INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Exploitation_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Exploitation theory, particularly within a Marxist framework, views racial subordination in the United States and other capitalist societies as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism. This theory argues that racism and racial inequality serve the interests of the capitalist class by creating a split labor market, where workers are divided along racial lines, leading to lower wages for all workers and hindering the development of class consciousness and solidarity among the working class. By fostering racial antagonism, the bourgeoisie can maintain their power and profits by preventing the unified mobilisation of workers against their exploitation. Exploitation theory suggests that racial prejudice and discrimination are not simply matters of individual attitudes but are deeply embedded in the economic structure of capitalism and serve to perpetuate class inequality.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Expressiveness' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Expressiveness is a term used by sociologists Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales to refer to a concern for the maintenance of harmony and the internal emotional affairs of the family or a small group. This role is often traditionally associated with women in the family, involving providing emotional support, nurturing relationships, and managing interpersonal conflicts to ensure the well-being and cohesion of the group. Expressive roles focus on the affective and emotional needs of group members, contributing to social integration and solidarity. Parsons and Bales contrasted this with instrumentality, which refers to a focus on task-oriented goals, decision-making, and the external relationships of the group, often traditionally associated with men in the family. These concepts were part of their functionalist analysis of family roles and their contribution to the overall functioning of society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Extended_Family' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'An extended family is a family group consisting of close relatives extending beyond a couple and their children, living either within the same household or in a close and continuous relationship with one another. This can include grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and other kin who play a significant role in the family\'s social and economic life. Extended family structures were more common in pre-industrial societies and in many cultures around the world, where they often provided a strong network of support, shared resources, and collective caregiving. While the nuclear family (a couple and their dependent children) has become more prevalent in many Western industrialised societies, extended family ties continue to be important for many individuals and can provide valuable social, emotional, and practical support.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Face-work' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Face-work is a term used by sociologist Erving Goffman to refer to the efforts of people to maintain the proper image of themselves and others and to avoid embarrassment or social disruption in public or social interactions. Goffman argued that individuals are constantly engaged in presenting a particular "face" or social identity to others, and they actively work to maintain this face and to help others maintain theirs. Face-work involves various strategies, such as avoiding topics that might cause offense, offering apologies for social gaffes, and helping others to save face when they experience a social mishap. The goal of face-work is to ensure smooth social interaction and to uphold a shared sense of social order and respect among those present. It highlights the delicate and often unspoken rules that govern our interactions and the active role individuals play in managing social impressions.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Factual_Question' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Factual questions are questions that raise issues concerning matters of fact rather than theoretical interpretations or moral judgments. These questions seek to elicit information that can be verified through observation, measurement, or reliable sources of evidence. In sociological research, factual questions might ask about demographic characteristics (e.g., What is the population of a city?), social trends (e.g., Has the divorce rate increased in the last decade?), or specific events (e.g., What were the main causes of a particular social movement?). Answering factual questions is a fundamental part of sociological inquiry, providing the empirical basis for developing theories and understanding social phenomena. While seemingly straightforward, even factual questions can sometimes involve complex issues of data collection, interpretation, and the reliability of sources. They are distinct from theoretical questions, which explore explanations and relationships between social phenomena, and moral questions, which involve judgments about what is right or wrong.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('False_Consciousness' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'False consciousness is a term used by Karl Marx to describe an attitude held by members of a class, particularly the proletariat, that does not accurately reflect its objective position within the capitalist system and instead serves the interests of the ruling class (bourgeoisie). This false understanding prevents the working class from recognizing their own exploitation and their shared interests in overthrowing capitalism. Instead, they may adopt the values and beliefs of the bourgeoisie, seeing the existing social order as legitimate or even in their own best interest. Factors contributing to false consciousness can include the influence of ideology disseminated through media, religion, and the education system, which can mask the underlying power dynamics and inequalities of capitalist society. Overcoming false consciousness and developing class consciousness, an awareness of their shared exploitation and the need for collective action, is a crucial step in Marx\'s theory of social change.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Familism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Familism refers to pride in the extended family, expressed through the maintenance of close ties and strong obligations to kinfolk across generations. In societies or groups characterised by familism, family needs and values often take precedence over individual desires and ambitions. This can involve providing emotional, social, and economic support to family members, maintaining frequent contact, and participating in family traditions and events. Familism is often a strong cultural value in many collectivist societies and can play a significant role in shaping social behaviour, decision-making, and individual identities. The strength of familistic ties can provide a sense of belonging, security, and mutual aid among family members, but it can also sometimes create obligations that may conflict with individual autonomy or broader societal norms.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Family' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A family is a group of individuals related to one another by blood ties, marriage, or adoption who form an economic unit, the adult members of which are responsible for the upbringing of children. All known societies involve some form of family system, although the nature of family relationships is widely variable across cultures and throughout history. While in modern societies the main family form is often considered the nuclear family (a couple and their dependent children), a variety of extended family relationships (including grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins) are also frequently found and play important roles in individuals\' lives. The family serves as a primary agent of socialisation, providing emotional support, care, and a sense of belonging for its members. It also plays a crucial role in the transmission of cultural norms, values, and traditions across generations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Family_And_Kinship_Aggregate' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Family_And_Kinship_Aggregate encompasses the fundamental social units organised around biological relationships, marriage bonds, adoption ties, and chosen kinship connections that serve as primary sites of socialisation, emotional support, and cultural transmission. These object aggregates represent the most basic and universal forms of human social organisation, providing essential functions including child-rearing, economic cooperation, emotional support, and the intergenerational transmission of culture, values, and resources. The diversity within this domain reflects different cultural approaches to organizing kinship relationships and family structures, from traditional extended family systems to contemporary chosen families. These aggregates demonstrate how humans create lasting social bonds that transcend individual lifespans, establish patterns of mutual obligation and support, and maintain continuity across generations through both biological and social reproduction.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Family_Of_Choice' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Family of choice refers to people with or without legal or blood ties who feel they belong together and wish to define themselves as a family, often based on shared values, mutual support, and emotional closeness. This concept recognises that family bonds can be formed through affinity and shared experiences, rather than solely through biological or legal connections. For individuals who may be estranged from their biological families or who find their primary source of emotional support and belonging elsewhere, families of choice can provide a vital sense of community and kinship. These chosen families can be particularly important for marginalised groups, such as LGBTQ+ individuals, who may face rejection or lack of acceptance from their families of origin. The increasing recognition of diverse family structures in modern society highlights the importance of emotional bonds and mutual commitment in defining what constitutes a family.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Family_Unit' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A family unit is a social group of two or more people, related by blood, marriage, or adoption, who usually live together in the same household and often share economic resources and responsibilities. This is a fundamental social institution in most societies, providing a context for socialisation, emotional support, and the care of its members, particularly children. The structure of the family unit can vary across cultures and over time, with the nuclear family (a couple and their dependent children) being the most common form in many Western industrialised societies, while extended families (including other relatives like grandparents, aunts, and uncles) are more prevalent in other parts of the world. The family unit plays a crucial role in the transmission of cultural norms and values from one generation to the next.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Family_Violence' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Family violence encompasses emotional, physical, or sexual abuse of one family member by another, occurring within the context of intimate relationships or familial ties. This can include violence between spouses or partners, parents and children, siblings, or other relatives living in the same household or having close relationships. Family violence is a significant social problem with serious consequences for the well-being and safety of its victims, including physical injuries, psychological trauma, and even death. It is often rooted in power imbalances and can be perpetuated by social norms, economic stressors, and individual factors. Addressing family violence requires a multi-faceted approach involving legal protection for victims, support services, and efforts to change societal attitudes and behaviours that condone or enable abuse within families.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Fashion' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Fashion refers to a social pattern in clothing, accessories, footwear, hairstyles, or behaviour that is favoured for a time by a large number of people within a particular culture or subculture. It is a dynamic and ever-changing phenomenon influenced by social, cultural, economic, and technological factors. Fashion can reflect current trends, social status, and individual identity, and it often involves a process of adoption, diffusion, and eventual obsolescence as new styles emerge. It is a form of collective behaviour that can be driven by designers, celebrities, media, and peer influence. The study of fashion in sociology examines its role in social differentiation, group affiliation, and the expression of cultural values. Trends in fashion can spread rapidly through modern communication channels, creating a sense of shared identity among those who adopt them.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Feminisation_Of_Poverty' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The feminisation of poverty is the trend by which women represent an increasing proportion of the poor population, both in developed and developing countries. This phenomenon is often attributed to a combination of factors, including gender inequalities in the labor market (such as the gender pay gap and occupational segregation), the disproportionate burden of unpaid care work that women often shoulder, higher rates of single-parenthood among women, and discriminatory laws and social norms that limit women\'s access to resources and opportunities. The feminisation of poverty highlights the intersection of gender and economic inequality, underscoring the need for policies and interventions that address the specific challenges and vulnerabilities faced by women in poverty.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Fertility' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Fertility refers to the incidence of child-bearing in a country\'s population, typically measured by the number of live births within a specific period, often a year, in relation to the population size or the number of women of childbearing age. Demographers study fertility rates to understand population growth and change, as well as the social, economic, and cultural factors that influence people\'s decisions about having children. Factors affecting fertility rates can include levels of education and economic development, access to contraception and family planning services, cultural norms and religious beliefs about family size, the status of women in society, and government policies related to child care and parental leave. Fertility rates vary significantly across different countries and regions and have been declining in many parts of the world in recent decades.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('First_World' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The term "First World" historically referred to the group of nation-states that possessed mature industrialised economies, based primarily on capitalistic production and aligned with the Western bloc during the Cold War era. These countries typically had high levels of economic development, technological advancement, and democratic political systems. The concept originated in the context of the Cold War division of the world into three "worlds": the First World (Western industrialised nations), the Second World (communist and socialist states), and the Third World (developing countries). While the Cold War context has ended, the term "First World" is sometimes still used, though often critically, to refer to highly developed, wealthy nations with strong economies and high standards of living. However, its continued use can be problematic as it implies a hierarchy and can overlook the diversity and complexities within and between these nations. More neutral terms like "developed countries" or "high-income countries" are often preferred in contemporary sociological and economic discourse.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Flexible_Production' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Flexible production is a process in which computers and advanced technologies are used to design and produce customised products for a mass market, allowing for greater variety and responsiveness to consumer demand. This contrasts with traditional mass production systems like Fordism, which focused on producing large quantities of standardised goods. Flexible production systems often involve computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), and robotics, enabling manufacturers to quickly adapt production lines to create different versions of a product or even entirely new products with relatively low switching costs. This approach allows for greater product differentiation and the ability to cater to niche markets, enhancing competitiveness in a globalised economy. Flexible production requires a skilled and adaptable workforce capable of working with advanced technologies.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Focused_Interaction' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Focused interaction refers to interaction between two or more individuals who are engaged in a common activity or a direct conversation with one another, characterised by mutual attention and a shared focus. This type of interaction involves a heightened level of awareness of the other participants and a mutual engagement in the interaction. Examples of focused interaction include a group of people playing a game, students working together on a project, or two friends having a conversation. Sociologist Erving Goffman\'s work on face-to-face interaction extensively explored the dynamics of focused encounters, highlighting the rules and norms that govern how individuals engage with each other in these situations. Focused interaction is essential for building relationships, sharing information, and achieving collective goals.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Folkway' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Folkway are informal norms governing everyday social behaviour whose violation raises comparatively little concern or mild social sanctions, such as disapproval or polite correction. These are the customs and conventions of daily life that guide routine interactions and contribute to social order. Examples of folkways include table manners, appropriate dress for certain occasions, and general politeness in social interactions. While violating a folkway might lead to social awkwardness or mild disapproval, it typically does not result in severe punishment or formal legal sanctions. Folkway are learned through socialisation and vary across cultures and social groups. They represent the unwritten rules that make social life predictable and comfortable.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Fordism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Fordism is an economic system based on mass assembly-line production, mass consumption, and standardised commodities, pioneered by Henry Ford in the early 20th century. Key features of Fordism include the use of specialised labor performing repetitive tasks on an assembly line, the production of large quantities of uniform products, and the payment of relatively high wages to workers to enable mass consumption of these goods. This system led to significant increases in productivity and made consumer goods more affordable, contributing to the rise of a mass consumer society. However, Fordism has also been criticised for its dehumanizing aspects due to the repetitive nature of the work and its lack of flexibility in responding to changing consumer preferences. The post-Fordist era is characterised by a shift towards more flexible production methods and diversified consumer markets.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Formal_And_Voluntary_Organisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Formal_And_Voluntary_Organisation represents structured collective entities that individuals join voluntarily to pursue specific shared goals, interests, or advocacy objectives. These organisations are characterised by formal membership structures, elected leadership, and explicit purposes that often involve influencing policy, providing services, or advancing particular causes. They typically operate through democratic processes and collective decision-making, with members contributing time, resources, or expertise toward common objectives. The aggregates within this category demonstrate how individuals organise collectively to amplify their voice, pool resources, and achieve goals that would be difficult to accomplish individually. These organisations serve as crucial intermediaries between individual citizens and larger institutional structures, facilitating democratic participation and social change through organised collective action.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Formal_Norm' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Formal norms are norms that generally have been written down and that specify strict rules for behaviour, often with clearly defined sanctions or punishments for violators. These norms are typically codified into laws, regulations, organisational rules, and codes of conduct, and they are enforced by formal authorities or institutions, such as the legal system, government agencies, and organisations. Examples of formal norms include traffic laws, criminal codes, university regulations, and workplace policies. Violations of formal norms can result in a range of penalties, from fines and suspension to imprisonment or termination of employment, depending on the severity of the infraction and the specific rules in place. Formal norms provide a clear and explicit framework for expected behaviour and help to maintain social order and control in complex societies and organisations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Formal_Organisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A formal organisation is a special-purpose group designed and structured for maximum efficiency in achieving specific goals or objectives. These organisations are characterised by a hierarchical structure of authority, a clear division of labor based on specialised roles and responsibilities, formal rules and procedures governing operations, and impersonal relationships among members. Examples of formal organisations include corporations, government agencies, universities, and hospitals. Max Weber\'s concept of bureaucracy is a classic example of a formal organisation designed for rational and efficient goal attainment. The formal structure of these organisations aims to ensure coordination, accountability, and predictability in their operations, although it can sometimes lead to rigidity and a lack of flexibility.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Formal_Social_Control' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Formal social control refers to the mechanisms and processes used by authorised agents and institutions within society to maintain order, enforce laws, and ensure conformity to established norms and rules. These agents include police officers, judges, school administrators, employers, and other individuals who have been given the authority to enforce social norms and impose sanctions when violations occur. Formal social control is characterised by its reliance on written rules, laws, and regulations, as well as established procedures for identifying and punishing deviant behaviour. Examples of formal social control mechanisms include arrests, prosecutions, disciplinary actions, and legal penalties. It plays a crucial role in maintaining social stability and protecting societal values and interests, often working in conjunction with informal social control mechanisms, such as social disapproval and peer pressure.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Functionalism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Functionalism is a theoretical perspective in sociology based on the notion that social events, institutions, and norms can best be explained in terms of the functions they perform – that is, the contributions they make to the continuity, stability, and overall well-being of a society. It views society as a complex system analogous to a living organism, where various interdependent parts work in a relatively stable relationship to each other, each fulfilling a specific role or function that is necessary for the whole to operate effectively. Functionalists seek to understand how different social structures, such as the family, education, religion, and the economy, contribute to the maintenance of social order and cohesion. This perspective emphasises the importance of shared values, norms, and consensus in society and how these contribute to social equilibrium. When examining social phenomena, functionalists ask what role that phenomenon plays in the larger social system and what its consequences are for the maintenance of social stability.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Functionalist_Perspective' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The functionalist perspective is a sociological approach that emphasises the way that the various parts of a society are structured to maintain its overall stability, order, and equilibrium. This perspective views society as a complex system composed of interconnected institutions, such as the family, education, government, and the economy, each with its own specific functions that contribute to the smooth operation of the whole. Functionalists analyse social phenomena by examining the roles they play in meeting the needs of society and promoting social cohesion. They focus on how shared values, norms, and consensus create a sense of social solidarity and enable society to function effectively. Social change, from a functionalist viewpoint, tends to be gradual and adaptive, occurring in response to disruptions in the social system to restore stability. Key theorists associated with functionalism include Émile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, and Robert Merton.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Fundamentalism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Fundamentalism is a belief in returning to the literal, strict, and inerrant meanings of scriptural texts or the foundational doctrines of a religion, often accompanied by a strong emphasis on traditional values and practices. Fundamentalism may arise as a reaction or response to modernisation, secularisation, and rationalisation, which are perceived as threats to religious beliefs and traditional ways of life. It often involves a rejection of more liberal or interpretive approaches to religious texts and a strong insistence on faith-based answers to contemporary issues, defending tradition by appealing to what are considered to be the unchanging and absolute truths found in religious scriptures. Fundamentalist movements can be found across various religions and may manifest in different ways, including social activism, political engagement, and the establishment of separate communities adhering strictly to their religious principles.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Gender' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Gender refers to the social expectations about behaviour that are regarded as appropriate for the members of each sex within a given culture. It is crucial to understand that gender does not primarily refer to the physical attributes that differentiate men and women biologically (sex), but rather to the socially formed traits of masculinity and femininity, which are learned through socialisation and vary across cultures and time periods. Gender encompasses the roles, norms, and identities that a society assigns to individuals based on their sex, influencing how they are expected to behave, interact, and present themselves. These social expectations shape everything from clothing and hairstyles to occupations and emotional expressions, and they play a significant role in structuring social relationships and hierarchies.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Gender_Identity' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Gender identity is the subjective and internal sense of being a man, a woman, both, neither, or somewhere else along the gender spectrum; it is the deeply felt psychological identification as male, female, or another gender. This is distinct from sex assigned at birth, which is typically based on visible biological characteristics, and gender expression, which is how an individual outwardly presents their gender through clothing, behaviour, and other means. Gender identity is a fundamental aspect of an individual\'s sense of self and can align with or differ from their sex assigned at birth. The development of gender identity is a complex process influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors. For many individuals, their gender identity is a core part of who they are and how they experience the world.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Gender_Inequality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Gender inequality refers to the differences in the status, power, prestige, opportunities, and resources that women and men have in groups, collectivities, and societies. This inequality is often manifested in various forms, including disparities in economic opportunities and earnings (such as the gender pay gap), political representation and influence, access to education and healthcare, and social and cultural norms that privilege one gender over the other, typically men. Gender inequality is a pervasive issue across many societies, although its specific forms and extent can vary significantly across cultures and historical periods. Feminist theories in sociology aim to understand the social, cultural, and historical roots of gender inequality and to advocate for social change that promotes gender equality and justice.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Gender_Order' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The gender order is a term associated with the writings of sociologist R. W. Connell that represents the overall patterns of power relations between masculinities and femininities that are widespread throughout society, shaping social institutions, interactions, and individual experiences. It encompasses the dominant cultural beliefs and practices that construct and maintain gender hierarchies, often privileging certain forms of masculinity while subordinating femininities and marginalised masculinities. The gender order is not static but is constantly being negotiated and contested through social interactions and power struggles. It influences everything from the division of labor in the household and the workplace to cultural representations of gender in media and the ways in which individuals perform their gender identities. Understanding the gender order is crucial for analysing and challenging systemic gender inequalities in society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Gender_Performance' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Gender performance refers to the ways in which individuals actively \'do gender\' through their behaviours, mannerisms, clothing, speech, and other forms of self-expression, thereby enacting and reinforcing societal expectations associated with masculinities and femininities. This concept, often associated with the work of Judith Butler, emphasises that gender is not simply an internal identity but is also constructed and expressed through outward actions and presentations that are shaped by social norms and cultural understandings of what it means to be a man or a woman (or other genders) in a particular context. Gender performance is not necessarily a conscious act of role-playing but rather the ongoing ways in which individuals embody and communicate their gender in everyday life, contributing to the social construction of gender itself.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Gender_Relation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Gender relations refer to the societally patterned interactions, roles, and power dynamics between men and women, as well as between individuals of other gender identities, within a given society. These relations are shaped by cultural norms, social institutions, economic structures, and historical factors, and they influence various aspects of social life, including family, work, education, politics, and interpersonal relationships. Gender relations are often characterised by inequalities in status, power, and resources, with one gender (typically men in patriarchal societies) holding more privilege and authority than others. The study of gender relations in sociology examines how these power dynamics are constructed, maintained, and challenged, and how they impact individuals and society as a whole. Understanding gender relations is essential for addressing gender-based inequalities and promoting gender equality.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Gender_Role' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Gender roles are the social roles, behaviours, attitudes, and expectations that are considered appropriate, acceptable, or desirable for people based on their perceived sex or gender within a particular culture or society. These roles are often labeled as masculine or feminine and are learned through the process of socialisation from a young age, influenced by family, peers, education, media, and other social institutions. Gender roles can vary significantly across different cultures and can change over time within the same society. While they provide a framework for social interaction and can contribute to a sense of identity, they can also be restrictive and contribute to gender stereotypes and inequalities by limiting individuals\' opportunities and expressions based on societal expectations of their gender. The study of gender roles in sociology examines how they are constructed, maintained, and challenged, and their impact on individuals and social structures.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Gender_Stratification' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Gender stratification refers to a society\'s unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between the two sexes, with one gender (typically men) holding a disproportionate share of these resources and social advantages. This hierarchical arrangement is evident in various aspects of social life, including the economic sphere (e.g., the gender pay gap, occupational segregation), the political arena (e.g., underrepresentation of women in leadership positions), and social institutions (e.g., differential treatment in education and healthcare). Gender stratification is not simply a matter of individual differences but is embedded in the social structure and perpetuated by cultural norms, beliefs, and practices that often favour men and disadvantage women. Feminist theories in sociology critically examine the causes and consequences of gender stratification and advocate for social equality between the sexes.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Generalised_Other' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Generalised others is a term used by social psychologist George Herbert Mead to refer to the child\'s developing awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, expectations, and norms of society as a whole, which the child gradually takes into account in his or her behaviour. This concept is a key part of Mead\'s theory of the social self, explaining how individuals develop a sense of self through social interaction. As children mature, they move beyond understanding the expectations of specific individuals (like parents) to understanding the broader expectations of their community and society. This internalised understanding of the generalised other allows individuals to regulate their behaviour according to societal norms and to anticipate how others might respond to their actions, even in interactions with unfamiliar people. The ability to take the perspective of the generalised other is essential for becoming a fully socialised member of society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Genocide' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Genocide is the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people, nation, ethnic group, or other distinct group of people, with the intent to destroy the group in whole or in part. It is considered the most extreme form of intergroup intolerance and a grave violation of human rights. Genocide can involve various methods of extermination, including mass killings, forced displacement leading to death, the imposition of measures intended to prevent births within the group, and the forcible transfer of children of the group to another group. The Holocaust, in which Nazi Germany systematically murdered approximately six million Jews, is a well-known historical example of genocide. Other instances include the treatment of aboriginal Australians by white settlers and the European colonisation of North America, which led to a drastic decline in Native American populations, partly due to the introduction of European diseases. The ongoing conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan has also been cited as a contemporary example of genocide. The prevention and punishment of genocide are major concerns of international law and human rights efforts.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Gentrification' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Gentrification is a process of urban renewal in which older, decaying housing and neighborhoods in central city areas are refurbished and revitalised by more affluent people, often resulting in the displacement of the original, lower-income residents. This process typically involves the renovation of buildings, the influx of new businesses and amenities catering to a higher-income clientele, and an increase in property values and rents, making the area unaffordable for many of its long-term residents. While gentrification can lead to the physical improvement of neglected urban areas, it often raises concerns about social equity and the displacement of vulnerable populations, potentially leading to the loss of affordable housing and the disruption of established communities. The causes and consequences of gentrification are complex and have been a subject of much sociological research and debate, with discussions focusing on issues of urban planning, housing policy, and social justice.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Gerontology' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Gerontology is the scientific study of the sociological, psychological, biological, and economic aspects of aging and the problems of older adults. It is an interdisciplinary field that draws on various disciplines to understand the aging process and the experiences of people as they grow older. Social gerontology, a specialised area within gerontology, specifically examines the social (and sociological) aspects of aging, focusing on topics such as social roles, relationships, social inequalities related to age, and the impact of social structures on the aging experience. Researchers in gerontology also study the psychological changes associated with aging, as well as the biological processes of senescence and the economic challenges and opportunities faced by older populations. The field of gerontology plays an increasingly important role in addressing the needs and concerns of aging populations in societies around the world.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Global_And_National_System_Category' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Global_And_National_System_Category represents aggregates that describe different types of nation-states and societies within the contemporary global system, characterised by varying levels of economic development, technological advancement, and political power. These categories reflect the hierarchical and unequal nature of the global political and economic system, where different countries occupy distinct positions based on their historical development, resource endowments, and political relationships. They demonstrate how global economic and political processes create systematic differences between societies in terms of their opportunities, constraints, and relationships with other nations. These aggregates are essential for understanding contemporary patterns of global inequality, international relations, and the dynamics of globalisation and development.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Global_Power_Relations_And_Cultural_Policy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Global_Power_Relations_And_Cultural_Policy represents institutional arrangements, policy frameworks, and systematic practices that govern relationships between different cultural, ethnic, and national groups, particularly focusing on how power differentials shape intercultural dynamics and group relationships. This category encompasses both historical systems of domination and contemporary policies designed to address inequality and promote inclusion. These arrangements function as realizable entities that can be implemented through legislation, institutional practices, and social policies, representing different approaches to managing cultural diversity and addressing historical injustices. The category includes both oppressive systems that systematically excluded and marginalised certain groups, as well as remedial policies designed to counteract discrimination and promote greater equity. These mechanisms operate across multiple scales, from domestic policies addressing minority rights and cultural recognition to international systems of economic and political dominance that perpetuate global inequalities. The category recognises that contemporary cultural and racial politics cannot be understood without reference to historical patterns of domination and the ongoing efforts to address their legacies through institutional reform and policy intervention.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Global_Village' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Global village is a notion associated with the Canadian writer and media theorist Marshall McLuhan, who envisioned the spread of electronic communication technologies, such as television and later the internet, as binding the world into a single, interconnected community, akin to a small village where everyone knows everyone else and information travels rapidly. McLuhan argued that electronic media collapses time and space, allowing people from different parts of the world to interact and share experiences in real-time, fostering a sense of global interconnectedness and shared consciousness. While the "global village" concept highlights the potential for increased communication and understanding across cultures, it has also been critiqued for overlooking issues of power imbalances, cultural homogenisation, and the digital divide that exists in access to technology and information worldwide.