended consequences such as gentrification and the displacement of existing low-income residents, making community engagement and equitable planning crucial aspects of the process.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Urbanism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Urbanism is a term used by sociologist Louis Wirth to denote the distinctive characteristics of social life that emerge in urban settings, particularly in large, densely populated cities, such as a greater degree of impersonality, anonymity, social heterogeneity, and a more complex division of labor compared to rural areas. Wirth argued that the size, density, and heterogeneity of urban populations shape the nature of social interactions and the social psychology of city dwellers, often leading to more formal and instrumental relationships, increased social tolerance for diversity, and a greater sense of individual freedom alongside potential feelings of social isolation or alienation. The study of urbanism explores how these unique social patterns and experiences in cities differ from those in more rural or traditional communities.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Urbanisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Urbanisation refers to the process of the development of towns and cities, typically involving the growth in the size and population of urban areas and the increasing concentration of people living and working in these areas. This process is often linked to economic development, industrialisation, and the migration of people from rural to urban areas in search of opportunities. Urbanisation leads to significant transformations in land use, infrastructure development, social organisation, and lifestyles, creating complex urban environments that serve as centers of economic, political, and cultural activity. The study of urbanisation examines its causes, patterns, and consequences for societies, including issues related to urban planning, housing, transportation, social inequality, and environmental sustainability.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Urbanisation_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Urbanisation Processes refers to the dynamic and multifaceted changes involved in the growth and development of cities and urban areas, typically marked by the increasing concentration of populations in urban settings and the transformation of rural landscapes into urban ones. This category encompasses the historical evolution of cities (e.g., from preindustrial cities to industrial and postindustrial cities), the spatial organisation of urban areas (e.g., concentric-zone theory, multiple-nuclei theory), and the social and environmental consequences of urban growth (e.g., urban ecology, urban renewal, gentrification, defended neighborhoods, squatter settlements, suburbanisation). It also includes the study of urbanism (distinctive characteristics of urban social life), the development of new urban sociological perspectives, and the challenges related to urban planning, infrastructure, and social inequalities within metropolitan areas and vast urban regions (e.g., megalopolis). Understanding these processes is crucial for analysing the complexities of urban life and the ongoing societal shifts driven by population concentration.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Validity' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Validity in research refers to the extent to which a measurement instrument, test, or research study accurately measures precisely what it is intended to measure, ensuring that the findings genuinely represent the phenomenon or concept being investigated. It addresses the question of whether the research is actually capturing the truth about what is being studied. Different types of validity are important in research, including internal validity (the extent to which the study establishes a trustworthy cause-and-effect relationship between variables), external validity (the extent to which the findings can be generalised to other populations, settings, or times), construct validity (the degree to which a measure assesses the theoretical construct it is supposed to measure), and content validity (the extent to which a measure adequately covers all aspects of the construct of interest). Ensuring validity is crucial for the credibility and meaningfulness of research findings.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Value_Neutrality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Value neutrality, a concept emphasised by Max Weber, refers to the principle that sociologists, when interpreting data and conducting research, should strive for objectivity and avoid allowing their personal values, beliefs, or biases to unduly influence their analysis or conclusions. While Weber acknowledged that sociologists, like all individuals, have their own values, he argued that it is essential for researchers to maintain a stance of neutrality and impartiality during the scientific process of studying society, focusing on the empirical evidence and logical reasoning rather than personal preferences or moral judgments. This principle aims to enhance the rigor and credibility of sociological research by minimizing the potential for subjective biases to distort the understanding of social phenomena.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Value' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Value are culturally defined standards or principles that are widely shared by members of a society or group and serve as broad guidelines for social living, indicating what people assess as desirable, good, beautiful, right, or important. Value provide a moral compass for behaviour, influencing people\'s attitudes, choices, and actions across various aspects of life, and they often form the basis for social norms, which are more specific rules and expectations for behaviour. Value can vary significantly across different cultures and can change over time within a society, reflecting evolving beliefs and priorities. They play a crucial role in shaping social cohesion, cultural identity, and the overall character of a society, and they are often transmitted from one generation to the next through the process of socialisation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Variable' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A variable is a concept or characteristic whose value or attribute changes or varies from one case to another, or across different individuals, groups, situations, or over time. It is a dimension along which an object, individual, or group can be categorised or measured, allowing for specific comparisons to be made with others or across different points in time. Examples of variables in sociological research include income level (which can vary from person to person), age (which changes over time for an individual), educational attainment (which differs among individuals), or social class (which can vary across groups or societies). Researchers examine the relationships between different variables to understand social phenomena, test hypotheses, and develop sociological theories. Variables can be independent (the presumed cause) or dependent (the presumed effect) in a causal relationship.