This sub-category encompasses large-scale, dynamic processes that fundamentally alter the economic and social organisation of societies over time. These transformations are often driven by industrial, technological, or systemic shifts and involve profound changes in production methods, labor markets, wealth distribution, and the structure of urban life. They reshape societal hierarchies, institutions, and the daily experiences of individuals, impacting social mobility, inequality, and overall societal development. Examples include transitions from agrarian to industrial societies, shifts in economic paradigms, and the social consequences of technological advancements and environmental changes on human populations. These processes are complex, often long-term, and can lead to both progress and significant social disruption.