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Global_Warming' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Global warming refers to the gradual increase in the average temperature of planet Earth, a phenomenon primarily attributed to the enhanced greenhouse effect resulting from human activities. While the greenhouse effect is a natural process where certain gases in the Earth\'s atmosphere trap the sun\'s radiation and warm the planet to a habitable temperature, global warming implies an acceleration of this effect due to the increased concentration of heat-trapping gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, released by human actions like the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes. The potential consequences of unchecked global warming are far-reaching and potentially devastating, including significant changes to the world\'s climate patterns, leading to more frequent and intense extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, heatwaves, and storms, as well as rising sea levels, disruptions to ecosystems, and threats to human health and well-being. Understanding the causes and impacts of global warming is a critical area of sociological inquiry, as it involves examining the social, economic, and political factors that contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and the ways in which societies can respond to this global challenge through mitigation and adaptation strategies.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Governance' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Governance refers to the exercise of political, economic, and administrative authority in the management of a country\'s affairs at all levels, encompassing the ways in which power is used to make and implement decisions, as well as the processes and institutions through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights, and mediate their differences. Effective governance involves not only the actions of the government but also the roles and interactions of various other actors, including civil society organisations, the private sector, and international bodies. It encompasses the rule of law, transparency, accountability, participation, and responsiveness, all of which are crucial for ensuring stability, promoting economic development, and protecting human rights within a society. Sociologists study governance to understand how power is distributed and exercised, the effectiveness of different governance structures, and the impact of governance on social and economic outcomes.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Government' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Government refers to the regular enactment of policies, decisions, and matters of state by officials within a political apparatus, representing the formal organisation that has the authority to make and enforce laws and regulations within a specific territory or society. It encompasses the various institutions and processes through which a state exercises its power and authority, including legislative bodies that create laws, executive branches that implement and enforce them, and judicial systems that interpret laws and resolve disputes. Governments play a crucial role in maintaining social order, providing public services, regulating the economy, and representing the interests of the state in its interactions with other nations. The form and structure of government can vary widely, ranging from democracies to authoritarian regimes, each with different mechanisms for the selection of officials and the exercise of power. Political sociology examines the role of government in society, its relationship with citizens and other social institutions, and the factors that influence its policies and actions.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Government_And_Politics' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Government and Politics represent a fundamental social institution and a central field of study within sociology and political science. This domain examines the complex ways in which power is exercised, organised, and legitimised within societies. It encompasses the state, its various governmental institutions, and the processes through which public policies are formulated, implemented, and enforced. Key areas include the analysis of different political systems (e.g., democracies, monarchies, authoritarian regimes), the distribution of power among various social groups (e.g., the power elite), the role of authority (traditional, charismatic, legal-rational), and the mechanisms of governance at local, national, and global levels. Political sociology also investigates political socialisation, political behaviour, public sphere dynamics, and how political structures influence social inequality and social change, and how citizens engage with or are controlled by political apparatuses.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Grand_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Grand theories in sociology are ambitious theoretical frameworks that attempt to provide an overall explanation of social life, social development, and the fundamental nature of society as a whole. These theories typically seek to understand the underlying principles and structures that shape human behaviour, social interactions, and the evolution of societies over time. Karl Marx\'s theory of successive class conflicts as the driving force of history, leading to the eventual overthrow of capitalism and the establishment of a communist society, is a classic example of grand theorizing, attempting to explain the trajectory of human social development through the lens of economic and material forces. Other examples of grand theories include Talcott Parsons\'s structural functionalism, which views society as a complex system striving for equilibrium, and Immanuel Wallerstein\'s world-systems theory, which analyses global inequality in terms of a core-periphery model. While grand theories aim to provide comprehensive explanations, they have also been critiqued for being overly abstract, difficult to test empirically, and sometimes too broad to account for the diversity and complexity of social phenomena.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Greenhouse_Effect' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The greenhouse effect is the build-up of heat-trapping gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor, within the Earth\'s atmosphere, which acts like the glass roof of a greenhouse, allowing sunlight to enter and warm the planet but preventing some of the heat from escaping back into space. This natural process is essential for keeping the Earth\'s temperature at a level that can support life. However, the term \'greenhouse effect\' is often used in the context of global warming to refer to an enhanced greenhouse effect resulting from the build-up of high concentrations of greenhouse gases due to human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels for energy, deforestation, and industrial processes. This increase in greenhouse gases traps more heat in the atmosphere, leading to a rise in the Earth\'s average temperature, a phenomenon known as global warming, which has significant implications for climate patterns, sea levels, and ecosystems worldwide.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Greying' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Greying is a term used in sociology and demography to indicate that an increasing proportion of a society\'s population is becoming elderly, typically defined as those aged 65 and over. This demographic shift is occurring in many countries around the world due to factors such as declining birth rates and increasing life expectancy, resulting in a larger percentage of the population being in older age groups. The greying of society has significant social, economic, and healthcare implications, including increased demands on pension systems, healthcare services, and social support networks, as well as potential changes in the labor force and economic productivity. It also raises questions about social roles, intergenerational relations, and the ways in which societies can adapt to the needs and contributions of an aging population.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Gross_Domestic_Product_(GDP)' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total monetary or market value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country\'s borders in a specific time period, usually one year, regardless of who owns the factors of production. It is a comprehensive measure of a country\'s economic activity and is widely used as an indicator of its economic health and growth. GDP includes all private and public consumption, government outlays, investments, and exports minus imports that occur within the defined territory. It provides a snapshot of the total economic output of a nation and is often used to compare the size and performance of different economies. While GDP is a key economic indicator, it has limitations as a measure of overall societal well-being, as it does not account for factors such as income distribution, environmental quality, or non-market activities.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'In sociology, a group is defined as any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis, developing a sense of shared identity and belonging. The size of a group can range from a small dyad (two people) to large-scale organisations or even broader social categories. What distinguishes a group from a mere collection of individuals is the presence of ongoing social interaction, shared norms and values that guide behaviour, and a sense of mutual awareness and interdependence among members. Groups play a fundamental role in social life, providing individuals with social support, a sense of identity, and a context for social interaction and the development of social norms. Sociologists study groups to understand group dynamics, social influence, conformity, leadership, and the ways in which groups shape individual behaviour and social structures.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Growth_Rate' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Growth rate in demography refers to the annual change in the size of a population, expressed as a percentage. It is calculated by taking the difference between the number of births and deaths (natural increase) and adding the difference between the number of immigrants entering and emigrants leaving a population (net migration), all per 1,000 population. A positive growth rate indicates that the population is increasing, while a negative rate signifies a decrease. This measure is crucial for understanding population dynamics and planning for future resource needs in areas such as infrastructure, education, and healthcare. Factors influencing growth rate include fertility rates, mortality rates, and migration patterns, which are in turn affected by social, economic, and environmental conditions.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Hate_Crime' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A hate crime is a criminal act committed against a person or their property that is motivated, in whole or in part, by the offender\'s bias against a race, religion, ethnic or national origin, disability, sexual orientation, or gender identity. These crimes are distinct because they target individuals or groups based on their membership in a protected category, sending a message of fear and intimidation to the broader community that shares that characteristic. Hate crimes can range from vandalism and harassment to physical assault and even homicide, and they are often prosecuted with more severe penalties than similar crimes that are not motivated by bias due to their particularly harmful impact on victims and society. Recognizing and addressing hate crimes is an important aspect of promoting social justice and protecting the rights and safety of all individuals within a community.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Hawthorne_Effect' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The Hawthorne effect is a phenomenon in research where a change in a subject\'s behaviour occurs simply because they are aware of being studied or observed, rather than due to any specific manipulation or intervention introduced by the researchers. This effect was first observed during a series of industrial experiments conducted at the Hawthorne Works factory of Western Electric in the 1920s and 1930s, where researchers found that workers\' productivity increased not only in response to changes in working conditions (like lighting) but also when changes were reversed or even when no changes were made, seemingly because the workers were aware they were being observed and were responding to the attention they were receiving. The Hawthorne effect poses a challenge for researchers as it can confound the results of studies if participants\' awareness of being studied influences their behaviour in unintended ways, making it difficult to determine the true effect of the independent variable. Researchers often try to minimise the Hawthorne effect through various methodological strategies, such as using blind or double-blind study designs or by observing participants unobtrusively.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Health' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'As defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO), health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity. This definition emphasises a holistic view of health that goes beyond just the absence of illness to include the overall quality of an individual\'s physical, psychological, and social functioning and resources. It recognises that health is influenced by a complex interplay of biological, psychological, social, economic, and environmental factors. Achieving and maintaining health requires attention to all these dimensions and involves promoting well-being in all aspects of life. This broad definition underscores the sociological perspective on health, which examines how social factors shape health outcomes and inequalities within and between populations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Health_Maintenance_Org' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Health maintenance organisations (HMOs) are a type of managed healthcare organisation that provides comprehensive medical services to its enrolled members for a preestablished fee, typically paid on a monthly basis, regardless of how often the services are used. HMOs aim to control healthcare costs by emphasizing preventive care and requiring members to choose a primary care physician (PCP) who acts as a gatekeeper, coordinating their care and providing referrals to specialists when necessary. HMOs often have a network of doctors, hospitals, and other healthcare providers that members must use to receive coverage, except in cases of emergency. While HMOs can help to make healthcare more affordable and predictable in terms of cost, they have also been criticised for potentially limiting patients\' choice of providers and sometimes prioritizing cost-cutting over the quality of care.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Healthcare' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Healthcare, in sociology, refers to the social institution and complex system of organisations, professionals, and practices dedicated to maintaining and improving the physical, mental, and social well-being of individuals and populations. This domain encompasses a wide range of services, including medical diagnosis and treatment, disease prevention, health promotion, rehabilitation, and palliative care. Sociologists examine the social determinants of health and illness, investigating how factors like socioeconomic status, race, gender, and geographic location influence health disparities and access to care. The study of healthcare also analyses the social organisation of medical practices, the roles of healthcare providers and patients, the social construction of health and illness (e.g., the sick role), and the impact of health maintenance organisations (HMOs) and holistic medicine approaches. It critically assesses healthcare policies, inequalities in health outcomes, and the broader societal implications of health and disease.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Hegemonic_Masculinity' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Hegemonic masculinity refers to the dominant or main ways of being a man in a society that are widely accepted and often idealised, shaping societal expectations and norms for male behaviour and identity. This concept, developed by sociologist R. W. Connell, describes a culturally idealised form of masculinity that is often associated with characteristics such as strength, independence, rationality, emotional control, and heterosexuality, and which often positions men in positions of power and authority over women and other marginalised masculinities. Hegemonic masculinity is not necessarily practiced by the majority of men but rather represents a culturally dominant ideal that influences how masculinity is understood and performed in society, often setting standards against which other forms of masculinity are measured and sometimes devalued. It is a dynamic and evolving concept that varies across cultures and historical periods.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Hegemony' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Hegemony, in a sociological context, refers to the means by which a ruling or dominant group wins over a subordinate group through ideas, values, beliefs, and cultural norms, rather than primarily through force or coercion. This concept, often associated with the work of Antonio Gramsci, describes a process where the dominant group\'s ideology becomes widely accepted as common sense or the natural order of things, even by those who are disadvantaged by it, thereby maintaining the dominant group\'s power and control. Hegemony operates by shaping people\'s perceptions, preferences, and understandings of the world in ways that support the status quo. It is a subtle form of power that works through cultural influence and the shaping of consciousness, making social inequalities seem legitimate or inevitable.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Hidden_Curriculum' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The hidden curriculum refers to the unstated or subtle standards of behaviour, attitudes, values, and beliefs that are deemed proper by society and are taught implicitly in schools through the everyday practices, routines, and social interactions within the educational environment, rather than through the formal academic curriculum. This can include learning about punctuality, obedience to authority, competition, conformity to rules, and the importance of social hierarchies. The hidden curriculum plays a significant role in the socialisation of students, shaping their understanding of social norms, expectations, and power dynamics in ways that may not be explicitly stated but are nonetheless influential in preparing them for their roles in the broader society and the workplace. Sociologists study the hidden curriculum to understand how schools contribute to the reproduction of social inequalities and the transmission of dominant cultural values.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Historical_And_Cultural_Context' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Historical and Cultural Context refers to the specific historical periods, social conditions, and cultural settings that profoundly influence and shape social phenomena, human behaviour, and the meanings individuals attach to their experiences within a society. This meta-category emphasises that sociological concepts and social realities are not universal or static but are deeply embedded in and understood through the lens of their unique historical trajectories and prevailing cultural norms, values, beliefs, and practices. For example, concepts like colonialism, underdevelopment, modernisation, and globalisation can only be fully grasped by considering the historical eras and cultural frameworks in which they occurred and continue to evolve. This contextual understanding helps to explain the diversity of social structures, institutions, and processes across different societies and over time, highlighting how past events and cultural legacies shape present social realities and future possibilities.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Holistic_Medicine' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Holistic medicine is an approach to health maintenance and healthcare that uses therapies in which the healthcare practitioner considers the whole person – their physical, mental, emotional, social, and spiritual characteristics – rather than focusing solely on the physical symptoms of an illness. This approach emphasises the interconnectedness of these different aspects of well-being and aims to treat the root causes of illness by addressing the individual\'s overall health and lifestyle. Holistic practitioners may use a variety of therapeutic modalities, including lifestyle changes, stress reduction techniques, nutritional guidance, exercise programs, and complementary and alternative therapies, in addition to conventional medical treatments, to promote healing and well-being. The focus is on treating the individual as a whole and empowering them to take an active role in their own health and healing process.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Homophobia' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Homophobia refers to the fear of and prejudice against homosexuality, as well as individuals who identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. It encompasses a range of negative attitudes, beliefs, and discriminatory behaviours directed towards homosexual people, often rooted in societal norms, religious beliefs, and misconceptions about sexual orientation. Homophobia can manifest in various forms, from subtle expressions of disapproval or discomfort to overt acts of discrimination, harassment, and violence. It can have significant negative impacts on the mental health, social well-being, and safety of LGBTQ+ individuals, leading to feelings of isolation, anxiety, and fear. Challenging homophobia involves promoting understanding, acceptance, and equality for all individuals regardless of their sexual orientation through education, advocacy, and legal protections.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Homosexuality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Homosexuality is an orientation of sexual activities, romantic feelings, and emotional attraction towards others of the same sex or gender. It is one of the three main categories of sexual orientation, alongside heterosexuality (attraction to the opposite sex or gender) and bisexuality (attraction to more than one gender). Homosexuality is a natural variation of human sexuality and has been documented across different cultures and throughout history. It is not a mental illness or a lifestyle choice but rather a fundamental aspect of an individual\'s identity. The understanding and social acceptance of homosexuality have evolved over time, and LGBTQ+ rights movements have advocated for equal rights and protections for homosexual individuals and couples in many parts of the world.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Horizontal_Mobility' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Horizontal mobility refers to the movement of an individual from one social position to another of the same rank or social status within the social hierarchy. This type of mobility involves a change in occupation, job, or social role that does not result in a significant upward or downward shift in terms of prestige, power, or income. For example, a teacher moving from one school to another, or a nurse changing hospitals, would be considered horizontal mobility, as their occupational status and social standing remain relatively the same. Horizontal mobility is a common occurrence in modern societies and reflects changes in individuals\' careers or life circumstances without necessarily altering their position within the broader social stratification system.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Horticultural_Society' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Horticultural societies are preindustrial societies in which people plant seeds and cultivate crops rather than relying solely on foraging for naturally available foods. These societies typically use simple hand tools, such as hoes and digging sticks, to cultivate small plots of land for subsistence. Unlike agrarian societies that employ more advanced agricultural technologies like plows and irrigation, horticultural societies generally have a lower level of technological development and a less intensive form of agriculture. Horticultural societies often practice slash-and-burn agriculture, where vegetation is cleared and burned to create fertile land for planting, which is then abandoned after a few years as the soil becomes depleted, and the group moves to a new area. These societies tend to be more settled than hunter-gatherer societies but may still exhibit some degree of mobility.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Human_Ecology' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Human ecology is an area of study within sociology and other social sciences that is concerned with the interrelationships between people and their spatial setting and physical environment. It examines how social organisation, population dynamics, culture, and technology shape human interactions with the environment and how the environment, in turn, influences social life and human behaviour. Human ecology explores topics such as urbanisation, environmental degradation, resource management, and the impact of environmental changes on human populations and social systems. It emphasises a holistic and systemic approach to understanding the complex connections between human societies and the natural world, recognizing that these are interdependent and mutually influencing systems.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Hunting-and-gathering_Society' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A hunting-and-gathering society is a preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods (such as wild fruits, vegetables, nuts, and hunted animals) and fiber are readily available in their natural environment in order to live and sustain themselves. These societies typically have a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle, moving from place to place in search of food and resources as they become seasonally available. They generally have a small population size and a relatively simple social structure with a minimal division of labor, often based on age and sex. Hunting-and-gathering was the primary mode of subsistence for humans throughout most of history, and some relatively isolated groups continue to practice this way of life today. Their survival depends on their knowledge of the local environment and their skills in hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plants.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Hypothesis' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A hypothesis is an idea, or an educated guess, about a given state of affairs, a potential relationship between two or more variables, or a possible explanation for a phenomenon, put forward in exact and testable terms to provide the basis for empirical testing in research. A good hypothesis is clear, specific, and falsifiable, meaning that it can be tested through observation or experimentation, and it is possible to find evidence that either supports or contradicts it. Hypotheses often take the form of a statement predicting how one variable (the independent variable) will affect another variable (the dependent variable). The process of formulating and testing hypotheses is central to the scientific method in sociology and other disciplines, allowing researchers to systematically investigate social phenomena and build evidence-based knowledge.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Ideal_Culture' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Ideal Culture refers to the norms, values, beliefs, and practices that a society outwardly professes, publicly endorses, and explicitly strives to uphold as its standards for behaviour and social life. It represents the idealised version of a society\'s culture, encompassing the goals, aspirations, and moral principles that are formally taught, celebrated, and often enshrined in laws and official documents. Ideal culture provides a set of guidelines for how people should behave and what they should value. However, it often stands in contrast to "real culture," which refers to the actual social patterns and behaviours observed in everyday life that may deviate from or only partially approximate these idealised expectations. The discrepancy between ideal and real culture can be a source of social tension, hypocrisy, or calls for social change, as individuals and groups navigate the gap between espoused ideals and lived realities.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Ideal_Type' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'An ideal type is a conceptual construct or model that serves as a measuring rod or analytical tool against which specific cases can be evaluated and compared. The concept was developed by Max Weber, who emphasised that an ideal type is not meant to represent a perfect or desirable state, nor is it a statistical average of real-world cases. Instead, it is a deliberately constructed analytical abstraction that exaggerates certain features of a social phenomenon to highlight its essential characteristics and to provide a framework for understanding variations and similarities in empirical cases. For example, Weber\'s ideal type of bureaucracy outlines the key characteristics of a perfectly rational and efficient bureaucratic organisation, which can then be used to analyse and compare real-world bureaucracies that may deviate from this ideal in various ways. Ideal types are valuable tools for sociological analysis, helping researchers to clarify concepts, identify patterns, and develop theoretical insights.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Identity' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Identity refers to the distinctive characteristics of a person\'s character or the character of a group which relate to who they are and what is meaningful to them, providing a sense of self and belonging. Some of the main sources of identity include gender, encompassing social expectations of masculinity and femininity; sexual orientation, referring to patterns of emotional, romantic, and sexual attraction; nationality or ethnicity, based on shared cultural heritage, origin, and often language or religion; and social class, reflecting one\'s position in the socioeconomic hierarchy. Identity is not fixed but is fluid and can evolve over an individual\'s life course through interactions with others and within different social contexts. It shapes how individuals perceive themselves and how they are perceived by others, influencing their social interactions, opportunities, and experiences within society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Identity_And_Self' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Identity and Self constitutes a central sociological and social psychological domain focusing on how individuals develop, perceive, and express their unique sense of who they are, and how this understanding is shaped by social interactions and broader societal influences. This area examines the self as a social construct, exploring the processes through which individuals become self-aware and form their personal identity (self-identity), encompassing their conscious perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and beliefs about themselves. Key concepts include George Herbert Mead\'s theory of the social self, which differentiates between the "I" (the spontaneous, acting self) and the "me" (the socialised self, reflecting internalised societal perspectives, including those of significant others and the generalised other). This domain also delves into various facets of identity, such as gender identity, sexual orientation, personality, and the impact of social roles, experiences, and social groups (in-groups, out-groups) on self-concept. It explores how individuals manage their self-presentation through impression management and face-work in social interactions.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Identity_Formation_And_Role_Development_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Identity_Formation_And_Role_Development_Process represents the dynamic mechanisms through which individuals develop, maintain, modify, and transition between social identities and roles throughout their lives. These processes involve both the internal psychological work of self-definition and the external social processes of role acquisition and performance. Self-identity formation involves the ongoing construction of personal identity through social interaction and self-reflection. Role-taking enables individuals to understand and adopt different social perspectives, facilitating effective social interaction and empathy. Anticipatory socialisation allows individuals to prepare for future roles and social positions before actually occupying them. Role exit involves the complex process of disengaging from established roles and reconstructing identity. Ageing encompasses the broader life course changes that affect identity and role transitions over time. These processes demonstrate the fluid and dynamic nature of social identity, showing how individuals actively construct and reconstruct their sense of self in response to changing social circumstances and life transitions.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Immigration' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Immigration is the movement of people into one country from another with the intention of settling permanently or for an extended period. This cross-border migration can occur for a variety of reasons, including seeking better economic opportunities, escaping poverty, conflict, or persecution, joining family members, or pursuing education and personal development. Immigration has significant social, economic, and cultural impacts on both the sending and receiving countries, contributing to population growth and diversity, influencing labor markets, and shaping cultural landscapes. The experiences of immigrants can vary widely depending on factors such as their reasons for migrating, their skills and resources, the policies and attitudes of the host country, and the presence of established immigrant communities.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Impression_Management' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Impression management is a term used by sociologist Erving Goffman to refer to the conscious or unconscious altering of the presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences in social interactions. Individuals engage in impression management to control how others perceive them and to project a desired image or definition of the situation. This involves strategically using language, nonverbal cues, behaviour, and props to convey a particular identity or role. Goffman\'s dramaturgical approach views social life as a performance, and impression management is a key aspect of this performance, as individuals strive to present a "face" that is appropriate to the social context and that will be accepted by others. The goal of impression management can be to gain approval, build trust, assert authority, or achieve other social objectives.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('In-group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'An in-group is any group or category to which people feel they belong and with which they identify, often fostering a sense of loyalty, solidarity, and shared identity among its members. Membership in an in-group can be based on various factors such as shared ethnicity, nationality, religion, social class, occupation, or common interests. Individuals within an in-group often have a sense of "we-ness" and may view members of out-groups (those to whom they do not belong) as different or even oppositional. The distinction between in-groups and out-groups can play a significant role in social dynamics, influencing attitudes, behaviours, and intergroup relations, sometimes leading to in-group favouritism and out-group prejudice.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Incest_Taboo' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The incest taboo is a universal or near-universal prohibition of sexual relationships between certain culturally specified relatives, most commonly between parents and their children, and between siblings. While the specific definition of which relatives are included in the taboo can vary across cultures, the prohibition against sexual relations within the immediate family is widespread. The incest taboo serves several important social functions, including preventing genetic defects that can result from inbreeding, maintaining clarity in family roles and boundaries, promoting exogamy (marriage outside the family) and the formation of broader social alliances, and reducing sexual competition and conflict within the family unit. The strength and enforcement of the incest taboo vary across societies, but it remains a fundamental norm in virtually all cultures.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Incidence' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Incidence, in the context of social science and public health research, refers to the number of new cases of a specific disorder, disease, condition, or event occurring within a given population during a stated period of time, often expressed as a rate per a certain number of people (e.g., per 1,000 or 100,000 population per year). Incidence provides a measure of the risk of developing a new case of the condition within the specified time frame and is useful for understanding the spread and trends of various social or health phenomena. It is distinct from prevalence, which refers to the total number of cases (both new and existing) of a condition present in a population at a particular point in time or during a specific period. Monitoring incidence rates can help researchers and policymakers identify emerging social problems or health issues and evaluate the effectiveness of prevention efforts.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Individual_Development_And_Interaction_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Individual_Development_And_Interaction_Theory focus on micro-level processes involving individual cognitive development, social interaction, and the relationship between biology, language, and behaviour. These theories examine how individuals develop cognitively and socially throughout their lives, from Piaget\'s developmental stages to aging theories like disengagement theory. Symbolic interactionism emphasises how individuals create meaning through social interaction and shared symbols. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis explores how language shapes thought and perception, while sociobiology investigates biological foundations of social behaviour. Cornucopian theory represents optimistic views of human adaptability and innovation, and multiple-nuclei theory examines urban development patterns from a more localised perspective. Despite their diversity, these theories share an emphasis on individual-level processes, whether cognitive, linguistic, biological, or interactional, and how these micro-level phenomena contribute to broader social patterns and human adaptation to environmental challenges.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Inductive_Logical_Thought' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Inductive logical thought is a reasoning process that involves transforming specific observations, empirical findings, or particular instances into broader generalisations, general theories, or abstract principles. It moves from the specific to the general, where patterns, similarities, or regularities observed in individual cases are used to formulate more encompassing conclusions or hypotheses about a larger population or phenomenon. For example, if a researcher observes that in several instances, increased levels of education are associated with higher income, they might use inductive reasoning to develop a general theory suggesting a positive relationship between education and income in the broader population. Inductive reasoning is a fundamental approach in empirical research, where data collection and analysis of specific cases often serve as the foundation for building sociological theories and understanding social patterns. While inductive conclusions are based on evidence, they are probabilistic rather than certain, as there is always the possibility that future observations might not fit the established pattern.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Industrial_City' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'An industrial city is a type of urban center characterised by its relatively large size and population density, a dynamic and often competitive environment, a more open class system compared to pre-industrial societies, and a significant level of elaborate specialisation in the manufacturing of goods and the provision of related services. These cities emerged and grew rapidly during the Industrial Revolution, becoming centers of production, innovation, and migration, attracting large numbers of people seeking employment in factories and related industries. The social structure of industrial cities often reflects a greater degree of social mobility based on achieved status compared to more traditional, agrarian-based societies. However, they can also be characterised by social inequalities and challenges associated with rapid urbanisation, such as overcrowding, pollution, and the development of distinct social and economic neighborhoods.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Industrial_Revolution' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The Industrial Revolution refers to the broad spectrum of profound social and economic transformations that surrounded the development of modern forms of industry, beginning in Great Britain in the late 18th century and spreading to other parts of the world throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. This period was marked by significant technological innovations, particularly the invention of new machines and the use of new energy sources like steam power, which led to the rise of factory-based production and a shift from agrarian-based economies to those dominated by manufacturing and industry. The Industrial Revolution had far-reaching consequences, leading to urbanisation, the growth of new social classes, changes in family structures, and significant alterations in people\'s daily lives and ways of working. It laid the foundation for modern industrial societies and continues to shape the world today through ongoing technological advancements and their social and economic impacts.