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Vertical_Mobility' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Vertical mobility refers to the movement of an individual or a group up or down the hierarchy of positions within a society\'s social stratification system. This movement signifies a change in social class, status, or power relative to one\'s previous position or the position of one\'s family of origin. Upward mobility involves moving to a higher social stratum, often characterised by increased wealth, income, occupational prestige, or social status. Examples include obtaining a higher-paying job, achieving a higher level of education, or marrying into a wealthier family. Downward mobility, on the other hand, involves moving to a lower social stratum, which might occur due to job loss, business failure, or a decline in health or economic circumstances. Vertical mobility is a key aspect of social stratification and is often studied to understand the openness and fluidity of a society\'s social structure.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Vested_Interest' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Vested interests, a term used by economist and sociologist Thorstein Veblen, refer to those specific individuals, groups, or institutions within a society who have a significant stake in maintaining the existing social, economic, or political status quo and who stand to suffer a loss or disadvantage in the event of substantial social change that might threaten their current privileges, power, or resources. Because of their potential losses, those with vested interests often actively resist or oppose changes that could disrupt the established order from which they benefit, using their influence and resources to preserve their advantages and maintain the current distribution of power and wealth within society. Understanding vested interests is crucial for analysing why certain social changes face resistance and for comprehending the dynamics of power and social conflict within a society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Victimisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Victimisation, in sociology and criminology, refers to the process or experience of being a victim of crime, injustice, or other harmful social phenomena. This category encompasses various aspects related to the victim\'s perspective and their interactions with the criminal justice system and society. It includes the study of victimisation surveys, which collect data directly from individuals about their experiences as victims of crime, regardless of whether the crime was reported to the police. It also delves into the concept of victimless crimes, where there is no direct complainant, and examines the social and psychological impacts of being a victim of crime or other forms of harm, such as hate crimes, domestic violence, or discrimination. The study of victimisation also considers victimology, which is the scientific study of victims, and explores patterns of victimisation, risk factors, and the role of victims in the criminal justice process and in society\'s response to crime and harm.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Victimisation_Survey' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Victimisation surveys are a type of research method used in criminology and sociology to gather data directly from individuals about their experiences as victims of crime, regardless of whether those crimes were reported to the police or other authorities. These surveys typically involve administering questionnaires or conducting interviews with a representative sample of the population, asking them about whether they have been victims of specific types of crimes over a particular period. Victimisation surveys can provide a more comprehensive picture of the extent of crime in a society, including the "dark figure of crime" (crimes that are not reported to law enforcement), and can offer valuable insights into the characteristics of victims, offenders, and the circumstances surrounding criminal events. They complement official crime statistics reported by police and can be used to assess trends in crime rates and the impact of crime on individuals and communities.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Victimless_Crime' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Victimless crimes, a term used by sociologists, refer to illegal activities or offenses that involve a willing exchange of goods or services among consenting adults where no direct victim is readily identifiable or comes forward to report a harm. These crimes often involve behaviours that are considered morally objectionable or against the law, but the individuals involved participate voluntarily and do not typically see themselves as victims. Examples of activities often categorised as victimless crimes include prostitution, illegal gambling, recreational drug use, and consensual homosexual acts (in jurisdictions where they are illegal). The debate around the legal status and societal response to victimless crimes often involves considerations of individual autonomy, morality, public health, and the role of government in regulating private behaviour.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Vital_Statistics' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Vital statistics are a crucial category of demographic data that consist of records of key life events within a population, such as the number of births, deaths, marriages, and divorces that occur within a specific geographic area and time period. These data are typically gathered through a registration system maintained by governmental units at the local, regional, or national level, and they provide essential information for understanding population trends, fertility rates, mortality rates, marriage and divorce patterns, and overall demographic changes within a society. Vital statistics are widely used by researchers, policymakers, and public health officials for various purposes, including population projections, assessing public health needs, and informing social and economic planning.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('White-collar_Crime' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'White-collar crime refers to a range of financially motivated nonviolent crimes that are typically committed by affluent individuals or corporations in the course of their daily business or professional activities, often involving deception, fraud, or breach of trust. These crimes can include offenses such as embezzlement, tax evasion, insider trading, securities fraud, corporate fraud, bribery, and environmental violations. Unlike street crimes that often involve physical violence or property damage, white-collar crimes typically involve financial manipulation and can result in significant economic losses to individuals, organisations, and society as a whole, as well as eroding public trust in institutions and markets. Despite often being less visible than other forms of crime, white-collar crime can have far-reaching and damaging consequences.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Working_Class' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The working class is a social class broadly composed of people who are primarily involved in blue-collar or manual occupations, typically involving physical labor and often in industries such as manufacturing, construction, transportation, and agriculture. Membership in the working class is often defined by the type of work performed and may be associated with lower levels of formal education and income compared to the middle or upper classes. Historically, the working class has played a significant role in industrial societies, and their labor is essential for the production of goods and services. The term can also encompass those in lower-skilled service sector jobs. While the specific boundaries and characteristics of the working class can vary across different societies and over time, it generally refers to individuals and families who rely on wages or salaries from manual or less skilled labor for their primary source of income and who may have less economic security and social mobility compared to other social classes.