Mortality, in demography, is the study of death within human populations, encompassing the incidence, rates, and patterns of death. This category includes key demographic measures such as the crude death rate (the number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year), the infant mortality rate (deaths of infants under one year per 1,000 live births), and age-specific mortality rates, which provide insights into the health and longevity of a population. Mortality is influenced by a wide array of factors, including access to healthcare, sanitation, nutrition, lifestyle choices, environmental conditions, socioeconomic status, and the prevalence of specific diseases or causes of death. Analysing mortality data is crucial for public health planning, assessing the effectiveness of health interventions, identifying health disparities among different social groups, and understanding overall population dynamics and trends in life expectancy across different regions and historical periods.