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Industrial_Society' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'An industrial society is a type of society that depends primarily on mechanisation, advanced technology, and sophisticated machinery powered by advanced energy sources to produce its economic goods and services on a large scale. This form of society emerged with the Industrial Revolution and is characterised by a complex division of labor, a high degree of urbanisation as people move to centers of production, and a reliance on manufacturing and industrial processes rather than agriculture as the main source of economic activity. Industrial societies typically have a more complex social structure with greater social mobility compared to pre-industrial societies, although they can also experience significant social inequalities related to the distribution of wealth and power in the industrial economy. The development of industrial societies has led to significant increases in productivity, material wealth, and standards of living in many parts of the world, but also to new social and environmental challenges.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Industrialism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Industrialism refers to a social and economic system characterised by the extensive use of technology, particularly sophisticated machinery powered by advanced sources of energy such as fossil fuels and electricity, to produce goods and services on a large scale. It is the driving force behind industrial societies, leading to mass production, specialisation of labor, and the growth of factories and urban centers. Industrialism has transformed the way people live and work, leading to unprecedented levels of material wealth and technological progress in many parts of the world. However, it has also brought about social changes, such as the rise of new social classes and new forms of social inequality, as well as environmental challenges related to resource consumption and pollution. The study of industrialism examines its historical development, its social and economic consequences, and its ongoing evolution in the face of new technological innovations and global challenges.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Inequality_Concept' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Inequality Concepts serve as a meta-category for the abstract ideas, theoretical constructs, and analytical frameworks that sociologists use to understand, measure, and explain the existence of disparities and unequal distribution of valued resources, opportunities, and power within and across societies. This category groups fundamental concepts that help delineate the nature and dimensions of social stratification and its consequences. Examples include social inequality (the general condition of unequal access), wealth (total assets), income (earnings), prestige (social honor), and power (ability to exert influence). It also encompasses concepts like life chances (opportunities for well-being) and vested interests (groups benefiting from the status quo) that shed light on how inequalities are structured and maintained. These concepts provide the essential vocabulary for analysing how social categories (like class, race, gender, disability) lead to systematic advantages and disadvantages for different groups in society, and for theorizing about the causes, manifestations, and consequences of social stratification and social exclusion.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Infant_Mortality_Rate' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The infant mortality rate is a key demographic indicator that measures the number of infants who die during the first year of life (before reaching their first birthday) for every 1,000 live births in a given population during a specific time period, typically one year. It is a significant measure of a society\'s overall health and well-being, reflecting factors such as access to quality healthcare, nutrition, sanitation, and socioeconomic conditions. A high infant mortality rate often indicates poor living conditions, inadequate healthcare, and high levels of poverty, while a low rate generally suggests better health infrastructure, nutrition, and socioeconomic development. Monitoring infant mortality rates is crucial for public health efforts aimed at improving child survival and overall population health.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Influence' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Influence refers to the exercise of power through a process of persuasion, where one individual or group is able to affect the thoughts, feelings, or behaviours of others without resorting to explicit force or coercion. It relies on the ability to convince or convince others to adopt a particular viewpoint, take a specific action, or support a certain cause through communication, reasoning, and the appeal to shared values or interests. Influence can operate through various channels, including personal relationships, social networks, media, and public discourse. It is a key aspect of social interaction and plays a significant role in shaping social norms, group dynamics, and political processes. Informal norms, which are generally understood rules of behaviour within a group or society but are not precisely recorded or formally enforced, often exert influence on individuals\' actions through social expectations and the potential for social approval or disapproval.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Informal_Norm' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Informal Norm are unwritten and unspoken rules or expectations of behaviour that guide everyday social interactions and customs within a society or social group, distinct from formal, codified laws or regulations. These norms are learned implicitly through socialisation, observation, and social interactions, and they are enforced through informal social control mechanisms such as social approval (e.g., smiles, praise) or disapproval (e.g., frowns, gossip, ridicule, ostracism) from family, friends, peers, and community members. Informal norms cover a vast range of social conduct, from manners and etiquette (folkways) to more morally significant customs (mores) that are considered essential for maintaining social order and cohesion. While not legally binding, violations of informal norms can still lead to social discomfort, embarrassment, or exclusion. They play a crucial role in shaping individuals\' daily behaviours, maintaining social predictability, and defining acceptable conduct within various social contexts.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Informal_Relation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Informal relations refer to the personal connections, social networks, and ways of doing things that exist within groups and organisations but are developed on the basis of personal friendships, shared interests, and informal communication, often departing from formally recognised modes of procedure or organisational charts. These informal structures and relationships can significantly influence how work gets done, how information flows, and the overall culture and dynamics of a group or organisation. They can provide social support, facilitate cooperation, and sometimes bypass formal channels to achieve goals more efficiently or to address needs that are not met by the formal structure. However, informal relations can also sometimes lead to the formation of cliques, the spread of rumors, or resistance to formal rules and procedures. Understanding both the formal and informal aspects of social organisation is crucial for a comprehensive sociological analysis of groups and institutions.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Informal_Social_Control' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Informal social control refers to the ways in which people casually enforce social norms and expectations through everyday interactions and social sanctions, such as laughter, smiles, ridicule, gossip, and expressions of approval or disapproval. This type of social control operates through interpersonal relationships and social pressure within families, peer groups, communities, and other informal social settings. It relies on the desire for social acceptance and the fear of social ostracism to encourage conformity to social norms. While informal social control may not involve formal punishments like legal sanctions, it can be very effective in shaping individual behaviour and maintaining social order at the micro-level of social interaction. The specific forms and effectiveness of informal social control can vary across different cultures and social groups.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Innovation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Innovation is the process of introducing new elements, ideas, methods, or products into a culture or society, leading to change and often improvement. This can occur through two primary mechanisms: discovery and invention. Discovery involves becoming aware of something that already exists but was previously unknown or unrecognised, such as a new scientific fact or a previously unknown natural resource. Invention, on the other hand, involves creating something entirely new that did not exist before, such as a new technology, a new tool, or a new process. Both discovery and invention can have profound impacts on a culture, leading to new practices, beliefs, social structures, and material advancements. The rate and nature of innovation can vary significantly across different societies and historical periods, influenced by factors such as technological development, cultural values, and social organisation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Institutional_And_Transformative_Socialisation_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Institutional_And_Transformative_Socialisation_Process encompasses intensive socialisation mechanisms that involve systematic transformation of individual identity, often within institutional contexts or through significant life transitions. These processes typically involve more dramatic changes in identity and social position compared to routine socialisation experiences. Resocialisation involves comprehensive transformation of values, norms, and behaviours when individuals enter new social environments with fundamentally different expectations. Degradation ceremonies represent ritualised processes designed to strip away existing identities as part of institutional control mechanisms. Adoption creates new family relationships and identities through legal and social recognition. Self-fulfilling prophecy demonstrates how social expectations can shape individual outcomes and identity formation through dynamic interaction between beliefs and behaviour. These processes highlight the power of social institutions and significant life events to fundamentally reshape individual identity and social relationships, often involving elements of both social control and personal transformation that extend beyond routine socialisation experiences.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Institutional_Discrimination' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Institutional discrimination refers to the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society\'s institutions, such as schools, workplaces, healthcare systems, and the legal system, rather than from overt acts of individual prejudice. This form of discrimination is often embedded in established policies, procedures, and practices that may appear neutral on the surface but systematically disadvantage certain groups based on characteristics like race, ethnicity, gender, age, or socioeconomic status. For example, standardised testing in education that is culturally biased may disproportionately disadvantage students from certain minority groups, limiting their access to higher education. Similarly, hiring practices that rely heavily on personal networks may exclude qualified candidates who lack connections to the dominant group within an industry. Institutional discrimination can be subtle and often unintentional, but its cumulative effect can be significant in perpetuating social inequalities.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Instrumentality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Instrumentality is a term used by sociologists Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales in their functionalist analysis of social roles, particularly within the family, to refer to an emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship between one\'s family and other social institutions, such as the workplace or the school system. This role is often traditionally associated with the male head of the household in a nuclear family structure, involving responsibilities such as economic provision, decision-making regarding external affairs, and maintaining the family\'s position within the broader social context. Instrumentality focuses on the practical and goal-oriented aspects of family functioning, ensuring that the family unit can meet its material needs and navigate its interactions with the outside world. Parsons and Bales contrasted instrumentality with expressiveness, which focuses on the emotional well-being and internal harmony of the family.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Interest_Group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'An interest group is a voluntary association of citizens who come together with the shared goal of attempting to influence public policy in their favour. These groups advocate for specific issues or the interests of their members by lobbying government officials, raising public awareness, and mobilizing support for their cause. Interest groups can represent a wide range of concerns, including economic interests (e.g., business associations, labor unions), social issues (e.g., environmental groups, civil rights organisations), and professional interests (e.g., medical associations, bar associations). They play a significant role in the political process by providing information to policymakers, contributing to political campaigns, and putting pressure on elected officials to support their agendas. The activities of interest groups are a key aspect of understanding how public policy is shaped and the various influences at play in democratic societies.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Intergenerational_Mobility' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Intergenerational mobility refers to changes in the social position (typically in terms of occupation, income, or social class) of children relative to their parents. Upward intergenerational mobility occurs when children attain a higher social status than their parents, while downward intergenerational mobility occurs when children experience a decline in social status compared to their parents. The degree of intergenerational mobility in a society is often seen as an indicator of its openness and equality of opportunity. High levels of intergenerational mobility suggest that individuals\' social outcomes are less dependent on their family background, while low levels indicate that social status tends to be reproduced across generations. Sociologists study intergenerational mobility to understand the factors that facilitate or hinder social movement between generations and the extent to which individuals can improve their social standing through their own efforts.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Internet' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that allows people to communicate with one another and find information on the Worldwide Web by exchanging data in various forms, including visuals, sounds, and text. This vast network operates in a way that largely transcends the limitations of time, physical space, and the traditional costs and control mechanisms associated with distance and territorial governments. The Internet has become an indispensable tool for communication, education, commerce, entertainment, and social interaction, connecting billions of people around the world and providing access to an unprecedented amount of information and resources. Its decentralised nature and open architecture have fostered innovation and the rapid development of new technologies and applications, transforming many aspects of modern life and contributing to the phenomenon of globalisation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Interpretative_Sociology' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Interpretative sociology encompasses several approaches to the study of society, including symbolic interactionism and phenomenology, which share a focus on investigating the meaningful character of social life for its participants. This perspective emphasises the importance of understanding the subjective meanings, interpretations, and understandings that individuals and groups bring to their social interactions and how these shape their actions and the social world they inhabit. Interpretative sociologists aim to grasp the lived experiences of people and the ways in which they make sense of their social reality, often using qualitative methods to explore these meanings in depth. Rather than focusing on objective, observable behaviours or large-scale social structures, interpretative sociology delves into the micro-level of social life, seeking to understand the world from the viewpoint of those being studied.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Interview' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'In sociological research, an interview is a method of data collection that involves a series of questions a researcher administers personally to respondents, either face-to-face, by telephone, or through video conferencing. Interviews can be structured, following a predetermined set of questions in a specific order, or unstructured, allowing for more open-ended conversation and exploration of topics. Semi-structured interviews combine elements of both approaches, using an interview guide with key questions but allowing for flexibility in probing responses and exploring related issues that may arise. Interviews are a valuable tool for gathering in-depth qualitative data about individuals\' experiences, perspectives, attitudes, and beliefs, providing rich insights into social phenomena that may not be captured by quantitative methods like surveys. The success of an interview depends on the researcher\'s ability to establish rapport with the respondent, ask clear and unbiased questions, and actively listen to and record their responses accurately.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Intragenerational_Mobility' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Intragenerational mobility refers to the movement of an individual up or down a social stratification hierarchy within the course of their own personal career or adult life. This type of social mobility focuses on the changes in a person\'s social standing, such as their occupation, income, or social class, that occur during their working years, as opposed to intergenerational mobility, which examines changes across generations. For example, an individual who starts their career in a lower-paying job and through promotions and career advancement rises to a higher-level position with increased income and prestige has experienced upward intragenerational mobility. Conversely, someone who experiences job loss or a decline in their career leading to a lower social status has experienced downward intragenerational mobility. The study of intragenerational mobility helps sociologists understand the factors that influence an individual\'s social trajectory over their lifetime, such as education, skills, career choices, and economic conditions.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Invention' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Invention is the process of combining existing cultural items, ideas, or technologies into a new form that did not previously exist. It involves creativity and innovation to produce something novel, whether it is a tangible object, a new method, or a new concept. Inventions can range from simple tools to complex technological systems and can have significant impacts on society and culture, leading to social change and the development of new ways of life. Invention is one of the primary drivers of cultural innovation, alongside discovery, which involves becoming aware of something that already exists but was previously unknown. The spread and adoption of inventions within a culture or across societies is a process known as diffusion.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Issei' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Issei is a term used to refer to the first generation of Japanese immigrants to the United States. These immigrants primarily arrived in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, seeking economic opportunities and a better life. The Issei faced significant challenges, including language barriers, cultural differences, and racial discrimination in their new homeland. They often worked in agriculture, fishing, or small businesses and established close-knit communities to support one another. The experiences of the Issei and their descendants, the Nisei (second generation) and Sansei (third generation), are an important part of the history of immigration and ethnic relations in the United States.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Job_Insecurity' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Job insecurity refers to a sense of apprehension, worry, or anxiety experienced by employees about both the stability of their current work position and their future role within the workplace or the broader labor market. This feeling can arise from various factors, such as economic downturns, company restructuring, technological changes leading to automation, globalisation and outsourcing of jobs, or changes in employment contracts and labor laws that reduce job security. High levels of job insecurity can have negative consequences for employees\' mental and physical health, job satisfaction, productivity, and overall well-being, as well as impacting their families and communities. It can also affect organisational outcomes, leading to decreased employee loyalty and motivation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Kinship' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Kinship refers to a social relation that links individuals through blood ties (consanguinity), marriage (affinity), or adoption, forming the basis of family and social organisation in many societies. These relationships define social roles, obligations, and expectations among individuals and groups, influencing patterns of inheritance, residence, and social support. Different cultures have diverse kinship systems that determine how family relationships are recognised and structured, including variations in descent patterns (e.g., patrilineal, matrilineal, bilateral) and the importance placed on different types of relatives. Kinship systems play a fundamental role in shaping social organisation, cultural practices, and individual identities in societies around the world.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Kinship_And_Family_Organisation_System' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Kinship_And_Family_Organisation_System encompasses the fundamental mechanisms through which societies organise familial relationships, trace lineage, and structure intergenerational connections. This class includes both the technical systems for determining kinship affiliation (Descent, Bilateral_Descent) and the cultural values that prioritise family solidarity and obligation (Familism). These systems serve as foundational organizing principles that influence inheritance patterns, social support networks, residence choices, and individual identity formation within family contexts. The variation within this class reflects different cultural solutions to universal human needs for belonging, security, and continuity across generations. Understanding these systems is crucial for analysing how societies balance individual autonomy with collective family responsibilities, and how kinship structures adapt to changing social and economic conditions while maintaining their essential functions.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Knowledge_Economy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A knowledge economy is a type of society and economic system where the production, distribution, and use of knowledge and information are the primary drivers of economic growth, wealth creation, and employment, rather than the production of material goods. In a knowledge economy, intellectual capital, innovation, and technological advancements are key resources. Industries such as information technology, biotechnology, education, research and development, and consulting play a central role. The workforce in a knowledge economy typically requires higher levels of education, skills, and adaptability to engage in knowledge-intensive activities. The transition from an industrial economy, based on manufacturing, to a knowledge economy has significant implications for education, employment, and economic policy.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Labeling_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Labeling theory is a sociological approach to understanding deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed and treated as deviants while others engaging in the same behaviour are not. This theory emphasises the role of social reaction and the application of labels in the creation of deviance. It suggests that deviance is not inherent in an act itself but rather is a social construct defined by how society responds to certain behaviours and individuals. When individuals are labeled as deviant by political authorities or other influential groups, this label can become a self-fulfilling prophecy, leading to further deviant behaviour as the labeled individuals internalise the label and are treated accordingly by others. Labeling theory highlights the power of social definitions and the consequences of being labeled as deviant for an individual\'s identity and life chances.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Labor_Market_And_Economic_Relationship_Model' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Labor_Market_And_Economic_Relationship_Model encompasses frameworks that describe different types of employment relationships, labor market structures, and patterns of economic interdependence that emerge within economic systems. These realizable entities focus on how work is organised, how labor markets are structured, and how economic actors relate to one another within broader economic arrangements. They include both formal employment structures and alternative work arrangements, as well as patterns of economic dependence and specialisation that characterise modern economic systems. These models highlight the diversity of ways that societies organise work relationships and the varying degrees of security, autonomy, and opportunity available to different groups of workers. Understanding these models is essential for analysing employment patterns, economic inequality, and the changing nature of work in contemporary economies.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Labour_Union' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Labour unions are formal organisations of workers who come together to collectively seek to improve their wages, working conditions, benefits, and job security through various strategies, including negotiation with employers (collective bargaining) and the use of tactics such as strikes when necessary. Unions provide a collective voice for workers, aiming to balance the power dynamic between individual employees and employers. They advocate for workers\' rights, fair treatment, and safer workplaces. The history and influence of labour unions have played a significant role in shaping labor laws, workplace standards, and the overall distribution of economic power in many countries.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Laissez-faire' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Laissez-faire is a specific form of capitalism under which individuals and businesses compete freely in the marketplace with minimal or no government intervention in the economy. This economic philosophy advocates for a separation of the state from economic affairs, believing that the natural forces of supply and demand, driven by self-interest and competition, will lead to the most efficient allocation of resources and the greatest overall prosperity. In a pure laissez-faire system, the role of government is typically limited to enforcing contracts, protecting private property rights, and maintaining peace and order, without imposing regulations, tariffs, subsidies, or other forms of economic control. The idea is that the "invisible hand" of the market will guide economic activity more effectively than state intervention. While no modern economy operates under a completely laissez-faire system, it remains an influential theoretical model in economic and political thought.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Language' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Language is an abstract and complex system of word meanings, symbols, and rules (grammar) that are shared by members of a culture and used for communication and representing all aspects of that culture. It is not limited to spoken or written words but also includes gestures, facial expressions, and other forms of nonverbal communication that convey meaning within a social context. Language is fundamental to human interaction, social organisation, and the transmission of culture from one generation to the next. It shapes how we think, perceive the world, and construct our social reality. The diversity of human languages reflects the rich tapestry of human cultures and the different ways in which societies have developed to understand and interact with their environments.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Latent_Function' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Latent functions are the unintended or unrecognised functional consequences of a social process, institution, or action that are not explicitly stated or consciously intended by the people involved. This concept, developed by sociologist Robert Merton, contrasts with manifest functions, which are the intended and recognised consequences. Latent functions can be either beneficial or harmful to the social system but are often hidden or less obvious. For example, while the manifest function of schools is to educate students, a latent function might be the development of social networks among students that can be beneficial later in life. Understanding latent functions helps sociologists to gain a more comprehensive analysis of the complexities of social phenomena and the often-unanticipated ways in which they affect society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Law' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Law refers to governmental social control, representing a formal system of rules and regulations enacted and enforced by political authorities to govern behaviour and maintain social order within a society. Laws are typically written down and specify both the behaviours that are prohibited or required and the sanctions or penalties that will be applied when violations occur. The legal system includes various institutions, such as legislatures that create laws, law enforcement agencies that enforce them, and courts that interpret laws and adjudicate disputes. Law plays a crucial role in establishing norms, resolving conflicts, protecting rights, and providing a framework for social interaction in complex societies. The legitimacy and effectiveness of law depend on its acceptance by the people it governs and its consistent and fair application.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Legal-rational_Authority' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Legal-rational authority, as defined by Max Weber, is a type of power made legitimate by law, rules, and regulations that are rationally established and applied impartially. This form of authority is characteristic of modern bureaucratic organisations and states, where power is vested in positions or offices rather than in individuals based on tradition or personal charisma. Obedience is owed to the legally established rules and to those who hold positions of authority within that framework only when they are acting within the scope of those rules. Legal-rational authority emphasises competence, expertise, and adherence to formal procedures, contributing to efficiency and predictability in governance and organisational management. It is a cornerstone of modern democratic societies and bureaucratic structures.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Legitimacy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Legitimacy in a political context refers to the widespread acceptance by the people governed that a particular political order, regime, or authority is just, right, and valid, and therefore deserving of their obedience and support. When a political system is seen as legitimate, people are more likely to comply with its laws and decisions voluntarily, leading to greater stability and social order. Legitimacy can be based on various factors, including tradition, charisma of leaders, and adherence to legal-rational principles and democratic processes. The perception of legitimacy is crucial for the effective exercise of power, as it reduces the need for coercion and fosters cooperation between the government and the governed.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Lesbianism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Lesbianism refers to homosexual activities, romantic feelings, and emotional attachments between women. It is a form of sexual orientation where women are primarily attracted to other women. Lesbianism, like other forms of homosexuality, is a natural variation of human sexuality and has been part of diverse cultures throughout history. The social visibility and acceptance of lesbianism have varied across time and place, with increasing recognition and advocacy for lesbian rights in many parts of the world in recent decades as part of broader LGBTQ+ rights movements.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Liberal_Democracy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Liberal democracy is a system of democracy that combines parliamentary institutions, such as free and fair elections, representative government, and the rule of law, with a commitment to the protection of individual rights and freedoms, coupled with a free market system in the area of economic production. In a liberal democracy, the government\'s power is limited by a constitution and the separation of powers, and citizens have fundamental rights such as freedom of speech, assembly, and religion. The economic aspect of liberal democracy typically involves a capitalist system with private ownership of property and the means of production, although there may be varying degrees of government regulation and social welfare provisions. This form of government is prevalent in many Western industrialised nations and is characterised by a balance between individual liberties and democratic governance.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Liberation_Theology' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Liberation theology is a movement within the church, primarily associated with Roman Catholicism in Latin America, that emphasises the use of religious faith and practice in a political effort to eliminate poverty, discrimination, and other forms of injustice evident in a secular society. It interprets Christian teachings through the lens of the poor and oppressed, advocating for social and economic justice and taking action against systemic inequalities. Liberation theology often involves a critical analysis of social structures and a commitment to working alongside marginalised communities to bring about social change, drawing on biblical themes of liberation and justice. While originating in a religious context, its focus on social justice and the critique of inequality has had broader influence in social and political thought.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Life-span' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Life-span refers to the maximum length of life that is biologically possible for a member of a given species under ideal conditions, representing the theoretical upper limit of longevity for that species. For humans, the life-span is generally considered to be around 120-125 years, although very few individuals actually reach this age. It is distinct from life expectancy, which is the average number of years a person is expected to live in a specific population at a given time. While life expectancy can be influenced by various environmental and social factors, the life-span is thought to be more determined by biological and genetic factors inherent to the species.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Life_Chance' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Life chances, a concept developed by Max Weber, refer to the opportunities that individuals have to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favourable life experiences throughout their lives. These chances are not equally distributed across society but are significantly influenced by an individual\'s social class, status, and power, as well as other ascribed characteristics such as race, ethnicity, and gender. Weber argued that social stratification creates disparities in life chances, with those in more privileged positions having greater access to resources like education, healthcare, safe housing, and quality employment, which in turn enhance their opportunities for a longer, healthier, and more fulfilling life. Conversely, individuals in disadvantaged social positions often face limited access to these resources, which can negatively impact their life trajectories and overall well-being. The study of life chances is central to understanding social inequality and how social structures shape individual lives and outcomes.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Life_Expectancy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Life expectancy is a statistical measure indicating the average number of years a person can be expected to live from a particular age, such as birth, based on current mortality rates and demographic conditions within a specific population. It is a key indicator of a population\'s overall health and well-being, reflecting factors such as access to healthcare, nutrition, sanitation, environmental quality, and lifestyle choices. Life expectancy can vary significantly across different countries, regions, and social groups due to disparities in these underlying factors. Improvements in public health, medical advancements, and socioeconomic development have led to significant increases in life expectancy in many parts of the world over the past century. Demographers and sociologists study life expectancy to understand population trends, health disparities, and the social and environmental determinants of longevity.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Life_History' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Life histories are in-depth studies of the overall lives of individuals, often using a qualitative research approach that gathers detailed information about a person\'s experiences, perspectives, and the significant events that have shaped their life course. These studies often rely on a combination of data sources, including self-reporting through interviews, personal narratives, and autobiographies, as well as documentary evidence such as letters, diaries, photographs, and official records. The goal of life history research is to understand the individual\'s life within its broader social, cultural, and historical context, exploring how personal experiences intersect with larger social forces and patterns. This method can provide rich insights into topics such as identity formation, social change, the impact of historical events on individuals, and the subjective meanings people attach to their lives.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Lifelong_Learning' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Lifelong learning is the concept and practice that learning and the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies should occur continuously throughout all stages of an individual\'s life, not simply during the formal educational period early in life. This approach recognises the importance of ongoing learning for personal development, career advancement, social participation, and adapting to the rapidly changing demands of the modern world, particularly in the context of the knowledge economy and technological advancements. Lifelong learning can take various forms, including formal education and training, non-formal learning through workshops and courses, and informal learning through self-study, work experience, and social interactions. It emphasises the proactive and continuous pursuit of learning as a key aspect of navigating life in the 21st century.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Looking-glass_Self' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The looking-glass self is a concept developed by sociologist Charles Horton Cooley that emphasises the idea that our sense of self and identity is largely the product of our social interactions with others. According to this theory, we develop our self-concept by imagining how we appear to others, how they judge our appearance and behaviour, and then we develop our sense of self based on these imagined perceptions and evaluations. The looking-glass self involves three main components: first, we imagine how we appear to others; second, we imagine their judgment of that appearance; and third, we develop a feeling about ourselves (such as pride or shame) based on these imagined judgments. This theory highlights the social nature of self-identity and the crucial role of social interaction in shaping who we are.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Low-income_Country' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Low-income countries are nations characterised by a limited level of industrialisation, a predominantly agrarian economy, and widespread severe poverty affecting a significant portion of the population. These countries typically have a low gross national income (GNI) per capita, indicating limited economic resources and productivity. They often face challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, limited access to healthcare and education, high rates of unemployment or underemployment, and vulnerability to economic shocks and environmental disasters. The majority of the population in low-income countries may rely on subsistence agriculture, and there may be a significant gap between the wealthy elite and the large number of people living in poverty. International development efforts often focus on providing aid and support to low-income countries to improve their economic conditions and the well-being of their citizens.