Gender inequality refers to the differences in the status, power, prestige, opportunities, and resources that women and men have in groups, collectivities, and societies. This inequality is often manifested in various forms, including disparities in economic opportunities and earnings (such as the gender pay gap), political representation and influence, access to education and healthcare, and social and cultural norms that privilege one gender over the other, typically men. Gender inequality is a pervasive issue across many societies, although its specific forms and extent can vary significantly across cultures and historical periods. Feminist theories in sociology aim to understand the social, cultural, and historical roots of gender inequality and to advocate for social change that promotes gender equality and justice.