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('World-systems_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'World-systems Theory, pioneered by sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein, is a macro-sociological theoretical framework that emphasises the interconnections and interdependence among countries based on the historical expansion and ongoing dynamics of a single, global capitalist world-economy. This theory posits that the world is not a collection of independent national economies but rather a complex, integrated system characterised by a hierarchical division of labor and power relations among three main categories of countries: core countries (dominant, wealthy, industrialised nations controlling global finance and high-profit production), semi-peripheral countries (intermediate, with some industrialisation but still dependent), and peripheral countries (less developed, exploited for raw materials and cheap labor). World-systems Theory analyses how this global structure shapes the economic development, social structures, and political dynamics of individual nations, perpetuating patterns of global inequality and dependence, and highlighting the historical roots of global disparities and the ongoing power dynamics that maintain them. It critiques modernisation theory for its nation-state focus.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('World_System' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'World-systems theory, pioneered by sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein, is a macro-level perspective that emphasises the interconnections and interdependence among countries based on the historical expansion and current functioning of a global capitalist world economy. This theory posits that the world economy is not a collection of independent national economies but rather a single, integrated system characterised by a global division of labor and a hierarchical structure consisting of three main categories of countries: core countries, which are the wealthy, industrialised nations that dominate the global economy and control advanced technology and capital; semi-peripheral countries, which occupy an intermediate position, often supplying labor and raw materials to the core and serving as a buffer between the core and the periphery, with some level of industrialisation and potential for upward or downward mobility within the system; and peripheral countries, which have a marginal role in the world economy, often specializing in the production of raw materials and agricultural goods for the core, and are thus economically dependent on and often exploited by the core countries in unequal trading relationships. This theory highlights how the dynamics of the global capitalist system shape the economic development and social structures of nations within it, emphasizing historical processes of colonialism and neocolonialism in creating and maintaining global inequalities.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('World_System_Analysis' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'World systems analysis is a macro-sociological perspective developed by Immanuel Wallerstein that views the global economic system as an interconnected and hierarchical structure divided between certain industrialised, wealthy nations that control the majority of the world\'s wealth and resources (the core) and developing countries (the periphery) that are often controlled and exploited by the core for their labor and raw materials, with a third category of semi-peripheral countries occupying an intermediate position. This theory emphasises the historical development of a global capitalist economy and the ways in which the relationships between core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral countries are characterised by power imbalances and dependencies that perpetuate global inequalities. Wallerstein\'s approach highlights the interconnectedness of nations within this global system and how the dynamics of capitalism at a world scale shape the economic and social development of individual countries, arguing that the global system, rather than individual national factors alone, is the primary unit of analysis for understanding social change and inequality in the modern world.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Xenocentrism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Xenocentrism is a cultural attitude or belief characterised by the perception that the products, styles, ideas, technology, or other aspects of one\'s own society or culture are inherently inferior to those that originate in other societies or cultures, often leading to a preference for foreign things and a devaluation of one\'s own cultural heritage. This can manifest in various ways, such as a preference for foreign brands, a belief that foreign cultures are more advanced or sophisticated, or a tendency to adopt customs and practices from other societies while disregarding or criticizing one\'s own. Xenocentrism is essentially the opposite of ethnocentrism, which is the belief in the superiority of one\'s own culture. The phenomenon of xenocentrism can be influenced by factors such as globalisation, media exposure to other cultures, and historical or social contexts where one\'s own society may have experienced periods of hardship or perceived lack of progress compared to others.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Youth_Culture' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Youth culture refers to the specific cultural attributes, norms, values, practices, styles, and forms of expression exhibited by many young people within a particular period or society, often characterised by a sense of shared identity, interests, and experiences that are distinct from those of other age groups, particularly adults. Youth culture can manifest in various aspects of life, including behavioural norms, dress codes, language use (such as slang), musical preferences, leisure activities, and attitudes towards social issues, many of which tend to differ from the prevailing adult culture of the time and may even represent a form of rebellion or a search for autonomy and identity formation during the transitional period of adolescence and young adulthood. Youth cultures are dynamic and can change rapidly, often influenced by popular media, technology, and social trends, and they can play a significant role in shaping broader cultural landscapes and driving social change.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Zero_Population_Growth_(ZPG)' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Zero population growth (ZPG) is a demographic state where a population\'s size remains stable with no net increase or decrease over time, achieved when the number of births plus the number of immigrants entering the population is exactly equal to the number of deaths plus the number of emigrants leaving the population. In other words, the rate of natural increase (births minus deaths) is offset by the rate of net migration (immigrants minus emigrants), resulting in an overall population growth rate of zero. Achieving ZPG can have various implications for a society, such as a more balanced age structure and potentially reduced pressure on natural resources and the environment, but it can also present challenges related to an aging workforce and potential economic impacts.'
       ) ;

COMMIT ;

--  Current time: 2025-10-14 13:41:55.788