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Luddite' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Luddite were rebellious craft workers in early nineteenth-century England (primarily between 1811 and 1816) who engaged in protests, often involving the destruction of new factory machinery, as part of their resistance to the industrial revolution and the technological changes that threatened their livelihoods and traditional ways of working. These skilled artisans, such as weavers and textile workers, feared that the introduction of new machines like power looms would lead to job losses, lower wages, and a decline in the quality of their craft. The Luddite movement, though ultimately unsuccessful in halting industrialisation, represents an early example of social resistance to technological change and highlights the social and economic disruptions that can accompany major technological shifts. The term "Luddite" is sometimes used today to refer to individuals who are resistant to new technologies or industrial progress.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Machismo' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Machismo is a cultural concept, particularly prevalent in some Hispanic and Latin American cultures, that encompasses a sense of virility, personal worth, pride in one\'s maleness, and a strong sense of masculine honor and responsibility, often associated with dominance, assertiveness, and the expectation of deference from women. While it can include positive aspects such as protectiveness towards family and a strong work ethic, machismo can also be associated with negative traits like aggression, sexism, and a rigid adherence to traditional gender roles that may limit both men and women. The concept of machismo has been the subject of sociological study, particularly in understanding gender relations, family dynamics, and cultural values within specific cultural contexts.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Macro_Social_Structure_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Macro_Social_Structure_Theory encompasses theoretical perspectives that examine society at the broadest level, focusing on large-scale social institutions, systems, and their interconnections. These theories analyse how entire societies or global systems maintain stability, distribute power, and organise themselves structurally. Functionalist approaches within this category emphasise social equilibrium, institutional interdependence, and the mechanisms that maintain social order through shared values and norms. Power distribution theories examine whether control is concentrated among elites or distributed across multiple interest groups. World-systems theories explore global economic hierarchies and the interdependence of nations within capitalist structures. These macro-level perspectives share a common concern with understanding overarching social patterns, institutional arrangements, and systemic processes that shape entire societies or global systems, often emphasizing structural forces over individual agency in explaining social phenomena and change.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Macrosociology' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Macrosociology is a level of sociological investigation that concentrates on large-scale social phenomena, broad social structures, systems, and processes, or entire civilisations, rather than focusing on interactions between individuals or small groups. It aims to understand the big picture of society, examining how institutions, social hierarchies, and global patterns shape social life and individual experiences. Examples of topics studied in macrosociology include the state, the economy, social class systems, globalisation, social change on a large scale, and the relationships between different societies. Major theoretical perspectives in macrosociology include functionalism and conflict theory, which both analyse society at a broad level. This approach provides a framework for understanding the overarching forces and structures that influence social behaviour and outcomes.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Manifest_Function' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Manifest functions are the recognised and intended consequences of any social pattern, institution, or social activity that are consciously acknowledged and stated by the individuals or groups involved. This concept, developed by sociologist Robert Merton as part of his functionalist analysis, helps to understand the overt and deliberate purposes of social phenomena. For example, the manifest function of education is to provide students with knowledge and skills necessary for their future roles in society. Similarly, the manifest function of laws is to maintain social order and regulate behaviour. Identifying manifest functions is a key step in sociological analysis, as it helps to understand the intended goals and outcomes of social structures and actions. It is often contrasted with latent functions, which are the unintended and often unrecognised consequences of the same social patterns.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Manufactured_Risk' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Manufactured risk refers to dangers and uncertainties that are not the result of natural events but are created by the impact of human knowledge, technological development, and intervention in the natural world. These risks are often complex and may have unforeseen consequences due to the intricate interactions between human actions and natural systems. Examples of manufactured risk include global warming, which is largely attributed to human-induced greenhouse gas emissions; the potential hazards associated with genetically modified foods; the risks of nuclear power; and the unintended consequences of large-scale technological projects. Unlike natural risks, which may be perceived as external and unavoidable, manufactured risks often involve questions of responsibility, control, and ethical considerations related to human choices and their impact on the environment and society. The study of manufactured risk is important in sociology for understanding the challenges and uncertainties of modern, technologically advanced societies.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Marriage' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Marriage is a legally and socially sanctioned relationship between two or more people (though typically two), involving economic cooperation, emotional intimacy, and often normative sexual activity and child-bearing, which the individuals and society expect to be enduring or relatively permanent. The definition and practices of marriage vary significantly across cultures and have evolved over time, with changes in who can marry (e.g., same-sex marriage), the purposes of marriage (beyond procreation to include companionship and personal fulfillment), and the prevalence of different forms of marriage (e.g., monogamy, polygamy). Marriage often establishes kinship ties and defines rights and obligations between spouses and their families. It is a fundamental social institution that plays a crucial role in regulating sexual behaviour, organizing family life, and transmitting social status and property across generations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Marriage_Forms_And_Structure' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Marriage_Forms_And_Structure encompasses the various institutionalised arrangements through which societies organise conjugal relationships and reproductive partnerships. This class includes both the structural variations in spousal arrangements (monogamy, polygamy, polygyny, polyandry) and the temporal patterns of marital relationships (serial monogamy). It also encompasses alternative relationship forms that provide some marital benefits without full legal marriage status (domestic partnerships). These forms reflect different cultural, economic, religious, and legal approaches to organizing intimate partnerships, reproductive responsibilities, and household formation. The diversity within this class demonstrates how societies adapt marriage institutions to meet varying social needs, resource constraints, and value systems while maintaining social order and continuity.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Marxist_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Marxist Theory is a comprehensive sociological and political theoretical framework stemming from the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, which posits that societal development and social change are primarily driven by economic factors and class struggle. At its core, Marxist Theory asserts that in capitalist societies, there is an inherent conflict between two main classes: the bourgeoisie (the capitalist class who own the means of production) and the proletariat (the working class who must sell their labor power to survive). The theory argues that the bourgeoisie exploit the proletariat by extracting surplus value from their labor, which is the source of capitalist profit, leading to economic alienation and social inequality. Marxist Theory encompasses concepts like historical materialism (the idea that material conditions determine historical change), false consciousness (workers\' inaccurate perception of their objective position), and class consciousness (workers\' awareness of shared exploitation). It predicts that this class struggle will ultimately lead to a proletarian revolution, overthrowing capitalism and establishing a communist, classless society where the means of production are collectively owned.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Mass_Media' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Mass media refers to forms of communication, such as newspapers, magazines, radio, television, films, and the internet, that are designed to reach and influence very large audiences, often simultaneously. These media play a significant role in shaping public opinion, disseminating information, transmitting cultural values and norms, and providing entertainment. The development and widespread availability of mass media have had a profound impact on society, influencing everything from political campaigns and consumer behaviour to popular culture and social movements. Sociologists study mass media to understand its effects on individuals and society, including issues related to media ownership, content, audience reception, and the role of media in shaping social identities and perceptions of reality. The rise of digital and social media has further transformed the landscape of mass communication, creating new opportunities and challenges for how information is produced, distributed, and consumed.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Mass_Production' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Mass production is a system of manufacturing that involves the production of large quantities of standardised goods using machine power, specialised labor performing repetitive tasks, and often an assembly-line process. This method of production was a key outcome of the Industrial Revolution, particularly associated with the Fordist era of the early to mid-20th century, and it led to significant increases in efficiency and the availability of affordable consumer goods. Mass production relies on a high degree of division of labor and the use of interchangeable parts to streamline the manufacturing process. While it has been instrumental in driving economic growth and raising living standards, it has also been criticised for its potential to create monotonous and alienating work for employees and for its lack of flexibility in responding to diverse consumer demands. More recent trends in manufacturing include flexible production, which allows for greater customisation and variety.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Mass_Society' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Mass society is a sociological concept used to describe a society in which industrialisation, urbanisation, and expanding bureaucracies have led to the erosion of traditional social ties, such as those based on family, kinship, and local community. In a mass society, individuals may feel more isolated, anonymous, and disconnected from one another, with social relationships becoming more impersonal and instrumental. Traditional sources of social support and integration may weaken, potentially leading to feelings of alienation and a greater reliance on large-scale institutions like the state and corporations. The theory of mass society often suggests a decline in community bonds and a rise in individualism, which can have both positive and negative consequences for social life and individual well-being.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Master_Status' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A master status is a social status that dominates all other statuses a person occupies and thereby determines their general position and identity within society, often shaping how others perceive and interact with them. A master status can be ascribed (e.g., race, gender, disability) or achieved (e.g., profession, criminal record) and can be either positive (e.g., being a renowned scientist) or negative (e.g., being labeled as a criminal). The impact of a master status is significant because it often overrides other aspects of a person\'s identity and can influence their opportunities, social interactions, and life experiences. For individuals who belong to marginalised groups, a master status such as race or disability can lead to systemic discrimination and shape their social standing regardless of their other achievements or qualities.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Material_Culture' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Material culture refers to the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives, including the tangible objects, artifacts, tools, technologies, and physical environment created, used, and valued by members of a society. This encompasses everything from clothing, food, and shelter to computers, cars, and infrastructure. Material culture reflects a society\'s technology, economic system, and values, and it plays a crucial role in shaping people\'s behaviour and social interactions. The study of material culture can provide insights into a society\'s history, beliefs, and practices. It is often contrasted with nonmaterial culture, which includes the intangible aspects of a culture such as ideas, values, beliefs, norms, and language.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Materialist_Conception_Of_History' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The materialist conception of history, also known as historical materialism, is a view developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels according to which \'material\' or economic factors, particularly the mode of production (how society organises the production of goods and services), have a prime role in determining historical change and the development of social structures, political systems, law, religion, and culture (the superstructure). This perspective argues that the way a society produces its material necessities shapes its social relations and its overall organisation. Changes in the mode of production, such as the shift from feudalism to capitalism, are seen as the fundamental driving forces behind historical transformations, leading to new class structures and social conflicts that ultimately propel societal development. The materialist conception of history emphasises the importance of economic conditions and class struggles in understanding the evolution of human societies.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Matriarchy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Matriarchy is a form of social organisation in which females dominate males in terms of power, authority, and decision-making within the family, community, or society as a whole. In a matriarchal system, social status and property may be inherited through the female line, and women may hold prominent roles in political, economic, and religious spheres. While purely matriarchal societies are rare in recorded history, some societies exhibit matrifocal tendencies where women play a central role in the family and household, even if formal power structures are not exclusively in their hands. The concept of matriarchy is often contrasted with patriarchy, where males hold the dominant positions of power and authority.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Matrilineal_Descent' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Matrilineal descent is a kinship system that favours the relatives of the mother, tracing ancestral descent and inheritance primarily through the maternal line. In a matrilineal system, individuals belong to their mother\'s kin group, and lineage and inheritance rights are typically passed down from mothers to their children, particularly daughters. This does not necessarily imply matriarchal rule, as men may still hold positions of authority, but it does mean that kinship ties and social identity are primarily determined through the female side of the family. Matrilineal descent is found in various cultures around the world and can have significant implications for family structure, social organisation, and the transmission of property and social status across generations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Matrilocality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Matrilocality is a residential pattern observed in some societies where a married couple establishes their household in or very near the wife\'s family\'s residence. This practice often occurs in societies with matrilineal descent systems, where kinship and inheritance are traced through the female line, but it is not exclusively tied to such systems. Matrilocality can offer several advantages, such as providing support for the new couple from the wife\'s kin, facilitating childcare by grandparents and other female relatives, and strengthening the social and economic bonds within the wife\'s extended family. It can also influence the balance of power within the marriage and the wider family network, potentially giving more prominence or authority to the wife\'s lineage. This pattern of residence is one of the ways that societies organise post-marital living arrangements, with other common patterns being patrilocality (living with or near the husband\'s family) and neolocality (establishing an independent household).'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Mean' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Mean is a fundamental statistical measure of central tendency, commonly referred to as the average, which is calculated by summing all the individual values or cases in a dataset and then dividing that total by the number of individual cases or values. The mean provides a single number that represents the typical or central value of a set of data and is widely used in various fields, including sociology, to summarise and analyse quantitative information. For example, one might calculate the mean income of a population by adding up the incomes of all individuals and dividing by the total number of individuals. While the mean is a useful measure, it can be influenced by extreme values (outliers) in the data, which may not accurately represent the central tendency in some cases. In such situations, other measures of central tendency, such as the median or the mode, might be more appropriate.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Means_Of_Production' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The means of production, a core concept in Marxist theory, refers to the resources, tools, technologies, land, factories, and other infrastructure whereby the production of material goods is carried on in a society. This concept encompasses not just the physical technology involved in production but also the social relations between the producers (e.g., the relationship between the owners of the means of production and the workers who use them). According to Marx, the ownership and control of the means of production are central to understanding the structure of society and the distribution of power and wealth. In capitalist societies, the bourgeoisie (capitalist class) owns and controls the means of production, while the proletariat (working class) must sell their labor power to the bourgeoisie to survive, leading to inherent inequalities and class conflict.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Measures_Of_Central_Tendency' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Measures of central tendency are statistical methods used to calculate averages or typical values within a dataset, providing a summary of the central location of the data. The three most common measures of central tendency are the mean (the arithmetic average), the median (the middle value when the data is ordered), and the mode (the most frequently occurring value in the dataset). Each of these measures has its own strengths and is appropriate for different types of data and different analytical purposes. The mean is sensitive to extreme values, while the median is not. The mode is particularly useful for categorical data. Sociologists use measures of central tendency to describe and compare different groups or populations on various characteristics, such as income, age, or education level.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Mechanical_Solidity' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Mechanical Solidarity, a foundational concept developed by Émile Durkheim, describes a type of social cohesion and integration characteristic of traditional, pre-industrial societies. In such societies, social bonds are based on a high degree of homogeneity, where individuals share similar values, beliefs, customs, and engage in similar types of labor. This similarity leads to a strong collective consciousness or a common understanding of social norms and expectations, which binds people together through their likeness and shared experiences. Social order in societies with mechanical solidarity is maintained through the strong social pressure to conform to these uniform norms and values, and deviance is often met with harsh punitive sanctions to reinforce the collective morality. This form of solidarity fosters a powerful sense of community and belonging, where individuals feel deeply connected to one another through their shared identity and way of life, with relatively little individual autonomy compared to more modern societies.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Media_And_Communication' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Media and Communication is a broad sociological domain that systematically studies the diverse means, processes, and effects through which information, ideas, and messages are produced, disseminated, and received within society, and their profound impact on individuals, social groups, and social structures. This field encompasses various forms of mass media (e.g., television, radio, newspapers, film), digital media (e.g., the internet, cyberspace, multimedia, social media), and telecommunications. It examines how communication technologies shape social interaction (e.g., non-verbal communication, semiotics), the construction of meaning, and the formation of public opinion. The domain also analyses media texts (media products), media industries, media consumption patterns, and the role of communication in cultural transmission, social change, political processes, and the perpetuation or challenge of social inequalities. It delves into topics such as media ownership, content analysis, communication flows, and the digital divide, highlighting the pervasive influence of media in contemporary social life.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Media_Text' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Media texts encompass all forms of media products, including television programmes, films, CDs, books, newspapers, website pages, social media posts, and advertisements, which are created and disseminated to communicate information, ideas, entertainment, or persuasion to an audience. These texts are not simply neutral carriers of information but are constructed with specific intentions and can be analysed for their content, form, audience, and the social, cultural, and political messages they convey. The study of media texts involves examining their production, distribution, and consumption, as well as their potential effects on individuals and society. Understanding media texts is crucial in sociology for analysing how media shapes our perceptions of the world, influences our beliefs and values, and contributes to the construction of social reality.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Median' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The median is a statistical measure of central tendency that represents the middle value in a range of numbers when the data is ordered from least to greatest. It is the point at which half of the data values are below and half are above it. The median is particularly useful as a measure of average when a dataset contains extreme values or outliers that might skew the mean (arithmetic average), as the median is not affected by these extreme scores. For example, in a distribution of incomes where a few individuals have very high incomes, the median income often provides a more representative measure of what is typical compared to the mean income. Calculating the median involves arranging the data in order and finding the central value; if there is an even number of data points, the median is the average of the two middle values.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Megalopolis' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A megalopolis is a vast urban region that contains a number of cities and their surrounding suburbs, forming an interconnected network of metropolitan areas that have grown together over time. These regions are characterised by high population density, extensive infrastructure connecting the different urban centers, and significant economic and social integration across the area. Examples of megalopolises include the BosWash corridor in the northeastern United States, which stretches from Boston to Washington, D.C., and the Tokaido corridor in Japan, connecting Tokyo and Osaka. The development of megalopolises reflects the increasing urbanisation and interconnectedness of modern societies, posing unique challenges and opportunities for urban planning, transportation, and regional governance.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Melting_Pot' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The idea of a melting pot is a metaphor used to describe the process by which ethnic and cultural differences can be combined and blended together in a society to create new, hybrid patterns of behaviour, beliefs, and cultural expressions, drawing on diverse cultural sources. This concept suggests that immigrants and minority groups will eventually assimilate into the dominant culture, contributing their unique aspects which then become integrated into a new, common culture. The melting pot ideal is often contrasted with the concept of a "salad bowl" or cultural pluralism, where different cultures coexist while retaining their distinct identities and characteristics. The extent to which societies actually function as melting pots and the desirability of such a process are subjects of ongoing discussion in sociology and cultural studies, with considerations of power dynamics and the potential loss of cultural heritage often being raised.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Meta-Disciplinary_And_Foundational_Study' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Meta-Disciplinary_And_Foundational_Study encompasses the broader intellectual frameworks and disciplinary contexts within which sociological inquiry is situated. This domain addresses fundamental questions about the nature of scientific knowledge, the relationship between different forms of inquiry, and the epistemological foundations that underpin systematic investigation of social and natural phenomena. It examines the boundaries, connections, and distinctions between different modes of scientific investigation, providing context for understanding sociology\'s place within the broader landscape of academic disciplines. The domain contributes to ongoing discussions about interdisciplinarity, the unity and diversity of scientific approaches, and the methodological foundations that enable systematic investigation of complex phenomena. These foundational perspectives inform how sociologists understand their discipline\'s relationship to other fields of inquiry and its contributions to broader intellectual discourse. The domain addresses questions about the nature of scientific explanation, the relationship between quantitative and qualitative approaches, and the ways different disciplines contribute to comprehensive understanding of complex social and natural phenomena. This meta-level perspective is essential for understanding how sociological knowledge relates to other forms of systematic inquiry and contributes to broader intellectual and practical understanding.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Metanarrative' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Metanarrative are broad, overarching theories, grand narratives, or comprehensive belief systems about the operation of society, the nature of social change, and the meaning of history that attempt to provide a universal explanation or understanding of the world. These theories offer a framework for interpreting social phenomena and often make claims about the fundamental nature of reality and the direction of historical development. Marxism, with its theory of class struggle and historical materialism, and functionalism, with its view of society as a system striving for equilibrium, are examples of metanarratives that have been employed by sociologists to explain how the world works and how societies change over time. In postmodern thought, there is often skepticism towards metanarratives, with an emphasis on local narratives, diversity of perspectives, and the rejection of universal truths.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Metropolis' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A metropolis is a large city that socially and economically dominates an urban area, often serving as a major center for commerce, culture, and innovation within a region or even a country. It typically has a high population density, a diverse economy, and a significant influence on the surrounding areas in terms of employment, services, and cultural trends. A metropolis often attracts people from smaller towns and rural areas seeking opportunities and amenities not available elsewhere. The term can also refer to the central city of a metropolitan area, which includes the city itself and its surrounding suburbs and exurbs that are economically and socially integrated with it. Metropolises play a crucial role in the global economy and are often hubs for international trade, finance, and communication.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Microsociology' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Microsociology is a level of sociological investigation that primarily stresses the study of small groups and often employs laboratory experimental studies to examine face-to-face interactions and the dynamics of social life at a micro-level. This approach focuses on understanding how individuals interact with each other in everyday settings, the meanings they create and share through these interactions, and how these micro-level interactions shape broader social patterns and structures. Researchers using microsociology might study topics such as communication patterns in small groups, nonverbal behaviour, the construction of identity in social encounters, and the dynamics of power and status within small-scale settings. Methods commonly used in microsociology include participant observation, ethnomethodology, conversation analysis, and laboratory experiments designed to simulate social interactions. This perspective provides valuable insights into the fundamental building blocks of social life and how individual actions and interpretations contribute to the larger social world.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Migration' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Migration refers to the movement of people into and out of a particular territory, which can occur within a country (internal migration) or across national borders (international migration). This movement can be temporary or permanent and can be driven by a variety of factors, including economic opportunities, political instability, environmental changes, social networks, and personal aspirations. Immigration involves the movement of people into a new country to settle, while emigration refers to the movement of people out of a country to live elsewhere. Migration patterns can have significant demographic, economic, social, and cultural impacts on both the areas of origin and the areas of destination, influencing population size and composition, labor markets, cultural diversity, and social integration. Sociologists study migration to understand its causes and consequences, the experiences of migrants, and the policies and social responses to migration flows.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Migration_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Migration Processes refer to the complex and dynamic movements of people into and out of specific geographical territories, encompassing the various factors that influence these population shifts, the patterns they exhibit, and their profound impacts on both the sending and receiving societies. This category examines the reasons why people migrate, often broadly categorised as "push factors" (e.g., unemployment, conflict, persecution in the country of origin) and "pull factors" (e.g., economic opportunities, political freedom, family reunification in the destination country). It also includes different types of migration (e.g., immigration, emigration, forced migration, voluntary migration) and the experiences of migrants and refugees. Understanding migration processes is crucial for demographers and sociologists to analyse population changes, cultural diversity, labor market dynamics, and the social integration or exclusion of migrant populations, as well as the long-term historical and geopolitical consequences of such movements across borders.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Minority_Group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A minority group is a group of people in a minority in a given society who, because of their distinct physical or cultural characteristics, such as race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or disability, find themselves in situations of inequality or disadvantage within that society. Membership in a minority group is typically ascribed rather than achieved, and these groups often experience discrimination, prejudice, and limited access to power and resources compared to the dominant or majority group. The term "minority" in this sociological context does not necessarily refer to a group\'s numerical size but rather to its subordinate status and lack of social, economic, and political power. Minority groups often develop a strong sense of group solidarity and shared identity in response to their experiences of marginalisation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Miscegenation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Miscegenation refers to biological reproduction by partners of different racial categories, often involving interracial marriage or sexual relationships between individuals from groups classified as different races within a society. The term is often associated with historical and social contexts where racial classifications were rigid and where laws or social norms prohibited or discouraged interracial unions. The concept of amalgamation in sociology, which describes the process by which a minority group and a majority group combine to form a new group through intermarriage, is closely related to miscegenation. The history of miscegenation is intertwined with issues of race, racism, and the social construction of racial categories, and laws prohibiting interracial marriage have been challenged and overturned in many parts of the world as discriminatory and unconstitutional.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Mixed_Method' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Mixed methods refers to the use of both quantitative (numerical data and statistical analysis) and qualitative (non-numerical data such as interviews and observations) research methods as part of a single research study to provide a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the research question. This approach recognises that different methods have different strengths and limitations and that combining them can offer richer insights than relying on a single method alone. For example, a researcher might use quantitative surveys to gather data on the prevalence of a certain attitude in a population and then conduct qualitative interviews to explore the underlying reasons and experiences related to that attitude in more depth. Mixed methods research can enhance the validity and reliability of findings by triangulating data from different sources and providing a more holistic view of the phenomenon under investigation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Mode' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The mode is a statistical measure of central tendency that represents the number or value that appears most often in a given set of data. In other words, it is the most frequent observation in a distribution. The mode can be a helpful way of portraying central tendency, particularly for categorical data or when a dataset has a clear peak or concentration of values. A dataset can have one mode (unimodal), more than one mode (bimodal or multimodal), or no mode if all values occur with the same frequency. For example, in a survey asking about preferred colors, the mode would be the color that was chosen by the largest number of respondents. While the mode is easy to identify, it may not always be a unique or stable measure of central tendency, especially in small datasets or those with a wide range of values.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Modernisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Modernisation is a far-reaching and complex process by which a society undergoes a fundamental transformation from traditional or less developed institutions, social structures, and cultural practices to those characteristic of more developed, industrialised, and often urbanised societies. This process typically involves significant changes in various aspects of social life, including the economy (shift from agriculture to industry), political systems (often towards democracy and increased state capacity), social structures (greater social mobility and differentiation), cultural values (emphasis on individualism, secularism, and rationality), and technology (adoption of advanced technologies). Modernisation is often associated with improvements in living standards, education, healthcare, and overall societal complexity, but it can also bring about social disruptions, inequalities, and challenges to traditional ways of life. Sociologists study modernisation to understand its causes, consequences, and the different paths that societies take in this transformative process.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Modernisation_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Modernisation theory is a version of market-oriented development theory that argues that low-income societies can develop economically only if they give up their traditional ways, values, and institutions and adopt modern economic institutions, technologies, and cultural values that emphasise savings, investment, individualism, and productive work. This theory suggests that development follows a linear path through distinct stages, from traditional to modern, and that less developed countries can achieve modernisation by emulating the paths taken by more developed Western nations. Modernisation theory often focuses on internal factors within developing countries, such as cultural barriers to progress, and advocates for the adoption of Western models of economic and political organisation. It has been influential in shaping development policies but has also faced criticism for its ethnocentric bias, its failure to account for historical and global power dynamics, and its assumption that all societies will follow the same path of development.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Monarchy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Monarchy are those political systems that are typically headed by a single person, known as a monarch (such as a king, queen, emperor, or sultan), whose power and position are usually passed down through their family across generations, often based on hereditary principles. In a monarchy, the monarch may hold absolute power (absolute monarchy) or their power may be limited by a constitution or other governing bodies (constitutional monarchy). Historically, monarchy was a prevalent form of government in many parts of the world, and while many monarchies have been replaced by other forms of government, some still exist today, often playing a symbolic or ceremonial role rather than wielding significant political power. The study of monarchies in political sociology examines their historical evolution, their different forms and functions, and their role in shaping political systems and social structures.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Monogamy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Monogamy is a form of marriage in which each married partner is allowed to have only one spouse at any given time. This is the most common form of marriage in many parts of the world today, particularly in Western industrialised societies, and is often legally recognised as the only legitimate form of marriage. Monogamy can be contrasted with polygamy, which involves having more than one spouse at the same time (either polygyny, where a man has multiple wives, or polyandry, where a woman has multiple husbands). Serial monogamy, where individuals have multiple spouses throughout their lives but only one at a time, is also a common pattern in some societies. The prevalence and social norms surrounding monogamy vary across cultures and are influenced by factors such as religion, law, and economic conditions.