Desertification refers to instances of intense land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas, resulting in desert-like conditions over large areas where previously there was vegetated land. This process is primarily caused by human activities, such as overgrazing, deforestation, unsustainable agricultural practices, and improper irrigation, which exacerbate the effects of climate variations and droughts. Desertification leads to the loss of fertile topsoil, reduced agricultural productivity, decreased biodiversity, and can displace human populations, contributing to poverty and social instability. It is a significant environmental challenge, particularly in regions with fragile ecosystems, and addressing it requires sustainable land management practices and international cooperation.