Formal norms are norms that generally have been written down and that specify strict rules for behaviour, often with clearly defined sanctions or punishments for violators. These norms are typically codified into laws, regulations, organisational rules, and codes of conduct, and they are enforced by formal authorities or institutions, such as the legal system, government agencies, and organisations. Examples of formal norms include traffic laws, criminal codes, university regulations, and workplace policies. Violations of formal norms can result in a range of penalties, from fines and suspension to imprisonment or termination of employment, depending on the severity of the infraction and the specific rules in place. Formal norms provide a clear and explicit framework for expected behaviour and help to maintain social order and control in complex societies and organisations.