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Monopoly' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Monopoly refers to the control of a particular market or industry by a single business firm, giving that firm the power to dominate the market without significant competition. In a monopoly, the single firm is the sole producer or seller of a specific product or service, allowing it to set prices, control supply, and potentially limit consumer choice. This lack of competition can lead to higher prices, lower quality, and reduced innovation compared to markets with multiple competing firms. Monopolies can arise due to various factors, such as government regulations granting exclusive rights, the control of essential resources, high barriers to entry that prevent new firms from competing, or network effects where the value of a product or service increases as more people use it. While some monopolies may be considered natural due to inherent efficiencies of scale in certain industries, they are often subject to government regulation and antitrust laws aimed at preventing unfair competition and protecting consumer interests. The existence of a monopoly can have significant implications for the economy and society, affecting market dynamics, consumer welfare, and the distribution of wealth.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Monotheism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Monotheism is the belief in the existence of one single God or supreme being, who is typically seen as the creator and ruler of the universe. This belief system is central to several major world religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, which each have their own distinct theological understandings of this one God. Monotheism contrasts with polytheism, which is the belief in multiple gods, and atheism, which is the disbelief in any gods. The development of monotheistic beliefs has had a profound impact on the religious, philosophical, and ethical traditions of many cultures, shaping moral codes, worldviews, and social institutions. The concept of a single, all-powerful God often implies a unified and coherent understanding of the cosmos and humanity\'s place within it.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Morbidity_Rate' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Morbidity rates refer to the incidence or prevalence of diseases, illnesses, injuries, or other health problems within a given population over a specific period of time. Incidence rates measure the number of new cases of a disease or condition that occur in a population at risk during a specified period, while prevalence rates measure the total number of cases (both new and existing) of a disease or condition present in a population at a particular point in time or during a specific period. Morbidity rates are important indicators of the health status of a population and are used in public health to track disease trends, identify risk factors, and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions and healthcare systems. They can be expressed in various ways, such as the number of cases per 1,000 or 100,000 people in the population per year, and can be specific to certain diseases, age groups, or other demographic categories.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Mos' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Mos are norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society because they embody the most cherished principles or core values of a group, often carrying strong moral connotations and associated with intense feelings of right and wrong. They are informal rules of conduct that dictate what is considered morally acceptable or unacceptable behaviour, and violations of mores typically evoke strong social disapproval, condemnation, or even severe sanctions. Examples of mores in many societies include prohibitions against theft, murder, and incest. Mos are often deeply ingrained in a culture and are transmitted through socialisation across generations, contributing to social stability and the maintenance of ethical standards. They differ from folkways, which are also informal norms but govern everyday social behaviour and whose violation raises comparatively little concern.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Mortality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Mortality, in demography, is the study of death within human populations, encompassing the incidence, rates, and patterns of death. This category includes key demographic measures such as the crude death rate (the number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year), the infant mortality rate (deaths of infants under one year per 1,000 live births), and age-specific mortality rates, which provide insights into the health and longevity of a population. Mortality is influenced by a wide array of factors, including access to healthcare, sanitation, nutrition, lifestyle choices, environmental conditions, socioeconomic status, and the prevalence of specific diseases or causes of death. Analysing mortality data is crucial for public health planning, assessing the effectiveness of health interventions, identifying health disparities among different social groups, and understanding overall population dynamics and trends in life expectancy across different regions and historical periods.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Mortality_Rate' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Mortality rate refers to the incidence of death in a given population during a specific period of time, typically one year, and is often expressed as the number of deaths per 1,000 or 100,000 people in the population. It is a fundamental demographic indicator used to assess the health status of a population, track changes in death patterns over time, and make comparisons across different groups or regions. Mortality rates can be influenced by a wide range of factors, including age structure of the population, prevalence of diseases, access to healthcare, nutritional levels, environmental conditions, and socioeconomic factors. Specific mortality rates can be calculated for different age groups, sexes, or causes of death to provide more detailed insights into the patterns of mortality within a population. The crude death rate, which measures the total number of deaths in a year per 1,000 population, is a basic but widely used measure of mortality.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Multiculturalism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Multiculturalism is a perspective and a set of policies that recognize, value, and promote the coexistence of several distinct cultural or ethnic groups within a given society on equal terms, without any single culture dominating the others. It emphasises the importance of cultural diversity and encourages the retention of unique cultural identities, traditions, languages, and practices, while also fostering social integration and mutual respect among different groups. In a multicultural society, ethnic groups exist separately but ideally share equally in economic, political, and social life, contributing to a richer and more diverse society as a whole. Multiculturalism is often contrasted with assimilation, where minority groups are expected to adopt the culture of the dominant group, and the "melting pot" ideal, where different cultures are expected to blend together to form a new, common culture.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Multilinear_Evolutionary_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Multilinear evolutionary theory is a theory of social change that holds that change can occur in several different ways and does not inevitably lead all societies through the same fixed stages or in the same direction of development. This perspective acknowledges that societies are complex and adapt to their specific environmental, historical, and cultural contexts, resulting in diverse pathways of social evolution. Unlike earlier unilinear evolutionary theories that posited a single, universal sequence of societal development from simple to complex forms, multilinear evolution recognises the variety of forms that social change can take and the influence of specific local conditions on the trajectory of societal development. It emphasises the importance of studying individual societies in their own unique contexts rather than trying to fit them into a predetermined evolutionary framework.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Multimedia' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Multimedia refers to the combination of what used to be different media formats, requiring different technologies for access and presentation (for instance, visuals, audio, text, video, and interactive elements), integrated onto a single medium or platform, such as a CD-ROM, DVD, website, or computer application, which can be accessed and experienced using a computer or other digital device. This integration allows for a richer and more engaging user experience by combining various forms of content in a cohesive and interactive way. The rise of digital technologies has greatly facilitated the creation and distribution of multimedia content, transforming how information is communicated, entertainment is consumed, and learning takes place.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Multinational_Corporation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Multinational corporations (MNCs) are large commercial organisations that are headquartered in one country (the home country) but conduct business operations, including production, marketing, sales, and research and development, in numerous other countries around the world (host countries). These corporations often have significant economic power and play a major role in the global economy through foreign direct investment, international trade, and the transfer of technology and capital across borders. MNCs can have both positive and negative impacts on the countries in which they operate, providing jobs and investment but also potentially raising issues related to labor practices, environmental regulations, and economic sovereignty. The study of multinational corporations is an important area in sociology, particularly in the context of globalisation and its effects on national economies and societies.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Multiple-nuclei_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The multiple-nuclei theory is a theory of urban growth developed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman that views the growth of cities as emerging from many centers of development or "nuclei," rather than expanding outward from a single central business district as suggested by the concentric-zone theory. This theory posits that a city may have several distinct centers of activity, each specializing in a particular urban need or activity, such as a retail district, a manufacturing area, a residential suburb, or a university campus. The development of these multiple nuclei is influenced by factors such as the availability of land, transportation routes, the clustering of similar industries or activities, and the avoidance of incompatible land uses. The multiple-nuclei theory provides a more complex and realistic model of urban structure, particularly for large, sprawling cities that have developed over time and have multiple centers of economic and social activity.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Nation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A nation is a group of people who are bound together by a strong sense of shared values, cultural characteristics such as language and religion, and a perceived common history, often aspiring to self-determination and the formation of their own state. The sense of belonging and collective identity among members of a nation is often based on shared cultural heritage, traditions, myths, and a feeling of common destiny. While a nation may or may not have its own state, the desire for national self-governance is a central aspect of nationalism. The boundaries of a nation are often culturally defined and may not always align with the political boundaries of existing states, leading to complex issues of national identity, territorial claims, and political movements for national unification or independence.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Nation_State' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A nation state is a political apparatus that exercises sovereignty and authority over a specific territory, with a population of citizens who typically share a strong sense of national identity, often reinforced by common cultural characteristics such as language, religion, and a perceived shared history, and whose authority is backed up by military force and a nationalistic, sovereign creed. The concept of a nation state combines the political entity of the state with the cultural and social entity of the nation, where the state is seen as representing and protecting the interests and identity of the nation within its defined borders. The rise of the nation state is a key feature of modern political history, particularly in Europe, and it continues to be the dominant form of political organisation globally, although the relationship between nation and state can be complex and contested, especially in diverse or multinational states.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Nationalism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Nationalism is a complex set of beliefs, political ideas, and social movements that express a strong sense of identification with a given national community and pursue the interests, unity, and sovereignty of that community, often prioritizing national interests above all other considerations. Nationalism typically involves a belief in the unique character and destiny of one\'s nation, a sense of pride and loyalty to the nation, and a desire to promote its culture, interests, and well-being. It can be a powerful force in shaping political landscapes, driving movements for national independence, unification, or expansion, and influencing international relations. While nationalism can foster social cohesion and a sense of collective identity, it can also lead to exclusionary attitudes towards other nations and minority groups, as well as to conflict and rivalry between nations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Natural_Environment' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The natural environment encompasses the Earth\'s surface and atmosphere, including all living organisms (plants, animals, microorganisms) as well as the non-living components such as the air, water, soil, rocks, and other resources that are necessary to sustain life and ecological systems. It represents the part of the environment that is not directly created or significantly altered by human activities, although human actions increasingly have a global impact on natural environments. The study of the natural environment is crucial for understanding ecological processes, biodiversity, and the interactions between living organisms and their surroundings. It is also essential for addressing environmental challenges such as pollution, resource depletion, and climate change, which have significant social and ecological consequences.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Natural_Science' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Natural science is a branch of science that focuses on the study of the physical features of nature and the ways in which they interact and change, using systematic observation, experimentation, and the formulation of testable hypotheses and theories to understand the natural world. The natural sciences typically include disciplines such as physics, chemistry, biology, geology, astronomy, and environmental science, each focusing on different aspects of the natural world and employing specific methodologies to investigate natural phenomena. The goal of natural science is to gain a deeper understanding of the fundamental laws and principles that govern the universe and the processes that shape it, providing a foundation for technological advancements and our understanding of our place in the natural world.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Negotiated_Order' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Negotiated order is a sociological concept that refers to a social structure or system that does not have a fixed or predetermined existence but rather derives its character and stability from the ongoing social interactions and negotiations through which people define, interpret, and redefine its elements, rules, and boundaries. This perspective emphasises the dynamic and emergent nature of social organisation, highlighting how social order is continuously constructed and maintained through the interactions and agreements among individuals and groups within a particular setting or context. The negotiated order can be influenced by power dynamics, shared understandings, and the ongoing processes of communication and adjustment among participants. It suggests that social structures are not static entities but are constantly being shaped and reshaped by the interactions of those within them.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Negotiation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Negotiation is a fundamental social process that involves the attempt by two or more parties with differing interests or goals to reach a mutually acceptable agreement concerning some objective, issue, or course of action. It typically involves communication, discussion, and bargaining, where each party may make concessions or compromises to find a common ground that satisfies their essential needs or interests. Negotiation can occur in various contexts, from interpersonal relationships and business transactions to political and international relations. The success of negotiation often depends on factors such as the parties\' willingness to compromise, their communication skills, their understanding of each other\'s needs and interests, and the power dynamics between them. It is a key mechanism for conflict resolution, cooperation, and the achievement of shared goals in diverse social settings.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Neo-colonialism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Neo-colonialism refers to a new form of global power relationship that involves not direct political control over former colonies, but rather economic exploitation and dominance exerted by powerful multinational corporations and global financial institutions based in developed countries over less developed nations. In this system, former colonies or developing countries may be politically independent but remain economically dependent on and vulnerable to the interests of these powerful economic actors from the developed world. This dependence can manifest through control over key industries, trade imbalances, debt burdens, and the influence of international financial policies that may benefit wealthy nations at the expense of poorer ones. Neo-colonialism suggests that the patterns of global inequality established during the colonial era persist through economic mechanisms rather than direct political rule.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Neo-locality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Neo-locality is a residential pattern in which a married couple chooses to live apart from the parents of both spouses, establishing a new and independent household in a location of their own choosing. This pattern is common in many modern, industrialised societies where there is an emphasis on individualism, independence, and the nuclear family unit. Neo-locality allows the newly married couple to establish their own rules, traditions, and lifestyle without the direct influence or oversight of either set of parents. It reflects a shift away from more traditional residential patterns like patrilocality (living with or near the husband\'s family) and matrilocality (living with or near the wife\'s family), which were more prevalent in agricultural and extended family-based societies. The rise of neo-locality is linked to factors such as increased geographic mobility, economic independence, and changing cultural norms about family life.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Neoliberalism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Neoliberalism is a dominant economic belief system and political ideology that advocates for free market forces as the primary route to economic growth and prosperity, achieved by minimizing government restrictions and interventions on business and the economy. Key tenets of neoliberalism include deregulation, privatisation of state-owned enterprises, reduced government spending on social programs, free trade, and fiscal austerity. This ideology gained prominence in the late 20th century and has influenced economic policies in many countries around the world, often leading to increased globalisation and a greater role for the private sector in the economy. While proponents argue that neoliberal policies promote efficiency, innovation, and economic growth, critics point to potential negative consequences such as increased income inequality, social instability, and environmental degradation due to the prioritisation of market forces over social and environmental concerns.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Network' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A network in sociology refers to a set of informal and formal social ties that connects individuals, groups, or organisations to each other, forming a web of relationships through which information, resources, and social support can flow. These networks can vary in size, density, and complexity, ranging from small, close-knit groups to large, loosely connected global networks facilitated by technology. Social networks play a crucial role in various aspects of social life, influencing everything from job opportunities and social mobility to the spread of ideas and social support systems. The strength and nature of these ties (e.g., strong vs. weak ties) can have different implications for the individuals involved and the functioning of the network as a whole. Sociologists study social networks to understand social capital, social influence, and the structure of social relationships at different levels of analysis.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('New_Religious_Movement_(NRM)_Or_Cult' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A new religious movement (NRM), sometimes still referred to as a cult, is a generally small, often recently emerged religious group that represents either a new religion or a major innovation of an existing faith, often holding beliefs and practices that differ significantly from mainstream religions and may be viewed as unconventional or outside the dominant religious traditions of a society. The term "cult" has acquired negative connotations and is often used pejoratively, so sociologists generally prefer the more neutral term NRM to avoid judgmental labeling. NRMs can vary widely in their size, structure, doctrines, and level of social acceptance, and they often attract followers who are seeking alternative spiritual paths or solutions to personal or societal problems. The study of NRMs in sociology examines their origins, development, social dynamics, and their relationships with the wider society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('New_Social_Movement' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'New social movements (NSMs) are organised collective activities that promote autonomy, self-determination, and improvements in the quality of life, often focusing on issues beyond traditional class-based or economic concerns. These movements typically emerge in post-industrial societies and address issues such as environmental protection, human rights, peace, gender equality, and social justice, often mobilizing through grassroots activism, non-hierarchical structures, and the use of media and technology to raise awareness and advocate for change. NSMs often emphasise identity, culture, and the transformation of values and social norms, rather than solely seeking political power or economic redistribution. They represent a shift in the focus of social movements towards broader social and cultural issues and often involve diverse participants united by shared values and concerns about the direction of modern society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('New_Urban_Sociology' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'New urban sociology is a contemporary approach to the study of urbanisation that goes beyond traditional ecological models by considering the complex interplay of local, national, and worldwide forces and their profound effect on local urban space and the lives of city dwellers. This perspective places a special emphasis on the impact of global economic activity, political decisions, and social inequalities on the development and transformation of cities, recognizing that urban areas are not isolated entities but are deeply embedded in broader regional, national, and global contexts. New urban sociology examines issues such as gentrification, urban sprawl, the spatial concentration of poverty, the role of global capital in shaping urban landscapes, and the social and economic consequences of these processes for different groups within cities. It highlights the interconnectedness of local urban dynamics with larger global forces and power structures.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Newly_Industrialising_Country' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Newly industrialising countries (NICs) are lower-income nations that are experiencing rapid economic growth and a significant shift towards industrial production and manufacturing, leading to a fast transition towards becoming higher-income countries with more developed economies. These countries often attract foreign investment, develop their infrastructure, and increase their participation in global trade, experiencing a rise in their standard of living and a more diversified economy beyond traditional agriculture or resource extraction. Examples of NICs include countries in Southeast Asia, Latin America, and parts of Eastern Europe that have achieved significant economic progress in recent decades. The process of industrialisation in these countries often brings about significant social and economic changes, including urbanisation, the growth of a middle class, and shifts in employment patterns.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Nisei' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Nisei is a term of Japanese origin, meaning "second generation," used in countries in North America and South America to refer to people born in those countries to at least one Issei (first-generation) immigrant parent who was born in Japan. The Nisei generation grew up in a cultural context that was often a blend of Japanese heritage and the culture of their birth country. In the United States, the Nisei faced significant challenges and discrimination, particularly during World War II when many were unjustly incarcerated in internment camps along with their Issei parents. Despite these hardships, the Nisei generation played a crucial role in navigating their dual identities and contributing to the social and economic fabric of their adopted countries. Subsequent generations include Sansei (third generation) and Yonsei (fourth generation).'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Non-material_Culture' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Non-material culture encompasses the intangible world of ideas, beliefs, values, norms, symbols, language, and social practices created and shared by the members of a society, shaping their understanding of the world and guiding their behaviour. It includes the abstract creations of human societies that are not embodied in physical objects. Non-material culture is just as crucial as material culture in defining a society\'s way of life and distinguishes human societies from one another. It is learned through socialisation and is transmitted across generations, forming the basis of cultural traditions and social order. Examples of non-material culture include religious beliefs, moral codes, customs, and systems of knowledge.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Non-verbal_Communication' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Non-verbal communication refers to the sending and receiving of messages through the use of body movements, gestures, facial expressions, posture, eye contact, touch, and other non-linguistic cues rather than through spoken or written words. These nonverbal signals can convey a wide range of emotions, attitudes, intentions, and meanings, often complementing, contradicting, or substituting for verbal communication. Non-verbal communication is a fundamental aspect of social interaction and plays a crucial role in how we understand and relate to others. Cultural norms can significantly influence the interpretation of nonverbal cues, leading to potential misunderstandings across different cultural contexts.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Normal_Accident' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Normal accidents are failures that are considered inevitable, or at least highly likely, given the inherent complexity and tight coupling of human and technological systems, particularly in high-risk industries such as nuclear power, aviation, and chemical processing. This theory, developed by sociologist Charles Perrow, suggests that in such complex systems, multiple unexpected failures can interact in unforeseen ways, leading to accidents that are not simply the result of isolated errors but are a systemic outcome of the organisation and technology involved. The interactive complexity and tight coupling of these systems make it difficult to predict or prevent all potential failure combinations, leading to what Perrow terms "normal" accidents, meaning they are a normal, albeit infrequent, feature of such systems.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Norm' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Norm are the rules, standards, and expectations of behaviour that are widely shared and understood within a society or group, guiding the actions and interactions of its members and defining what is considered acceptable, appropriate, and desirable in various social situations. Norm can be formal, such as laws and written rules with specific sanctions for violations, or informal, such as customs, traditions, and social etiquette that are maintained through social approval or disapproval. They provide a framework for social order and cohesion, helping individuals to anticipate how others will behave and to know how they themselves are expected to act. Norm vary across cultures and can change over time within a society, reflecting evolving values and beliefs.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Nuclear_And_Extended_Family_Unit' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Nuclear_And_Extended_Family_Unit represents traditional family structures organised around biological relationships, marriage bonds, and formal adoption arrangements that create legally and socially recognised kinship networks. These aggregates typically involve multiple generations and various degrees of kinship connection, serving as primary sites of socialisation, economic cooperation, and emotional support. They are characterised by established roles, responsibilities, and patterns of interaction that are culturally defined and socially sanctioned. These family units often serve as the primary context for child development, the transmission of cultural values and traditions, and the provision of care and support throughout the life cycle. The structure and dynamics of these units reflect broader cultural values about kinship, gender roles, and family obligations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Nuclear_Family' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A nuclear family is a family group that consists of a mother, a father (or one of these parents in the case of single-parent families), and their dependent children living together in the same household. This family structure is often considered the traditional or dominant family form in many Western industrialised societies, although diverse family arrangements are increasingly common. The nuclear family is typically characterised by close emotional bonds, economic cooperation, and the responsibility of the adult members for the upbringing and well-being of their children. It plays a crucial role in the socialisation of children and provides a primary source of social support for its members.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Obedience' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Obedience refers to compliance with the directives, commands, or instructions given by higher authorities in a hierarchical structure, such as in a workplace, military organisation, or within a family. It involves following the orders or rules set by those in positions of power or authority, even if one might personally disagree with them. Obedience is often seen as necessary for maintaining order and efficiency in hierarchical systems, but it can also raise ethical concerns when individuals are asked to follow commands that they believe are wrong or harmful, as highlighted by studies like the Milgram experiment on obedience to authority.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Objectivity' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Objectivity in research refers to a state of personal neutrality, impartiality, and the absence of bias or preconceived notions in the process of conducting research, analysing data, and interpreting findings. Researchers strive for objectivity to ensure that their personal opinions, values, or political beliefs do not unduly influence the research process or its outcomes, allowing the evidence to speak for itself. While complete objectivity may be an ideal that is difficult to achieve fully in social science research due to the researcher\'s own social location and perspectives, researchers employ various methods and techniques, such as standardised procedures, peer review, and transparency in reporting findings, to minimise bias and enhance the objectivity and credibility of their work.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Observation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Observation is a fundamental research technique in which an investigator systematically collects information and data through direct participation in and/or observation of a group, tribe, community, or social setting being studied. This method is often used in qualitative research, particularly in ethnography and field studies, to gain an in-depth understanding of social behaviours, interactions, and cultural practices in their natural context. Researchers may choose to be participant observers, actively engaging in the activities of the group while also observing, or non-participant observers, observing from a distance without directly participating. Systematic observation involves developing a focused research question, defining what will be observed, and using a structured approach to record and analyse the observations. This method allows for the collection of rich, detailed data about social life as it unfolds.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Operational_Definition' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'An operational definition is a clear, precise, and specific explanation of an abstract concept that is formulated in a way that allows a researcher to measure the concept empirically and systematically. It involves defining the concept in terms of the concrete, observable, and measurable indicators or procedures that will be used to represent it in a research study. For example, if a researcher is studying the concept of "happiness," an operational definition might be the score an individual reports on a standardised happiness scale, or the frequency with which they exhibit positive emotions during an observation period. Providing operational definitions is crucial for ensuring clarity, consistency, and replicability in research, as it specifies exactly how a concept will be measured and allows other researchers to understand and potentially replicate the study.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Oral_History' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Oral history refers to a method of collecting historical information and personal narratives through interviews with people about events they witnessed or experienced earlier in their lives. These interviews are typically recorded and transcribed, providing valuable primary source material that can offer unique perspectives and details not found in written documents. Oral history is widely used in sociology, history, anthropology, and other social sciences to understand past events, social changes, and the lived experiences of individuals and communities from their own viewpoints. It can capture the nuances of personal memories, emotions, and interpretations, enriching our understanding of the past and contributing to a more diverse and inclusive historical record.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Organic_Solidity' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Organic Solidarity, a fundamental concept in Émile Durkheim\'s sociological theory, describes the form of social cohesion and integration that characterises modern, complex, and industrialised societies. Unlike mechanical solidarity, which is based on similarity and shared beliefs in traditional societies, organic solidarity arises from the interdependence of individuals and groups due to a highly specialised division of labor. In societies with organic solidarity, individuals perform diverse, specialised tasks and rely on each other to fulfill their needs and contribute to the overall functioning of society as an integrated whole. This mutual dependence, or functional interdependence, fosters social unity even in the absence of a strong collective consciousness or shared morality. Durkheim argued that organic solidarity is maintained through the regulation of these interdependent relationships, often through formal laws and contracts, and the recognition that each person\'s unique contribution is vital to the well-being of the collective, thereby allowing for greater individual autonomy within a larger social system.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Organisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'An organisation in sociology refers to a large group of individuals who are structured and coordinated to achieve specific goals or purposes, involving a definite set of authority relations, rules, and procedures that govern their activities. Organisations can range from formal entities like corporations, government agencies, and educational institutions to more informal groups with shared objectives. They are characterised by a division of labor, a hierarchy of authority, and established patterns of communication and interaction among their members. Sociologists study organisations to understand their structure, culture, dynamics, and their role in shaping social life and achieving collective goals.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Organisational_And_Societal_Rationalisation_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Organisational_And_Societal_Rationalisation_Process represents the systematic transformation of social institutions, organisational structures, and cultural practices toward greater efficiency, predictability, and rule-based coordination characteristic of modern societies. These processes embody Max Weber\'s central insights about the fundamental character of modernity, where traditional, emotional, or value-based modes of social organisation are increasingly replaced by rational, calculable, and bureaucratic approaches. Rationalisation manifests in the development of formal rules, procedures, and hierarchical structures that prioritise efficiency and systematic organisation over personal relationships or traditional authority. Bureaucratisation represents the institutional expression of this broader rationalisation trend, as organisations adopt formal hierarchies, specialised roles, and standardised procedures to manage complex activities. Modernisation encompasses the comprehensive social transformation toward rationalised institutions, technological advancement, and systematic approaches to social organisation. These processes fundamentally reshape how societies coordinate collective action, make decisions, and organise productive activities. While rationalisation has enabled unprecedented levels of social coordination and technological achievement, it also creates new forms of social control and can lead to what Weber termed the "iron cage" of bureaucracy. Understanding these processes is crucial for analysing how modern societies balance efficiency with flexibility, formal coordination with personal autonomy, and systematic organisation with creative innovation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Organised_Crime' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Organised crime refers to the work of a group or network of individuals who engage in illegal activities on an ongoing basis, often regulating relations between various criminal enterprises involved in areas such as the smuggling and sale of drugs, prostitution, gambling, extortion, and other illicit activities for profit. These groups typically have a hierarchical structure, rules of conduct, and may use violence, corruption, and intimidation to maintain their power and control over their criminal operations. Organised crime can have significant social and economic consequences, undermining legitimate businesses, corrupting public officials, and contributing to violence and instability in communities.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Out-group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'An out-group is any group or category of people to which individuals feel they do not belong and with which they do not identify, often viewing them as different from or even in opposition to their own in-group. The distinction between in-groups and out-groups is fundamental to social identity theory and can influence social interactions, attitudes, and behaviours towards members of both groups. Individuals may perceive out-group members as less similar to themselves and may hold stereotypes or prejudices about them, sometimes leading to intergroup conflict or discrimination. The boundaries between in-groups and out-groups can be fluid and context-dependent, shifting based on social situations and group affiliations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Outsourcing' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Outsourcing is the business practice of contracting out a company\'s work tasks, functions, or processes to external third-party providers or service providers, which were previously carried out internally by the company\'s own employees. Companies may choose to outsource for various reasons, such as to reduce costs, improve efficiency, access specialised skills or technologies, or focus on their core business activities. Outsourcing can involve a wide range of functions, including manufacturing, information technology services, customer support, human resources, and accounting. While it can offer benefits to companies, outsourcing can also have implications for the company\'s employees, potentially leading to job losses or changes in working conditions, and can also raise ethical considerations related to labor practices and quality control in the outsourced operations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Participant_Observation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Participant observation is a key method of research widely used in sociology and anthropology, particularly in ethnographic studies, in which the researcher takes part in the activities, routines, and daily life of a group or community being studied over an extended period of time, while also systematically observing their behaviour and interactions in their natural setting. The goal of participant observation is to gain an in-depth understanding of the group\'s culture, perspectives, and social world from an insider\'s point of view, by immersing oneself in their environment and experiencing life as they do. This method allows researchers to gather rich, qualitative data about social processes, meanings, and practices that may not be accessible through other research techniques like surveys or interviews alone.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Participatory_Democracy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Participatory democracy is a system of democracy that emphasises the broad participation of all members of a group or community in the collective taking of major decisions that affect their lives, rather than relying solely on elected representatives to make decisions on their behalf. This form of democracy seeks to maximise citizen involvement in political and social decision-making processes, often through direct participation in forums, assemblies, or other mechanisms that allow for collective deliberation and action. The aim of participatory democracy is to empower individuals and communities to have a greater say in shaping their own futures and to promote a more inclusive and responsive form of governance.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Pastoral_Society' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Pastoral societies are preindustrial societies whose primary mode of subsistence and economic activity derives from the rearing and herding of domesticated animals, such as sheep, goats, cattle, or camels, for food, clothing, shelter, and transportation. These societies often have a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle, with a need to migrate between different areas according to seasonal changes in pasture availability or to seek fresh grazing lands for their herds. Social organisation in pastoral societies is often structured around kinship ties and the ownership and management of livestock, which can be a significant source of wealth and status. Compared to hunter-gatherer societies, pastoral societies tend to have larger populations and a more complex social structure, but they are often less settled than agrarian societies that rely on crop cultivation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Pastoralism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Pastoralism refers to a type of technology and way of life that is based on the domestication, herding, and raising of animals for subsistence and economic purposes. This practice involves managing herds of animals, such as cattle, sheep, goats, or camels, and often requires mobility to follow grazing patterns and ensure the animals have sufficient food and water. Pastoralism is the primary economic base of pastoral societies and has been a significant mode of adaptation to certain environments, particularly arid and semi-arid regions where crop cultivation may be difficult. The social organisation, cultural practices, and knowledge systems of pastoralist groups are often closely intertwined with their reliance on domesticated animals.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Patriarchy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Patriarchy is a form of social organisation in which men hold the primary power and predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege, and control of property, and in the domain of the family where fathers or father figures hold authority over women and children. This system often involves the oppression and exploitation of women, who typically have less access to resources and decision-making processes. Patriarchal structures are prevalent in many societies throughout history and continue to shape gender relations and social inequalities in various ways, influencing laws, customs, and cultural norms that often favour men and limit the opportunities and autonomy of women.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Patrilineal_Descent' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Patrilineal descent is a kinship system that favours the relatives of the father, tracing ancestral lineage, inheritance, and social identity primarily through the male line. In this system, individuals belong to their father\'s kin group, and family name, property, and social status are typically passed down from fathers to their sons across generations. This emphasis on the paternal line often reinforces patriarchal structures within society, where men tend to hold more power and authority within the family and in broader social institutions. Patrilineal descent is a common form of kinship organisation in many cultures around the world and has significant implications for family structure, inheritance patterns, and social relationships.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Patrilocality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Patrilocality is a residential pattern in which a married couple establishes their household in or very near the husband\'s family\'s residence, often living with the husband\'s parents or other male relatives. This practice is frequently associated with patrilineal descent systems, where kinship and inheritance are traced through the male line, as it keeps male family members and their offspring together, reinforcing family ties and the transmission of property and social status through the paternal lineage. Patrilocality can also provide support for the new couple from the husband\'s family and strengthen the husband\'s ties to his kin group. This residential pattern is one of the ways that societies organise post-marital living arrangements, with other common patterns being matrilocality (living with or near the wife\'s family) and neolocality (establishing an independent household).'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Peer_Group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A peer group is a social group whose members share common characteristics such as similar interests, social position, age, and often a sense of shared identity and belonging. Peer groups play a significant role in the socialisation process, particularly during adolescence, influencing individuals\' attitudes, values, behaviours, and self-concept. They provide a context for learning social skills, developing relationships, and establishing norms and expectations that may differ from those of the family or broader society. Peer influence can be strong, shaping choices related to fashion, music, activities, and even academic performance. Peer groups can provide social support and a sense of community, but they can also exert pressure to conform to group norms, sometimes in ways that may be positive or negative for the individual.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Peripheral_Country' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Peripheral countries, according to world-systems theory developed by Immanuel Wallerstein, are those countries that have a marginal and often subordinate role in the global economy and are thus dependent on the core-producing (wealthy, industrialised) societies for their trading relationships, often serving as sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets for core countries\' products. These countries typically have less diversified economies, weaker state institutions, and lower levels of industrialisation and technological development compared to core and semi-peripheral nations. The economic relationships between core and peripheral countries are often characterised by unequal exchange, where peripheral nations may be exploited for their resources and labor, hindering their own economic development and perpetuating global inequalities.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Personality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'In everyday speech, personality refers to a person\'s typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behaviour that are relatively stable and consistent over time and across different situations, influencing how they think, feel, and interact with the world and others. In sociology and psychology, personality is studied as the enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that make each individual unique. Various theories attempt to explain the development and structure of personality, including psychodynamic, humanistic, trait-based, and social-cognitive perspectives, each emphasizing different factors such as unconscious drives, personal growth, stable characteristics, and the interaction between individuals and their social environment.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Pilot_Study' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Pilot studies are small-scale, preliminary research studies or trial runs that are conducted in survey research or other research methodologies before the main study is carried out. The purpose of a pilot study is to test and refine the research design, instruments (such as questionnaires or interview guides), and procedures to identify any potential problems, ambiguities, or flaws before investing more time and resources in the full-scale study. Pilot studies can help researchers to assess the feasibility of their research methods, estimate the time and resources needed for the main study, and make necessary adjustments to improve the quality and validity of the final results.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Pluralism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Pluralism, in a sociological context, refers to a condition or ideology in which mutual respect and tolerance exist between the various cultural, ethnic, racial, religious, or other groups within a society, allowing minorities to maintain and express their own distinct cultures, traditions, and identities without experiencing prejudice, discrimination, or pressure to assimilate into the dominant culture. In a pluralistic society, diversity is valued and seen as enriching the social fabric, with different groups coexisting peacefully and participating equally in economic and political life while retaining their unique cultural heritage. This is often contrasted with assimilation, where minority groups are expected to adopt the dominant culture, and segregation, where groups are physically or socially separated.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Pluralist_Model' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The pluralist model is a view of society that posits that power is not concentrated in the hands of a single elite group but is rather distributed among many competing interest groups within the community, with various groups having access to governmental officials and the political process, ensuring that no single group is dominant or able to consistently impose its will on others. This model suggests that policy outcomes are the result of bargaining, compromise, and coalition-building among these diverse groups, each advocating for their own interests. Pluralism emphasises the role of voluntary associations, interest groups, and a relatively open political system in preventing the concentration of power and promoting a balance of influence among different segments of society. It contrasts with the elite model, which argues that a small, cohesive group holds the majority of power.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Political_Action_Committee_(PAC)' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A political action committee (PAC) is a political committee that is typically established by an interest group—such as a national bank, corporation, trade association, cooperative, or membership association—for the specific purpose of soliciting and distributing financial contributions to candidates running for political office or to political parties. PACs are a significant part of the campaign finance system in many democracies, allowing organised groups to pool resources and support candidates who align with their interests and policy objectives. The regulations governing PACs, including the amount of money they can raise and contribute, vary depending on the jurisdiction.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Political_Ideologies_And_Movement' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Political_Ideologies_And_Movement represents organised belief systems, value frameworks, and collective action initiatives that seek to shape political discourse, influence policy outcomes, and transform social and economic arrangements. This category encompasses both systematic ideological frameworks that provide comprehensive worldviews and organised movements that mobilise collective action around specific goals or grievances. These entities function as realizable potentials that can be activated under appropriate social and political conditions, manifesting in political campaigns, policy reforms, institutional changes, and social transformation. Ideological frameworks provide coherent sets of beliefs about how society should be organised, the proper role of government, and the relationship between individual freedom and collective welfare. Social movements represent organised efforts to challenge existing power structures, advocate for marginalised groups, or promote alternative visions of social organisation. The category recognises that political change emerges from the dynamic interaction between ideas and organised action, with movements serving as vehicles for translating ideological commitments into concrete political outcomes and policy changes.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Political_Socialisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Political socialisation is the lifelong process through which individuals acquire their political attitudes, beliefs, values, and develop patterns of political behaviour, learning about the political system and their role within it. This process begins early in life with influences from family, schools, peers, and the media, and continues throughout adulthood as individuals interact with political institutions and participate in political activities. Political socialisation shapes individuals\' understanding of political ideologies, their party affiliations, their views on public issues, and their levels of political engagement.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Political_System' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A political system is the social institution within a society that relies on a recognised set of procedures and structures for implementing and achieving the collective goals of a group or society, particularly those related to power, authority, and governance. It encompasses the government, political parties, interest groups, and the broader political culture, including the norms, values, and beliefs that shape political behaviour and decision-making processes. The political system is responsible for making and enforcing rules, resolving conflicts, and allocating resources within a society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Political_Systems_And_Governance_Form' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Political_Systems_And_Governance_Form encompasses the fundamental organisational structures and institutional arrangements through which political authority is exercised, legitimated, and maintained within societies. This category represents the core architectural frameworks that define how power is distributed, exercised, and constrained in political communities. These systems establish the basic rules and procedures for collective decision-making, the selection of leaders, and the relationship between governing institutions and citizens. The category includes both democratic forms that emphasise popular participation and consent, as well as traditional forms like monarchies that derive legitimacy from historical precedent and hereditary succession. Each system embodies different principles regarding the source of political authority, the mechanisms of accountability, and the balance between individual rights and collective governance. These governance forms represent realizable entities that can be instantiated in different societies and historical contexts, each carrying specific potentials for political participation, representation, and the exercise of state power. The category captures the diversity of ways human societies have organised political authority while recognizing common patterns in institutional design and legitimation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Politics' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Politics, in Harold D. Lasswell\'s classic definition, is fundamentally about "who gets what, when, and how," highlighting the struggle for power and resources within a society and the processes through which decisions are made about their distribution and allocation. It involves the exercise of power and influence to shape policies, make collective decisions, and resolve conflicts over competing interests and values. Politics operates at various levels, from interpersonal relationships and small groups to national and international arenas, and is a central aspect of social organisation and governance.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Polyandry' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Polyandry is a specific form of polygamy in which a woman has more than one husband at the same time. This type of marriage is less common than polygyny (where a man has multiple wives) and is found in certain cultures around the world, often associated with specific economic or social conditions, such as limited land resources or the need to maintain family size in challenging environments. Different forms of polyandry exist, including fraternal polyandry, where a woman marries a group of brothers.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Polygamy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Polygamy is a form of marriage in which an individual is legally or socially permitted to have more than one spouse simultaneously. It can take two main forms: polygyny, where a man has multiple wives, and polyandry, where a woman has multiple husbands. While monogamy (marriage to one spouse at a time) is the most common form of marriage globally, polygamy is practiced in some cultures and religions around the world, often with specific social, economic, or religious justifications.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Polygyny' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Polygyny is a specific form of polygamy in which a man is allowed to have more than one wife at the same time. This practice is more common than polyandry and is found in various cultures and religions around the world, often associated with factors such as social status, economic advantages, or religious beliefs that permit or encourage it. The relationships within polygynous marriages can vary widely depending on cultural norms and individual circumstances.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Polytheism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Polytheism is the belief in the existence of two or more gods or deities, who are often seen as having distinct powers, responsibilities, and domains over various aspects of the natural world and human life. This belief system was prevalent in many ancient civilisations and continues to exist in some cultures and religions today. Polytheism contrasts with monotheism, the belief in one God, and atheism, the disbelief in gods. The pantheons of gods in polytheistic religions often have complex relationships and hierarchies, with different gods being worshipped for different purposes or in different contexts.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Population' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'In the context of social research, the population refers to the entire group of people who are the focus of a study or survey and about whom the researcher wants to draw conclusions. The population can be defined by specific characteristics, such as age, gender, ethnicity, geographic location, or membership in a particular group. Due to practical constraints, researchers often study a smaller subset of the population, known as a sample, and then generalise their findings from the sample back to the larger population, provided that the sample is representative of the population as a whole. Defining the target population clearly is a crucial step in the research design process.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Population_And_Demographic_Study' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Population_And_Demographic_Study encompasses academic disciplines that examine human populations through quantitative and qualitative analysis of demographic processes, life course dynamics, and population structures. This interdisciplinary domain integrates statistical analysis with social theory to understand how populations change over time and space, examining fundamental demographic processes and their social implications. The field employs sophisticated methodological approaches to analyse population data, demographic transitions, and cohort effects across different societies and historical periods. These disciplines contribute essential knowledge for understanding societal transformations, resource allocation challenges, and the social consequences of demographic shifts. They provide critical insights into how population structures influence social institutions, economic systems, and policy development. The domain bridges quantitative demographic analysis with sociological understanding of how population changes affect social organisation, intergenerational relationships, and societal adaptation. This knowledge base is increasingly vital for addressing contemporary challenges related to population aging, demographic transitions, and the social implications of changing population structures in both developed and developing societies.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Population_And_Research_Aggregate' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Population_And_Research_Aggregate encompasses collective entities defined for analytical and research purposes, including both naturally occurring populations and methodologically constructed groups used in social research and policy analysis. These aggregates represent how social scientists and policymakers create categories and samples to understand social phenomena, test theories, and develop policies. They include both target populations that researchers seek to understand and specific methodological tools used to study social processes. These aggregates demonstrate the intersection between social reality and social research, showing how analytical categories and research methods shape our understanding of social phenomena. They are essential for understanding how social knowledge is produced and how research findings are used to inform policy and social intervention.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Population_Movement_And_Migration_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Population_Movement_And_Migration_Process encompasses the systematic spatial movements of individuals and groups across geographic boundaries that reshape demographic patterns and social composition of societies. These processes involve both voluntary and involuntary movements of people driven by economic, political, social, and environmental factors. They include comprehensive frameworks for understanding population movement as well as specific forms of migration and diaspora formation. These processes fundamentally alter the demographic landscape of both sending and receiving areas, creating new patterns of cultural diversity, economic relationships, and social integration challenges. They involve complex interactions between individual agency, structural constraints, and macro-level forces that shape contemporary globalisation. Understanding these processes is essential for analysing demographic change, cultural transformation, and the social consequences of human mobility in an increasingly interconnected world.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Population_Pyramid' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A population pyramid, also known as an age-sex pyramid, is a specialised type of bar chart that visually shows the distribution of a population by gender (males and females) and age groups at a specific point in time. It typically consists of two horizontal bar graphs, one for males and one for females, placed back-to-back along a central vertical axis representing age cohorts, usually in five-year intervals. The length of each horizontal bar represents the percentage or absolute number of people in that particular age group and gender category. The shape of the population pyramid can provide insights into a population\'s demographic structure, including its age distribution, sex ratio, and potential for future growth or decline, reflecting factors such as birth rates, death rates, and migration patterns.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Positivism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Positivism, in sociology, is a theoretical approach that advocates for the study of the social world using the principles and methods of natural science, emphasizing empirical observation, objective measurement, comparison, and experimentation to produce objective knowledge about society. Positivists believe that social phenomena can be studied scientifically, just like natural phenomena, and that sociological research should aim to identify objective facts and patterns in social life, often relying on quantitative data and statistical analysis to uncover causal relationships and generalizable laws governing social behaviour. This approach seeks to establish sociology as a rigorous and evidence-based discipline, grounded in empirical evidence rather than speculation or subjective interpretation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Post-Fordism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Post-Fordism is a general term used to describe the transition from mass industrial production, which was characterised by Fordist methods of standardised production, assembly lines, and economies of scale, to more flexible and diversified forms of production that favour innovation, cater to niche markets, and are aimed at meeting increasingly differentiated market demands for customised and higher-quality products. This shift, which began in the late 20th century, is associated with advancements in technology, such as automation and computerisation, as well as changes in consumer preferences and global economic competition. Post-Fordist production systems often involve greater flexibility in production processes, the use of advanced technologies to allow for product variation, a more skilled and adaptable workforce, and a focus on quality and innovation rather than just mass quantity.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Postindustrial_City' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A postindustrial city is an urban center in which the economy is dominated by global finance, the electronic flow of information, technology, services, and consumption, rather than traditional manufacturing and industrial activities. These cities often serve as hubs for financial institutions, corporate headquarters, research and development, and high-technology industries, playing a central role in the global knowledge economy. The landscape and social structure of postindustrial cities may reflect this shift, with a decline in industrial areas and a growth in office buildings, service-oriented businesses, and residential areas catering to a more diverse and often highly skilled workforce.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Postmodernism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Postmodernism is a broad intellectual and cultural movement characterised by the belief that society is no longer governed by grand narratives of history or progress, universal truths, or objective realities. Postmodern society is seen as highly pluralistic and diverse, with a multiplicity of perspectives, identities, and fragmented realities, and no single overarching ideology or "grand narrative" guiding its development or providing a unified sense of meaning. Postmodern thought often emphasises relativism, skepticism towards authority and traditional institutions, and the social construction of knowledge and reality. It highlights the role of language, power, and discourse in shaping our understanding of the world and challenges the idea of objective truth in favour of multiple, subjective interpretations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Poststructuralism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Poststructuralism is a theoretical approach to social science that originated from the field of linguistics and gained prominence in sociology through the work of thinkers like Michel Foucault. Poststructuralists critically examine the underlying structures of meaning and power in society, rejecting the structuralist idea that there are fixed, universal structures that determine social phenomena. Instead, they argue that meaning is fluid, context-dependent, and constantly being constructed and deconstructed through language and discourse. Poststructuralism challenges the notion that absolute truths about the world can be definitively discovered, asserting that multiple interpretations of reality are inevitable and shaped by power relations and social contexts. It emphasises the instability of meaning and the importance of analysing how power operates through language and social practices.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Poverty' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Poverty refers to a state of deprivation where individuals or families lack the sufficient financial resources or material possessions to meet their basic needs or maintain a living standard considered customary in their society. This broad category encompasses various forms, most commonly distinguished as absolute poverty and relative poverty. Absolute poverty, also known as subsistence poverty, defines a condition where individuals lack the minimal resources required for basic survival, such as food, shelter, warmth, and safety, often measured by a fixed income threshold. Relative poverty, conversely, defines deprivation in relation to the living standards and average income levels of the majority within a particular society, implying social exclusion and a reduced ability to participate fully in customary activities. The feminisation of poverty highlights the increasing proportion of women among the poor. Poverty is a complex social problem influenced by economic systems, social inequalities, access to resources, and various structural and individual factors, leading to significant social and health consequences.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Power' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Power, in its most fundamental sociological sense, is the ability of an individual or group to exercise their will over others, even in the face of resistance, and to bring about desired outcomes or to prevent undesired ones. Power can manifest in various forms, including political power, economic power, social power, and cultural power, and it can be based on different sources such as authority, force, influence, or control over resources. The study of power is central to sociology, as it underlies social inequalities, shapes social interactions, and drives social change. Sociologists analyse how power is distributed, how it is used and contested, and its impact on individuals, groups, and social structures.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Power_Elite' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Power elite is a term popularised by sociologist C. Wright Mills to describe a relatively small, tightly knit group of individuals who occupy the top positions in the dominant institutions of American society—namely, the military, the industrial (corporate) sector, and the government—and who collectively hold the most power and make key decisions that shape the fate of the United States. According to Mills, these elites share similar backgrounds, interests, and worldviews, and their decisions have far-reaching consequences for the rest of the population, often operating outside of traditional democratic processes and accountability. The theory of the power elite suggests that power in modern industrial societies is concentrated rather than widely dispersed.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Preindustrial_City' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A preindustrial city is characterised by a relatively small population, often consisting of only a few thousand people living within its borders, and a social structure marked by a relatively closed class system with limited opportunities for social mobility. These cities typically have an economy based on agriculture, trade, or small-scale manufacturing, with social status largely determined by ascribed characteristics such as birth, family connections, and land ownership rather than individual achievement. The pace of social and economic change in preindustrial cities is generally slower compared to industrial or post-industrial cities, and social life is often more traditional and community-oriented, with less anonymity and more face-to-face interaction.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Prejudice' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Prejudice refers to the act of holding preconceived ideas or attitudes about an individual or a group of people, which are often based on limited information or stereotypes and are resistant to change even when confronted with new evidence or contradictory information. Prejudice can be either positive, involving favourable preconceived notions, or negative, involving unfavourable ones, but it often leads to biased judgments and unfair treatment of individuals based on their group affiliation rather than their personal characteristics. It is a key component of discrimination and can be rooted in various social factors, including social learning, conformity to group norms, and the need to justify social inequalities.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Prestige' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Prestige in sociology refers to the level of respect, admiration, and social honor that an occupation or social position holds within a society. Different occupations are typically ranked differently in terms of prestige based on factors such as the perceived importance of the work, the level of education or skill required, the income associated with the occupation, and the social status of those who typically hold the position. High-prestige occupations often command more respect and social standing, which can influence individuals\' social interactions, opportunities, and overall position within the social hierarchy. Sociologists often study occupational prestige to understand how societies value different types of work and how these valuations contribute to social stratification.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Prevalence' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Prevalence, in the context of studying disorders, diseases, or social phenomena within a population, refers to the total number of cases (both new and existing) of a specific condition or characteristic that exist in that population at a particular point in time or during a specified period. It provides a snapshot of how widespread a condition is within a population at a given time and is often expressed as a proportion or percentage of the population. Prevalence is influenced by both the rate at which new cases occur (incidence) and the duration of the condition. It is a key measure used in public health and sociology to understand the extent of social or health issues and to plan interventions and resource allocation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Primary_And_Intimate_Group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Primary_And_Intimate_Group represents the most fundamental and emotionally significant social aggregates characterised by face-to-face interaction, emotional intimacy, and strong personal bonds among members. These groups typically involve small numbers of individuals who know each other personally and interact regularly in informal, spontaneous, and deeply meaningful ways. They serve crucial functions in socialisation, emotional support, identity formation, and the transmission of values and norms. The relationships within these groups are often diffuse and multifaceted rather than focused on specific tasks or objectives. These aggregates provide the foundational social experiences that shape individual personality, self-concept, and basic social skills, representing the most immediate and influential social environment for most individuals throughout their lives.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Primary_Group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A primary group is a small social group characterised by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation among its members, fostering close, personal, and often emotional relationships. These groups, such as family members, close friends, or a tightly knit group of peers, are typically characterised by a strong sense of belonging, mutual support, and shared activities and experiences. Interactions within primary groups are often informal, spontaneous, and deeply personal, playing a crucial role in the socialisation process, the development of self-identity, and the provision of emotional well-being for their members.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Primary_Socialisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Primary socialisation is the fundamental process by which children learn the basic cultural norms, values, beliefs, language, and behaviours of the society into which they are born, primarily occurring within the family and close-knit social environments during their early years. Through interaction with primary caregivers and other close family members, children develop their initial sense of self, learn how to communicate, and internalise the foundational norms and expectations of their culture, which are essential for functioning within that society. This stage of socialisation lays the groundwork for future learning and social development.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Production_And_Organisational_Economic_Model' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Production_And_Organisational_Economic_Model represents specific approaches to organizing production processes, manufacturing systems, and economic activities within broader economic frameworks. These realizable entities focus on the operational and organisational aspects of economic production rather than comprehensive societal economic arrangements. They include both traditional production methods and modern industrial approaches that emphasise efficiency, standardisation, and technological advancement. These models demonstrate how societies have developed different strategies for organizing work, managing resources, and coordinating productive activities. They highlight the evolution from simple subsistence-based production to complex industrial and post-industrial systems. Understanding these models is crucial for analysing how technological advancement, organisational innovation, and economic development shape work experiences, productivity, and social relationships within economic systems.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Profane' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The profane, in the sociological study of religion, refers to the ordinary, mundane, and commonplace elements of everyday life that are considered secular and lack special religious significance or sacredness. This concept, contrasted with the sacred, encompasses the routine activities, objects, and experiences that are part of the everyday world and do not inspire the same sense of awe, reverence, or spiritual connection associated with the sacred. The distinction between the sacred and the profane is central to understanding how societies create and maintain religious beliefs and practices, with the sacred often being set apart and treated with special respect.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Professional_Criminal' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A professional criminal is a person who pursues criminal activity as their primary day-to-day occupation and source of income, developing specialised skills, techniques, and a certain level of status and recognition within the criminal underworld. Unlike amateur or occasional offenders, professional criminals often plan their crimes carefully, work in organised groups or networks, and may have a long-term commitment to a life of crime. They often develop a code of conduct and may view their criminal activities as a career, acquiring expertise in specific types of crime such as theft, fraud, drug trafficking, or gambling.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Proletariat' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Proletariat, in the theoretical framework of Karl Marx, refers to the working class in a capitalist society who do not own the means of production (such as factories, land, and capital) and must therefore sell their labor power to the bourgeoisie (the capitalist class who own the means of production) in order to earn a living and survive. According to Marx, the proletariat is exploited by the bourgeoisie, who extract surplus value from their labor in the form of profit, leading to inherent class conflict and the potential for the proletariat to develop class consciousness and ultimately overthrow the capitalist system.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Public_Sphere' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The public sphere is a concept associated with the German sociologist Jürgen Habermas, referring to the arena of public debate and discussion in modern societies where individuals can come together to freely discuss and form opinions about matters of general interest and concern, ideally independent of state control or economic pressures. Habermas envisioned the public sphere as a space for rational-critical discourse, where citizens could exchange ideas, critique power structures, and participate in the formation of public opinion, which could then influence political action and policy-making. This sphere is not necessarily a physical place but rather a discursive space that can exist in various forms, such as through media, public gatherings, and online platforms, where reasoned arguments and open dialogue are central to the process of shaping collective understanding and political will. The ideal of the public sphere emphasises accessibility, inclusivity, and the free exchange of ideas among informed citizens.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Push_And_Pull_Factor' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'In the early study of global migration, push and pull factors were identified as the internal and external forces believed to significantly influence patterns of migration. \'Push factors\' refer to the dynamics and conditions within the country of origin that compel people to leave, such as high rates of unemployment, economic hardship, war or conflict, famine or natural disasters, political persecution, or lack of opportunities. \'Pull factors\' describe the features and characteristics of destination countries that attract migrants, such as a buoyant labor market with available jobs, higher wages, lower population density, a higher standard of living, better educational or healthcare opportunities, political stability, or the presence of established communities of migrants from the same origin country. While this model provides a basic framework for understanding migration decisions, contemporary migration studies recognise that the process is often more complex and influenced by a wider range of interconnected factors, including social networks, government policies, and individual agency.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Qualitative_Research' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Qualitative research is a research approach that primarily relies on data that is not numerical and often involves studying social phenomena in their natural settings or "in the field" rather than in controlled laboratory environments. This type of research seeks to understand the qualities, characteristics, and meanings of social phenomena through methods such as observation, interviews, and the analysis of texts or artifacts. The focus is often on exploring the depth and complexity of experiences, perspectives, and social processes, rather than on quantifying them through statistical data. Qualitative research aims to provide rich, descriptive insights into the social world and the ways in which people interpret and make sense of their experiences.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Qualitative_Research_Approaches_And_Method' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Qualitative_Research_Approaches_And_Method encompasses methodological approaches that prioritise depth, context, and understanding of social phenomena through non-numerical data collection and analysis. These methods emphasise the subjective experiences, meanings, and interpretations that individuals attach to their social world. Biographical and life history approaches focus on individual narratives and personal experiences across time, while ethnographic methods involve immersive fieldwork to understand cultural practices and social dynamics. Documentary research analyses existing texts and materials to uncover social patterns and historical contexts. Dramaturgical approaches examine social interaction through theatrical metaphors, exploring how individuals present themselves and manage impressions in social situations. These methods share a commitment to capturing the richness and complexity of social life, often employing techniques like in-depth interviews, participant observation, and narrative analysis. They provide holistic, contextual understanding of social phenomena that complements quantitative approaches by revealing the underlying meanings and processes that shape human behaviour and social structures.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Qualitative_Research_Method' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Qualitative research methods are those sociological methods that primarily focus on gathering in-depth, detailed, and rich data, often in non-numerical form, with the primary aim of gaining a better understanding of the social phenomena being studied from the perspectives of the individuals or groups involved. These methods often involve exploring the \'why\' and \'how\' of social issues rather than just the \'what\' or \'how many\' that quantitative methods typically address. Common qualitative research methods include in-depth interviews, focus groups, participant observation, ethnography, and the analysis of textual or visual data. The goal of qualitative research is to provide a holistic and contextual understanding of social phenomena, uncovering meanings, patterns, and experiences in a detailed and nuanced way.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Quality_Circle' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A quality circle is a type of industrialised group production or work team, often found in manufacturing or service industries, where workers who are involved in a particular area of work come together regularly to use their collective expertise and knowledge to actively participate in problem-solving, decision-making, and continuous improvement processes related to the quality of products, services, or work processes. These circles typically involve a small group of employees who meet voluntarily and are trained in problem-solving techniques to identify, analyse, and propose solutions to work-related issues, aiming to enhance efficiency, productivity, and the quality of outcomes by leveraging the insights and experiences of those directly involved in the work.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Quantitative_Research_And_Data_Collection_Method' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Quantitative_Research_And_Data_Collection_Method represents systematic approaches to gathering and analysing numerical data to identify patterns, test hypotheses, and make generalizable conclusions about social phenomena. These methods emphasise measurement, statistical analysis, and the ability to quantify relationships between variables across populations. Survey research forms a cornerstone of this category, collecting standardised data from representative samples through questionnaires and interviews. Content analysis provides systematic coding of communication materials, while comparative research enables cross-cultural and cross-national analysis. Secondary analysis leverages existing datasets for new research questions, making efficient use of previously collected information. Victimisation surveys and vital statistics represent specialised data collection approaches for specific social domains. Mixed methods bridge qualitative and quantitative traditions, combining numerical precision with contextual understanding. These approaches prioritise reliability, validity, and replicability, enabling researchers to identify statistical relationships, test causal hypotheses, and produce findings that can inform evidence-based policy decisions and theoretical development in sociology.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Quantitative_Research_Method' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Quantitative research methods are those sociological methods that primarily focus on collecting and analysing social phenomena using numerical data, mathematical models, statistical techniques, and computational methods to measure and quantify social patterns, relationships between variables, and the strength and direction of these relationships. These methods often involve the use of surveys with closed-ended questions, experiments with controlled variables, and the analysis of large datasets to identify trends, test hypotheses, and make generalisations about populations. The goal of quantitative research is often to establish statistical significance, identify causal relationships, and produce findings that can be generalised to a larger population.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Queer_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Queer theory is a critical perspective that emerged in the early 1990s, primarily within sociology, gender studies, and literary theory, arguing that traditional academic disciplines, including sociology, often operate with inherent biases and assumptions that favour heterosexuality (heteronormativity) and binary understandings of sex and gender. Queer theory challenges these heterosexual assumptions that underlie much contemporary thinking about sexuality, gender, and identity, advocating for the foregrounding and validation of non-heterosexual voices, experiences, and perspectives. It questions fixed categories of sexual orientation and gender identity, emphasizing the fluidity, diversity, and social construction of these concepts and seeking to deconstruct normative understandings of sexuality and gender in order to challenge power structures and promote inclusivity.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Questionnaire' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of written questions that a researcher supplies to subjects or respondents, typically in a written or digital format, requesting their responses to gather data on their attitudes, beliefs, behaviours, or characteristics. Questionnaires can include various types of questions, such as multiple-choice, true/false, rating scales, and open-ended questions, depending on the research objectives and the type of information being sought. They are a widely used method in survey research for collecting data from a large number of people in a standardised way, allowing for statistical analysis of the responses. The design of a questionnaire, including the wording, order, and format of questions, is crucial for obtaining accurate and reliable data.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Racial_Group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A racial group is a category of people who are set apart from others within a society primarily because of obvious physical differences that are perceived as socially significant and are used to define group membership and often to justify differential treatment and social hierarchies. These perceived physical differences are not inherently meaningful but become socially significant when a society defines them as such and uses them as a basis for categorizing people and assigning them to different social positions, often leading to inequalities in power, privilege, and status. The concept of racial groups is closely tied to the social construction of race and the social processes of racialisation, where certain physical characteristics are imbued with social meaning and used to create racial categories that have real social consequences.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Racism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Racism is the attribution of characteristics of superiority or inferiority to a population sharing certain physically inherited characteristics, often leading to prejudice, discrimination, and the belief in the inherent superiority of one race over others. It is a complex system of power and ideology that operates at individual, interpersonal, and institutional levels, based on the social construction of racial categories and the belief that these categories are biologically real and associated with distinct traits, abilities, or moral character. Racism can manifest as overt acts of discrimination and hate speech, as well as in more subtle forms of bias embedded in social structures, policies, and practices that perpetuate racial inequalities in areas such as education, employment, housing, and the criminal justice system. It is a pervasive and harmful social phenomenon with deep historical roots and lasting consequences for individuals and societies.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Random_Sample' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A random sample is a subset of individuals or cases selected from a larger population for research purposes, where every member of the entire population has an equal chance of being selected into the sample. This method of sampling aims to create a sample that is representative of the population from which it is drawn, allowing researchers to generalise their findings from the sample to the larger population with a certain degree of confidence. Achieving a truly random sample requires a well-defined population and a method of selection that ensures every member has an equal and independent probability of being included, such as using a random number generator or drawing names from a complete list of the population.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Random_Sampling' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Random sampling is a specific type of sampling method used in research where a sample of participants or cases is chosen from a larger population in such a way that every member of the population has a known and equal probability of being included in the sample. This technique is fundamental to probability sampling and is used to ensure that the sample is as representative as possible of the population from which it is drawn, minimizing sampling bias and allowing researchers to make statistical inferences about the population based on the sample data. Various methods can be used to achieve random sampling, such as simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, and cluster sampling, depending on the characteristics of the population and the research design.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Rationalisation_Of_Society' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Rationalisation of society, a key concept in the work of Max Weber, refers to the historical and ongoing process by which traditional, emotional, or value-based modes of thought and social organisation are increasingly replaced by rational, logical, efficient, and calculable approaches based on scientific knowledge, abstract rules, and bureaucratic procedures as the dominant mode of human thought and social structuring in modern societies. Weber saw this process as a defining characteristic of modernity, influencing various aspects of social life, including the economy, law, politics, and religion, leading to the development of bureaucratic institutions and a focus on efficiency and instrumental reason. While rationalisation has brought about progress in many areas, Weber also warned of its potential negative consequences, such as the "iron cage" of bureaucracy and the loss of meaning and individual freedom.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Rationality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Rationality, in a sociological context, refers to deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient means to accomplish a particular goal or achieve a desired outcome, often involving logical thinking, systematic planning, and the careful consideration of costs and benefits. It emphasises the use of reason and logic to make decisions and solve problems, prioritizing efficiency and effectiveness in achieving specific objectives. Max Weber distinguished between different types of rationality, including instrumental rationality (focused on the efficient pursuit of goals), value rationality (guided by ethical or moral beliefs), traditional rationality (based on customs and habits), and affectual rationality (driven by emotions). The increasing dominance of instrumental rationality is a key aspect of Weber\'s theory of the rationalisation of society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Rationalisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Rationalisation is a concept extensively used by Max Weber to refer to the multifaceted process by which modes of precise calculation, efficiency-oriented organisation, and action based on abstract rules, laws, and procedures increasingly come to dominate the social world, replacing more traditional, emotional, or value-driven forms of social organisation and behaviour. This process is a central theme in Weber\'s analysis of modernity and is closely linked to the rise of bureaucracy, capitalism, and science. Rationalisation involves a shift towards systematic thinking, the application of reason and logic to social life, and an emphasis on predictability and control through formal structures and procedures. While it has led to advancements in technology, efficiency, and administration, Weber also cautioned about the potential negative consequences of rationalisation, such as the disenchantment of the world and the dominance of impersonal bureaucratic structures.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Real_Culture' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Real culture, in contrast to ideal culture, refers to the actual social patterns, behaviours, customs, and practices that people in a society exhibit in their everyday lives, which may often deviate from or only approximate the cultural expectations, norms, and values that are formally espoused or idealised by that society. While ideal culture represents the norms and values that a society publicly endorses and strives for, real culture reflects how people actually behave in practice, which can include inconsistencies, contradictions, and a selective adherence to the ideal norms. The gap between ideal and real culture is a common area of sociological study, highlighting the complexities of social life and the fact that what people say they believe or do may not always align with their actual behaviour.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Reflexivity' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Reflexivity in sociology describes the ongoing connections and mutual influence between social life and the knowledge we gain about it; the very act of studying and understanding society can subsequently affect the way individuals and groups behave within it. For instance, if a survey reveals a high level of public support for a particular political party, this knowledge might lead some individuals to express their own support for that party, either to align with the perceived majority or because the information itself influences their opinion. Similarly, sociological research on the effects of labeling can lead to changes in how institutions approach and treat individuals labeled as deviant, potentially altering the outcomes for those individuals. Reflexivity highlights the dynamic and interactive relationship between social research and the social world it seeks to understand, emphasizing that sociological knowledge is not always neutral or detached but can have real-world consequences on social actions and perceptions.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Refugee' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Refugee are people who have been forced to flee their own country due to well-founded fears of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, or to avoid war, widespread violence, or other circumstances that gravely endanger their lives, safety, or freedom. Unlike economic migrants who choose to move primarily for economic reasons, refugees are compelled to leave their homes and seek protection in another country because it is unsafe for them to remain in their country of origin. They are often recognised and protected under international law, particularly the 1951 Refugee Convention, which outlines their rights and the obligations of host countries to provide them with asylum and protection.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Rehabilitation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Rehabilitation, in the context of criminology and sociology, refers to a planned and systematic program or process aimed at reforming an offender\'s attitudes, behaviours, and skills in order to reduce the likelihood of future offenses and facilitate their reintegration into society as law-abiding citizens. Rehabilitation programs can take various forms, including educational and vocational training, therapy and counseling to address underlying issues contributing to criminal behaviour (such as substance abuse or mental health problems), and restorative justice initiatives that focus on repairing the harm caused by the crime and promoting empathy and accountability. The goal of rehabilitation is to address the root causes of crime and provide offenders with the tools and support they need to lead productive and crime-free lives upon release from correctional facilities or completion of their sentences.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Reincarnation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Reincarnation is a religious or philosophical belief, most often associated with Hinduism and Buddhism, that the soul or spirit of a person, after death, is reborn in another body or form, which could be another human being, an animal, or even a plant, in a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. The specific details and beliefs about reincarnation vary across different religious and philosophical traditions, often involving concepts such as karma, where one\'s actions in past lives influence their future rebirths, and the ultimate goal of liberation from this cycle of reincarnation. While reincarnation is primarily a religious concept, it has sociological relevance in understanding religious beliefs, cultural practices, and worldviews in societies where it is prevalent, influencing how people perceive life, death, and their place in the universe.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Relative_Deprivation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Relative deprivation is the thesis that people\'s subjective feelings of deprivation, discontent, or grievance are not absolute or based on an objective standard of poverty or need, but rather are relative to their assessment of themselves and their situation in comparison with others around them, particularly those they perceive as being more privileged or having more of what they desire. This feeling of being disadvantaged can arise even when one\'s basic needs are met, if one believes they are unfairly lacking in comparison to a relevant reference group or societal standards. The experience of relative deprivation can be a significant factor in social unrest, the formation of social movements, and the expression of social discontent, as people strive to achieve what they perceive as equitable or just in relation to others.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Relative_Poverty' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Relative poverty refers to a floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, whatever their absolute lifestyles or level of material comfort, are judged to be disadvantaged and lacking in comparison with the overall standards and average lifestyle of the nation or society as a whole. This measure of poverty is not based on a fixed threshold of basic needs but rather on the relative economic position of individuals or households within their social context. It acknowledges that what is considered a minimally acceptable standard of living can vary across different societies and change over time, and that poverty is not just about lacking the bare necessities for survival but also about being excluded from the ordinary living patterns, customs, and amenities that are considered customary in the society in which one belongs.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Reliability' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Reliability is the extent to which a measurement instrument, test, or research procedure consistently provides the same or very similar results each time it is used under the same conditions, indicating the stability and dependability of the measurement. A reliable measure is one that is free from significant random error, meaning that the scores or observations obtained are consistent and not due to chance variations in the measurement process. In social science research, reliability is a crucial aspect of the quality of data, as it ensures that the findings are consistent and can be trusted. Different methods are used to assess reliability, such as test-retest reliability (consistency over time), internal consistency (consistency across items within a measure), and inter-rater reliability (consistency across different researchers using the measure).'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Religion' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Religion is a complex and multifaceted social institution that involves a set of beliefs adhered to by the members of a community, typically involving symbols that are regarded with a sense of awe, wonder, or the sacred, along with ritual practices in which members of the community collectively engage to express and reinforce their shared beliefs and values. It often provides a framework for understanding the world, the meaning of life, and the nature of ultimate reality, and can include a moral code, a system of ethics, and a sense of community among believers. Religious beliefs are statements or doctrines to which members of a particular religion adhere, providing a cognitive framework for their faith. Religious experience refers to the subjective feeling or perception of being in direct contact with the ultimate reality, such as a divine being, or of being overcome by intense religious emotion, often considered a powerful and transformative aspect of religious life. Religious rituals are the practices, ceremonies, and behaviours that are required or expected of members of a faith, often performed collectively and imbued with symbolic meaning, serving to reinforce beliefs, create social bonds, and connect individuals to the sacred.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Religious_Belief' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Religious beliefs are the specific statements, doctrines, tenets, and convictions to which members of a particular religion adhere, providing a framework for understanding the nature of the divine, the purpose of life, morality, and the relationship between humanity and the sacred. These beliefs often form the core of a religion\'s teachings and can be found in sacred texts, traditions, and the pronouncements of religious leaders. They offer explanations for fundamental questions about existence, the universe, and humanity\'s place within it, and they often guide the behaviour and practices of believers. Religious beliefs can vary widely between different religions and even within different denominations or sects of the same religion, encompassing a diverse range of ideas about God or gods, the afterlife, the origins of the world, and ethical principles.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Religious_Experience' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Religious experience refers to the subjective feeling, perception, or sense of being in direct contact with what is considered the ultimate reality, the sacred, or a divine being, or of being profoundly overcome by intense religious emotion, awe, or spiritual insight. These experiences are often deeply personal and can range from feelings of peace, joy, and unity to moments of profound revelation, mystical encounters, or a sense of the presence of the transcendent. Religious experiences are considered by many believers to be powerful confirmations of their faith and can play a significant role in shaping their religious lives and practices. The interpretation and significance of religious experiences can vary greatly depending on the individual\'s religious background, cultural context, and personal understanding.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Religious_Organisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Religious_Organisation encompasses collective entities formed around shared spiritual beliefs, religious practices, and faith traditions that provide meaning, community, and moral guidance to their members. These aggregates vary in their relationship to broader society, from established institutions that are well-integrated into mainstream culture to newer movements that may challenge conventional religious practices. They serve multiple functions including spiritual instruction, community support, ritual facilitation, and moral authority within their respective communities. The diversity within this category reflects different approaches to religious organisation, from hierarchical institutional structures to more informal or innovative religious movements. These organisations play crucial roles in transmitting religious traditions, providing social support networks, and offering frameworks for understanding life\'s fundamental questions and moral challenges.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Religious_Ritual' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Religious rituals are the formal practices, ceremonies, and behaviours that are required or expected of members of a particular faith or religious community, often performed in a prescribed manner and at specific times or places. These rituals are imbued with symbolic meaning and serve various functions, such as expressing and reinforcing religious beliefs, connecting individuals and communities to the sacred, commemorating important events or myths, marking life transitions, and fostering social cohesion among believers. Religious rituals can include prayer, worship services, sacraments, pilgrimages, festivals, and other communal acts that help to enact and embody the core tenets and values of a religion.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Replication' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Replication in research is the process of repeating a study or experiment by other researchers, often independently, to determine whether the original findings can be reproduced and are reliable across different settings, samples, or conditions. If a study\'s results can be consistently replicated by other researchers, it increases confidence in the validity and generalizability of the original findings, strengthening the scientific rigor of the research. Failure to replicate findings can raise questions about the original study\'s methodology, potential biases, or the robustness of its conclusions.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Representative_Democracy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Representative democracy is a political system in which decisions affecting a community or society as a whole are not taken directly by its members but rather by a smaller group of people whom they have elected through a process of voting to represent their interests and make decisions on their behalf. This form of democracy is common in large and complex societies where direct participation by all citizens in every decision may be impractical. Elected representatives are typically accountable to their constituents and may be removed from office through regular elections if they fail to represent their interests effectively.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Representative_Sample' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A representative sample is a selection of individuals or cases drawn from a larger population that is statistically found to be typical of that population in terms of key characteristics relevant to the study, such as age, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, or opinions. The goal of obtaining a representative sample is to ensure that the findings from the sample can be generalised with a reasonable degree of accuracy to the entire population from which the sample was drawn, allowing researchers to make broader inferences and conclusions about the population as a whole. Various sampling techniques, including random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling, are used to try to achieve a representative sample.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Research_Design' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A research design is a detailed and systematic plan or method developed by a researcher for obtaining data scientifically to address a specific research question or test a hypothesis. It outlines the overall strategy of the research, including the type of study (e.g., experiment, survey, ethnography, case study), the methods of data collection (e.g., questionnaires, interviews, observations, analysis of existing data), the selection of participants or cases (sampling strategy), and the procedures for data analysis. A well-developed research design is crucial for ensuring that the research is valid, reliable, and capable of answering the research question effectively while minimizing bias and maximizing the rigor of the study.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Research_Design_And_Analytical_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Research_Design_And_Analytical_Process represents systematic approaches to structuring research investigations, testing hypotheses, and developing theoretical understanding from empirical evidence. These processes involve the careful design of research studies to maximise validity and reliability while addressing specific research questions. They include both experimental methods that manipulate variables to establish causal relationships and logical reasoning processes that move from specific observations to general theoretical conclusions. These processes emphasise the importance of systematic thinking, methodological rigor, and theoretical development in social research. They require researchers to consider issues of research design, variable control, and the relationship between empirical evidence and theoretical understanding. These processes are essential for advancing sociological knowledge and ensuring that research findings contribute meaningfully to scientific understanding.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Research_Design_And_Methodological_Principle' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Research_Design_And_Methodological_Principle encompasses the fundamental frameworks, guidelines, and logical structures that underpin rigorous sociological inquiry. This category includes the foundational elements of scientific research design, from hypothesis formulation and operational definition of concepts to the establishment of causal relationships through systematic investigation. The scientific method provides the overarching framework for conducting objective, replicable research, while research principles ensure ethical conduct and methodological rigor. Applied social research connects academic inquiry to practical problem-solving, emphasizing the translation of findings into actionable solutions for social issues. Causal logic and causation represent critical analytical concepts for understanding relationships between variables and establishing explanatory frameworks. These principles guide researchers in developing coherent research strategies, selecting appropriate methods, and maintaining standards of validity and reliability. The category emphasises the importance of systematic planning, logical reasoning, and methodological transparency in producing credible knowledge that can advance sociological theory and inform evidence-based practice in addressing complex social challenges.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Research_Methodology_And_Validity_Quality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Research_Methodology_And_Validity_Quality represents characteristics related to the quality, accuracy, and reliability of social research methods and findings. These qualities include measures of research validity, reliability, objectivity, and the various methodological considerations that ensure the quality and credibility of social research. They encompass both the technical aspects of research design and the philosophical considerations about how social knowledge can be produced and validated. These qualities are crucial for ensuring that social research produces reliable and meaningful findings that can inform our understanding of social phenomena and guide policy and practice.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Research_Method' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Research methods encompass the diverse range of specific techniques, procedures, and tools that are used by researchers in various disciplines, including sociology, to gather empirical (factual) material or data that can be used to investigate social phenomena, test theories, and answer research questions. These methods can be broadly categorised into quantitative methods, which focus on numerical data and statistical analysis (e.g., surveys, experiments), and qualitative methods, which focus on non-numerical data and in-depth understanding (e.g., interviews, observations, content analysis). The choice of research methods depends on the nature of the research question, the goals of the study, and the type of data needed to address the question effectively.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Research_Principle' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Research Principles refer to the fundamental guidelines, ideals, and ethical considerations that underpin the conduct of systematic inquiry in social science. This category encompasses core tenets that ensure the quality, integrity, and trustworthiness of research findings. Key principles include objectivity (striving for impartiality and freedom from bias in data interpretation), value neutrality (Max Weber\'s emphasis on sociologists setting aside personal values during research), reliability (consistency of measurement), validity (accuracy of measurement), and replicability (the ability for other researchers to repeat a study). It also covers ethical considerations such as informed consent, protection of participants\' privacy, and responsible data management. These principles guide researchers in formulating hypotheses, designing studies, collecting and analysing data, and drawing conclusions, ensuring that sociological knowledge is produced through rigorous, transparent, and ethical means. Concepts like the Hawthorne effect (changes in behaviour due to being studied) and the need for applied social research (aiming to solve problems) also fall under this domain, reflecting the practical and methodological considerations in sociological investigation.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Research_Tool' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A research tool is a systematic and well-defined technique or instrument that is specifically designed and employed by researchers to collect, analyse, and interpret data in order to conduct research and answer their research questions in a rigorous and scientific manner. These tools can vary widely depending on the nature of the research, the type of data being sought, and the methodological approach being used, encompassing both quantitative tools like surveys, questionnaires, experiments, and statistical software, as well as qualitative tools such as interview guides, observation protocols, focus group discussion plans, and content analysis frameworks. The selection and appropriate application of research tools are crucial for ensuring the validity, reliability, and overall quality of the research findings.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Research_Validation_And_Quality_Assurance_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Research_Validation_And_Quality_Assurance_Process encompasses methods for ensuring the reliability, validity, and credibility of social research through verification, replication, and examination of research effects. These processes focus on establishing confidence in research findings and identifying potential sources of bias or error that might compromise research quality. They include both systematic replication of studies to test the robustness of findings and investigation of how researcher and contextual factors might influence research outcomes. These processes are crucial for maintaining scientific standards and building cumulative knowledge in sociology. They address fundamental questions about the trustworthiness of research findings and the conditions under which social research can produce reliable knowledge. Understanding these processes is essential for both conducting high-quality research and critically evaluating the research conducted by others.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Residential_Patterns_And_Marriage_Rule' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Residential_Patterns_And_Marriage_Rule encompasses the spatial and social regulatory mechanisms that govern where married couples establish households and whom they may legitimately marry. This class includes post-marital residence patterns (patrilocality, matrilocality, neo-locality) that determine family proximity and support networks, as well as marriage rules that define acceptable and prohibited partners (endogamy, exogamy, incest taboo). These patterns and rules work together to structure social space, maintain group boundaries, prevent genetic problems, and facilitate alliance formation between social groups. The interplay between residential choices and marriage regulations reflects how societies balance competing needs for family support, social integration, genetic health, and group identity while managing potential conflicts and maintaining social cohesion across generations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Resocialisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Resocialisation is a profound process of discarding former behaviour patterns, values, norms, and beliefs that were learned in previous socialisation experiences and accepting new ones as part of a significant transition or change in an individual\'s life circumstances or social roles. This process often occurs when individuals move into a new social environment with drastically different norms and expectations, such as entering a total institution like a prison or a military boot camp, converting to a new religion, or undergoing a major life change like retirement or becoming a parent. Resocialisation can involve both unlearning old behaviours that are no longer appropriate or functional in the new context and internalizing new ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that are required for successful adaptation to the new social environment.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Resource_Mobilisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Resource mobilisation theory (RMT) is a major theoretical perspective in the study of social movements that emphasises the crucial role of resources—such as money, political influence, access to the media, personnel (volunteers and staff), and communication networks—in the emergence, growth, and success of social movements. RMT argues that grievances or social discontent are widespread and are not sufficient on their own to explain the development of social movements; rather, it is the ability of aggrieved groups to mobilise and effectively utilise various types of resources that determines whether a social movement will form and achieve its goals. This theory focuses on the strategic actions of social movement organisations in acquiring, organizing, and deploying resources to challenge existing power structures and bring about social change.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Responses_To_Deviance' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Responses to Deviance constitute a sociological category that examines the various ways in which societies, institutions, and individuals react to behaviours that violate social norms, rules, or laws. This domain explores the mechanisms and consequences of social control, both formal and informal, that aim to discourage deviant acts and maintain social order. It includes formal responses such as the processes and institutions of the criminal justice system (e.g., police, courts, prisons, capital punishment, incarceration) which apply sanctions and aim for rehabilitation or deterrence. Informal responses encompass social approval or disapproval, ridicule, gossip, and social ostracism from family, peers, and community. This category also considers concepts like the degradation ceremony, which can strip individuals of their former identities in total institutions, and stigma, a negative label that devalues members of deviant groups. Understanding these responses is crucial for analysing how societies define, manage, and react to deviance, and their impact on individuals and social structures.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Risk_Society' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Risk society is a concept developed by the German sociologist Ulrich Beck to describe the contemporary condition of society where industrial and technological advancements have created many new types of dangers and risks that were largely unknown in previous ages, characterised by their global scale, potential for catastrophic consequences, and often invisible or uncertain nature. Beck argues that in modern society, the primary risks we face are increasingly manufactured risks, which are not attributable to natural disasters but are the result of human decisions, actions, and technological development, such as the risks associated with global warming, nuclear power, genetically modified organisms, and widespread pollution. These risks often transcend national borders and can have long-term and potentially irreversible impacts, leading to a heightened sense of uncertainty and the need for new forms of social organisation and political action to manage and mitigate these complex and often systemic risks.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Role_Exit' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Role exit is the social process through which an individual disengages from a role that has been central to their self-identity and establishes a new identity associated with a different role. This process often involves a period of adjustment and can be challenging as individuals may experience a sense of loss, uncertainty, or even identity crisis as they relinquish a familiar role and take on a new one. Examples of role exit include retirement from a long-term career, divorce leading to the end of the spouse role, or recovery from a serious illness leading to a change in one\'s identity as a "sick" person. Role exit typically involves stages such as doubt, search for alternatives, the turning point where the decision to leave the role is made, and the creation of a new identity.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Role_Taking' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Role taking is a fundamental social psychological process, particularly emphasised in the symbolic interactionist perspective, that involves mentally assuming the perspective, attitudes, feelings, and expectations of another individual or a group, thereby enabling one to understand how they might think, feel, and respond in a particular situation and to adjust one\'s own behaviour accordingly. This ability to take the role of the other is crucial for effective communication, social interaction, empathy, and the development of a sense of self, as it allows individuals to anticipate others\' reactions and to see themselves from an external viewpoint. George Herbert Mead highlighted the importance of role taking in the development of the self, suggesting that through taking on the roles of significant others and the generalised other, individuals develop a sense of social self and learn to navigate social situations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Routine_Activities_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Routine activities theory is a criminological perspective that suggests criminal victimisation is most likely to occur when there is a convergence in time and space of three minimal elements: a motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of capable guardianship (such as police, security personnel, or even bystanders). This theory focuses on the situational factors that increase the risk of crime rather than on the motivations of offenders or broad social inequalities. A suitable target can be a person or object that is attractive to a potential offender, while capable guardianship refers to any factors that could prevent the crime from happening. The theory posits that changes in routine activities, such as people spending more time away from home or carrying valuable items in public, can influence crime rates by altering the opportunities for offenders to find suitable targets without the presence of guardians.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sacred' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The sacred, in the sociological study of religion, refers to those aspects of life, including objects, places, times, symbols, and beliefs, that inspire attitudes of awe, reverence, respect, and even fear among believers in a given set of religious ideas. The sacred is set apart from the ordinary and mundane aspects of everyday existence, which are considered profane. Émile Durkheim emphasised the fundamental distinction between the sacred and the profane as the basis of religious life, arguing that the sacred represents the collective beliefs and values of a society, fostering social solidarity and a sense of shared identity among members of a religious community. Rituals and ceremonies often revolve around the sacred, reinforcing its significance and the emotional bonds between believers.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sampling' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Sampling is a fundamental research technique used in sociology and other disciplines that involves studying a carefully selected proportion of individuals or cases from a larger population in order to gather data and make inferences or generalisations about the characteristics of that entire population as a whole. The key principle of sampling is to select a subset that is representative of the larger group, meaning that it accurately reflects the diversity and key attributes of the population of interest. Various sampling methods exist, including probability sampling techniques like random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling, which aim to ensure that every member of the population has a known chance of being selected, as well as non-probability sampling techniques like convenience sampling and snowball sampling, which may be used when a representative sample is not feasible or the research goals are exploratory. The quality of a sample is crucial for the validity and generalizability of research findings.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sapir-Whorf_Hypothesis' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, also known as the linguistic relativity hypothesis, is a theory concerning the intricate role of language in shaping cultures and influencing our modes of thought and perception of reality. It posits that the structure of a language affects its speakers\' worldview or cognition, suggesting that the way people perceive and understand the world is, to some extent, determined by the language they speak. The strong version of the hypothesis argues that language completely determines thought, limiting the ways in which speakers can think about the world, while the weaker version suggests that language influences thought and habitual patterns of perception and cognition without being entirely deterministic. This hypothesis has been influential in linguistic anthropology and sociology, highlighting the close relationship between language, culture, and thought, although the extent of linguistic determinism remains a subject of ongoing debate.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Science' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Science is a systematic and logical system of acquiring knowledge about the natural and social world that bases its understanding on direct, systematic observation, empirical evidence, experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses and theories. It is characterised by its commitment to objectivity, empirical verification, and a self-correcting process where new evidence can lead to the revision or rejection of existing knowledge. The scientific method provides a structured approach to conducting research, ensuring rigor and minimizing bias in the pursuit of understanding how the world works. In sociology, science aims to apply these principles to the study of social behaviour, social structures, and social phenomena to develop reliable and valid knowledge about the social world.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Scientific_Method' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The scientific method is a systematic, organised, and rigorous series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem or phenomenon, aiming to develop reliable and valid knowledge. It typically involves several key stages, including identifying a research question or problem, conducting a literature review, formulating a testable hypothesis, designing a research study to test the hypothesis, collecting data through observation, experimentation, or other methods, analysing the data, drawing conclusions based on the evidence, and reporting the findings. The scientific method emphasises empirical evidence, logical reasoning, transparency, and the possibility of replication to ensure the credibility and trustworthiness of research outcomes.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Secondary_Analysis' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Secondary analysis encompasses a variety of research techniques that involve the use of publicly accessible information and data that were originally collected by other researchers or for different purposes, such as government statistics, census data, survey data archives, historical documents, and media content. Researchers conducting secondary analysis analyse these existing datasets to address new research questions, explore different aspects of a topic, or replicate previous studies using different samples or methods. This approach can be cost-effective and time-saving, as the data collection has already been completed, and it allows researchers to study large-scale trends or historical patterns that might be difficult or impossible to investigate through primary data collection. However, researchers must carefully consider the limitations of using secondary data, such as the original purpose of the data collection, the methods used, and the potential for missing or incomplete information.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Secondary_Group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A secondary group is a formal, impersonal, and often temporary group in which there is typically little social intimacy, emotional closeness, or mutual understanding among members, with interactions often being task-oriented and focused on achieving specific goals or objectives. Examples of secondary groups include a workplace project team, a classroom of students, members of a large organisation, or people waiting in line at a store. Relationships in secondary groups are often based on specific roles and statuses rather than personal connections, and the group may dissolve once its purpose is fulfilled. While secondary groups are essential for the functioning of modern complex societies, they generally do not provide the same level of emotional support or personal fulfillment as primary groups.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Secondary_Labour_Market' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The secondary labour market refers to jobs that typically provide minimal benefits to workers, such as low wages, limited job security, few opportunities for advancement, and often poor working conditions. These jobs are often found in the service sector, in temporary or part-time positions, and may require lower levels of skill or education. Workers in the secondary labor market often experience precarious employment, with little control over their work and limited prospects for upward mobility. This segment of the labor market is often contrasted with the primary labor market, which consists of jobs that offer better pay, benefits, stability, and career advancement opportunities. The existence of a dual labor market can contribute to social and economic inequalities within a society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Secondary_Sector' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The secondary sector of the economy is the part that is primarily involved in transforming raw materials, which are typically extracted or produced by the primary sector (such as agriculture, mining, and forestry), into finished or manufactured goods. This sector encompasses a wide range of industries, including manufacturing, construction, and energy production, where raw materials are processed, assembled, and converted into products that are ready for consumption or use by other industries. Examples of activities within the secondary sector include automobile manufacturing, textile production, food processing, building construction, and the generation of electricity. The growth and development of the secondary sector were central to the Industrial Revolution and the rise of industrialised economies, playing a key role in creating jobs, driving economic growth, and producing the goods that underpin modern society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Secondary_Socialisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Secondary Socialisation is the process of learning and internalizing the norms, values, behaviours, and roles that are specific to particular social groups, institutions, or contexts outside of the primary family environment. This stage of socialisation typically occurs during adolescence and adulthood, building upon the foundational learning acquired during primary socialisation. Key agents of secondary socialisation include schools (where individuals learn academic knowledge, punctuality, and conformity to formal rules), peer groups (influencing social behaviours, identity formation, and cultural trends), religious institutions (imparting moral beliefs and practices), and the workplace (socializing individuals into professional roles, organisational culture, and specific job responsibilities). Unlike the intimate and emotionally charged nature of primary socialisation, secondary socialisation often involves more impersonal and instrumental relationships, as individuals learn how to navigate diverse social settings and adopt appropriate behaviours for new roles and statuses in a complex society. It is a continuous process of adaptation and learning throughout the life course.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sect' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A sect is a relatively small religious group that has typically broken away from a larger, more established religious organisation, such as a church or denomination, in an effort to renew what its members perceive as the original vision, doctrines, or practices of the faith, which they believe have become corrupted or diluted in the parent organisation. Sects often emphasise a more strict adherence to religious principles, may have a more exclusive membership, and can be characterised by a greater level of religious fervor and commitment among their followers compared to established churches. They may see themselves as a more authentic or purer form of the religion from which they originated and may have a more critical stance towards the wider society. In sociological terms, sects are often seen as being in a state of tension with the broader society and may evolve over time, potentially becoming more established and eventually forming new denominations.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Secularisation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Secularisation is a complex and multifaceted process of decline in the social and cultural influence of religion in modern societies. While many contemporary societies have become increasingly secular, the extent and nature of secularisation are subjects of ongoing sociological debate and research. Secularisation can be observed and measured in various ways, including a decrease in levels of individual involvement with religious organisations (such as lower rates of church attendance and religious affiliation), a reduction in the social and material influence wielded by religious institutions in areas like politics, education, and social welfare, and a decline in the degree to which people hold traditional religious beliefs and adhere to religious practices in their personal lives. Secularisation does not necessarily mean the complete disappearance of religion, but rather a shift in its role and significance in society and individual lives, often leading to a greater separation between religious and secular spheres of life.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Segregation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Segregation refers to the act and process of physically, socially, or legally separating two or more groups of people, often based on characteristics such as race, ethnicity, religion, gender, or socioeconomic status. While segregation can occur in various forms, it is frequently imposed on a minority group by a dominant group within a society, leading to unequal access to resources, opportunities, and social institutions such as housing, education, healthcare, and employment. Segregation can be enforced through explicit laws and policies (de jure segregation) or through informal social norms and practices (de facto segregation). It often results in social isolation, limited intergroup contact, and the perpetuation of inequalities between the separated groups. The history of segregation in various parts of the world, such as racial segregation in the United States and apartheid in South Africa, demonstrates its profound and lasting negative impacts on marginalised groups and society as a whole.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Self' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'According to the social psychology of George Herbert Mead, the self is not an innate quality but rather emerges and develops through social interaction and communication with others. Mead defined the self as the sum total of an individual\'s conscious perceptions, feelings, and evaluations of their own identity as distinct from others in the social world. This sense of self develops through a process of social interaction that involves taking the role of the other, initially through play and games, and eventually by internalizing the attitudes and expectations of the broader society, which Mead referred to as the "generalised other." The self is thus a social construct, constantly being shaped and reshaped through ongoing interactions and the internal dialogue between the "I" (the spontaneous, acting self) and the "me" (the self as object, reflecting on how others perceive us).'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Self-employment' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Self-employment refers to the situation where an individual earns a living directly from their own business, trade, or profession, without being employed by a large organisation or working for a regular salary or wages from an employer. Self-employed individuals are their own bosses and are responsible for all aspects of their work, including planning, organizing, managing finances, and providing the goods or services they offer. This can include a wide range of occupations, from freelancers and independent contractors to small business owners and entrepreneurs. Self-employment offers autonomy and the potential for greater control over one\'s work life and income, but it also typically involves more risk and responsibility compared to traditional employment.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Self-fulfilling_Prophecy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A self-fulfilling prophecy is a social psychological phenomenon where the tendency of people to respond to and act on the basis of stereotypes, expectations, or predictions about themselves or others ultimately leads to the validation or confirmation of those initially false definitions or beliefs. In other words, a belief or expectation, whether accurate or not, can influence behaviour in such a way that it makes the originally false belief come true. For example, if a teacher believes that certain students are less capable, they may treat those students in a way that inadvertently hinders their learning and confirms the initial low expectations. Similarly, if a person is labeled as deviant, they may begin to act in ways that are consistent with that label due to the way others treat them and their own internalisation of the label.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Self-identity' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Self-identity refers to the ongoing and dynamic process of self-development, self-definition, and the formulation of our personal identity through which we develop a unique sense of who we are as individuals and our relationship to the world and the people around us. It encompasses our sense of self-awareness, our understanding of our own characteristics, values, beliefs, and how we see ourselves in relation to various social categories and groups to which we belong or do not belong. Self-identity is not fixed but is continuously shaped and negotiated through social interactions, personal experiences, and the internalisation of societal norms and expectations throughout the life course. It involves both how we perceive ourselves and how we believe others perceive us, contributing to our sense of individuality and belonging within the social world.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Semi-peripheral_Country' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Semi-peripheral countries, in the context of world-systems theory, occupy an intermediate position in the global economic hierarchy, supplying sources of labor and raw materials to the core industrial countries and the world economy, but not being themselves fully industrialised or dominant in the global market. These countries often have a mix of economic characteristics, with some level of industrialisation and diversification, but they may still be dependent on core countries for capital, technology, and high-value goods. Semi-peripheral countries can experience some degree of economic development and may have the potential to move up to the core or down to the periphery depending on various factors. Examples of semi-peripheral countries might include some nations in Eastern Europe, Latin America, and parts of Asia that are in a transitional stage of economic development.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Semiotics' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Semiotics is the systematic study of symbols and signs and how they are used to create meaning in communication and culture. It explores how signs, which can be words, images, sounds, gestures, or objects, represent something other than themselves and how these representations are interpreted by individuals and within social contexts. Semiotics examines the relationship between signs, the objects or concepts they refer to (referents), and the individuals or groups who interpret them (interpreters). It is a multidisciplinary field that draws from linguistics, philosophy, sociology, and anthropology to understand the complex processes of meaning-making in human communication and cultural systems.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Serial_Monogamy' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Serial monogamy is a form of marriage or intimate relationship pattern in which a person has several spouses or partners throughout their lifetime, but only one spouse or partner at any given time. This involves a sequence of monogamous relationships, where one relationship ends (typically through divorce or death of a partner) before another one begins. Serial monogamy has become an increasingly common pattern in many modern societies, reflecting changing social norms around marriage and relationships, as well as higher rates of divorce and remarriage.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sex' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Sex refers to the biological distinction between females and males, primarily based on differences in their reproductive organs, chromosomes, hormones, and other physical characteristics that are typically assigned at birth. It is generally considered a binary classification in many societies, although biological variations and intersex conditions exist that do not fit neatly into this binary. Sex is often conflated with gender, which is a social construct referring to the roles, behaviours, identities, and expectations that a society ascribes to individuals based on their perceived sex. While sex is rooted in biology, gender is culturally defined and can vary widely across different societies and time periods.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sex_Ratio' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The sex ratio is a demographic indicator that represents the number of males for every hundred females in a given population, providing a measure of the relative balance between the sexes. It is calculated by dividing the total number of males by the total number of females and then multiplying the result by 100. The sex ratio can vary across different age groups, regions, and populations due to factors such as birth rates, mortality rates, migration patterns, and cultural preferences that may influence the sex of offspring or differential survival rates between males and females. The sex ratio at birth is typically around 105 males per 100 females in most human populations. Significant imbalances in the sex ratio can have social and economic consequences, potentially affecting marriage patterns, labor markets, and social stability.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sexual_And_Gender_Disposition_Orientation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Sexual_And_Gender_Disposition_Orientation encompasses the inherent patterns of emotional, romantic, and sexual attraction that constitute fundamental aspects of individual identity and social relationships. This class includes the general framework for understanding these attraction patterns (Sexual_Orientation) and the specific manifestations of attraction toward the same gender (Homosexuality, Lesbianism) or toward multiple genders (Bisexual). These dispositions represent deep-seated tendencies that shape personal identity, relationship formation, and social group membership. They are understood as natural variations in human sexuality rather than choices or preferences, constituting core aspects of who individuals are rather than what they do. The recognition and acceptance of these diverse orientations reflects evolving social understanding of human sexuality and the importance of acknowledging the full spectrum of human romantic and sexual disposition patterns.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sexual_Harassment' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Sexual harassment is a form of discrimination that involves unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favours, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature that explicitly or implicitly affects an individual\'s employment, unreasonably interferes with an individual\'s work performance, or creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment. It can occur in two main forms: quid pro quo harassment, where work benefits or conditions of employment are made contingent on sexual favours, and hostile environment harassment, where unwelcome sexual conduct, such as offensive touching, lewd comments, or the display of pornographic material, is severe or pervasive enough to create a hostile or abusive workplace. Sexual harassment is illegal in many countries and is recognised as a serious form of misconduct that can have significant negative impacts on the victim\'s psychological and professional well-being.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sexual_Orientation' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Sexual orientation refers to an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes, or neither sex. It also encompasses an individual\'s sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviours, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions. Common sexual orientations include heterosexuality (attraction to the opposite sex), homosexuality (attraction to the same sex), bisexuality (attraction to both sexes), and asexuality (lack of sexual attraction to others). Sexual orientation is generally understood to be a fundamental aspect of personal identity and is distinct from gender identity and gender expression.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sexuality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Sexuality is a broad and encompassing term that refers to the sexual characteristics, behaviours, attractions, desires, fantasies, and identities of human beings, as well as the social, cultural, and political aspects related to sex and intimacy. It includes biological sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, sexual practices, and the emotional and social dimensions of sexual relationships. Sexuality is shaped by a complex interplay of biological, psychological, social, cultural, and historical factors and is a fundamental aspect of human experience and identity. The study of sexuality in sociology examines its diverse expressions, its role in social life, and the ways in which it is regulated and understood across different societies and time periods.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Sick_Role' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The sick role is a concept in medical sociology, developed by Talcott Parsons, that describes the societal expectations and norms surrounding the attitudes and behaviour of a person who is viewed as being ill. According to this concept, when individuals are sick, they are generally expected to adopt certain behaviours, such as seeking medical attention, trying to get well, and cooperating with healthcare professionals. In return, they are often granted certain exemptions from normal social responsibilities, such as work or school, and are not held responsible for their condition. However, these exemptions are typically conditional on the individual actively trying to recover and return to their normal social roles. The sick role highlights the social aspects of illness and how society shapes our understanding and responses to being sick.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Single-parent_Family' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Single-parent families are households in which there is only one parent present to care for and raise children, without the presence of the other biological or adoptive parent in the same residence. This family structure can arise due to various circumstances, including divorce, separation, death of a parent, or the choice of an individual to parent alone. Single-parent families can face unique challenges, often related to financial strain, time constraints, and the emotional demands of raising children without a co-parent in the home. Sociological studies of single-parent families examine their prevalence, the social and economic factors that contribute to their formation, and their impact on the well-being and development of both parents and children, often highlighting the resilience and diverse experiences within these family structures.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Small_Group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A small group in sociology is typically defined as a group of individuals that is small enough in size for all members to interact simultaneously with one another, meaning they can engage in direct face-to-face communication, such as talking with one another or at least being personally acquainted. The size of a small group can vary, but it is usually considered to be a number where direct interaction and mutual awareness are feasible, often ranging from a dyad (two people) to a group of around 15-20 members. Small groups are characterised by closer relationships, more intimate interactions, and a greater sense of personal connection and mutual influence among members compared to larger, more formal groups. They play a crucial role in social life, providing a context for primary relationships, socialisation, and the development of social norms and identities.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Snowball_Sampling' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Snowball sampling is a non-probability sampling method used by researchers to gather a sample for research studies, particularly when the population of interest is difficult to reach or identify, such as in studies of marginalised groups or hidden populations. In this method, researchers begin by identifying a small number of individuals who meet the study criteria and who are willing to participate. These initial participants are then asked to recruit acquaintances, friends, or other individuals from their own social networks who also fit the study\'s criteria, and this process continues, with each new participant potentially leading to more participants, much like a snowball rolling down a hill and gathering more snow. While snowball sampling can be effective in reaching hard-to-find populations, it may not result in a sample that is representative of the entire population, as participants are recruited through existing social networks, which may introduce certain biases.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_And_Cultural_Identity_Quality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_And_Cultural_Identity_Quality encompasses attributes related to cultural background, social group membership, and identity formation that shape individual and collective social experience. These qualities include aspects of gender identity, sexual orientation, personality characteristics, and cultural diversity that influence how individuals understand themselves and relate to others. They represent both personal identity attributes and broader social characteristics that contribute to cultural richness and social complexity. These qualities are often central to discussions of diversity, inclusion, and social justice, as they can be the basis for both social solidarity and discrimination. Understanding these qualities is crucial for analysing identity politics, cultural dynamics, and the construction of social difference.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_And_Political_Consciousness_Quality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_And_Political_Consciousness_Quality represents characteristics related to awareness of social position, political understanding, and collective consciousness that influence social and political action. These qualities include various forms of social and political awareness that can lead to collective action, social change, and political mobilisation. They encompass both accurate and distorted forms of social consciousness and highlight the role of ideas and awareness in shaping social and political behaviour. These qualities are crucial for understanding how social movements emerge, how political change occurs, and how social actors develop understanding of their interests and possibilities for action.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Change' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social change refers to significant alterations over time in the behaviour patterns, social structures, cultural norms, values, and beliefs of a society or a significant part of it. This can occur at various levels, from micro-level changes in individual behaviours and interactions to macro-level transformations in institutions and global systems. Social change can be driven by a multitude of factors, including technological innovations, economic shifts, demographic changes, social movements, cultural diffusion, and political events. It is a continuous and dynamic process that shapes the evolution of societies and can have both positive and negative consequences for different groups within a society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Class' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social Class is a fundamental concept within social stratification, referring to a large group of people who share a similar economic position in society, primarily based on their relationship to the means of production, income, wealth, and occupation. While specific definitions vary, major sociological class distinctions often include the upper class (those with inherited wealth or control of large businesses), the middle class (professionals, managers, small business owners), the working class (manual or blue-collar laborers), and the underclass (those experiencing chronic poverty and marginalisation). Social class influences an individual\'s life chances, affecting their access to education, healthcare, housing, and opportunities for social mobility. Marxist theory emphasises class consciousness and the inherent conflict between the bourgeoisie (capitalist class) and the proletariat (working class) over the means of production. Understanding social class is crucial for analysing structured inequalities, economic exploitation, and the distribution of power and resources within a society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Cognitive_And_Behavioural_Disposition' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Cognitive_And_Behavioural_Disposition encompasses the inherent tendencies and capacities that shape how individuals and groups perceive, interpret, and respond to social situations and cultural differences. This class includes cognitive dispositions such as the tendency to view one\'s own culture as superior (Ethnocentrism), the capacity for systematic calculation and goal achievement (Rationality), and the ability to connect personal experiences with broader social patterns (Sociological_Imagination). It encompasses behavioural tendencies toward emotional support and group harmony (Expressiveness) versus task-oriented external focus (Instrumentality), and the capacity for multilingual communication (Bilingualism). The class also includes structural dispositions such as market control tendencies (Monopoly), migration-influencing factors (Push_And_Pull_Factor), and resistance to change based on established interests (Vested_Interest), as well as opportunities shaped by social position (Life_Chance). These dispositions collectively represent the diverse ways social actors are oriented toward their social environment.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Cohesion' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social Cohesion refers to the degree of solidarity, unity, and sense of belonging that exists among individuals and groups within a society, reflecting the bonds that tie people together and enable them to live and work together effectively. It is characterised by shared values, common norms, mutual trust, and a willingness to cooperate for the collective good. Émile Durkheim identified two types of social cohesion: mechanical solidarity, found in traditional societies based on homogeneity and shared morality, and organic solidarity, prevalent in modern, complex societies based on interdependence and specialisation. High levels of social cohesion contribute to social stability, order, and collective well-being, fostering a sense of community and mutual support. Conversely, a lack of social cohesion can lead to social disorganisation, conflict, and a sense of anomie or normlessness among individuals.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Cohesion_And_Integration_Quality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Cohesion_And_Integration_Quality represents characteristics that describe the bonds, solidarity, and unity that hold societies and social groups together. These qualities include different forms of social solidarity, collective consciousness, and the mechanisms through which societies maintain integration and stability. They encompass both traditional forms of solidarity based on similarity and modern forms based on interdependence and specialisation. These qualities are central to understanding how societies maintain social order, manage conflict, and create shared identity and purpose among their members. They highlight the importance of social bonds and collective commitment for the functioning and stability of social systems.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Conflict_And_Inequality_Theory' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Conflict_And_Inequality_Theory represent perspectives that emphasise tensions, power struggles, and systematic inequalities as fundamental features of social organisation. These theories reject harmonious views of society, instead highlighting how competing groups struggle over scarce resources, power, and status. Marxist and exploitation theories focus specifically on class-based conflicts within capitalist systems, examining how economic structures create and perpetuate inequality. Conflict perspectives extend beyond class to include racial, ethnic, gender, and other forms of social stratification. Contact hypothesis addresses intergroup relations and prejudice reduction, while new urban sociology examines how global forces create spatial inequalities in cities. These theories share the assumption that social change occurs through struggle and conflict rather than gradual adaptation, viewing inequality and competition as driving forces in social development. They emphasise how dominant groups maintain power and how subordinated groups challenge existing hierarchies.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Consciousness_And_Theoretical_Quality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Consciousness_And_Theoretical_Quality encompasses characteristics related to social awareness, theoretical understanding, and the various forms of consciousness that shape social life and social change. These qualities include both individual and collective forms of social awareness, theoretical concepts that explain social phenomena, and the various ways that social actors understand and interpret their social world. They represent the cognitive and interpretive dimensions of social life that influence how people understand their social position, relationships, and possibilities for action. These qualities are central to understanding social change, political mobilisation, and the role of ideas and consciousness in shaping social reality.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Constructionist_Perspective' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'The social constructionist perspective is a sociological approach to understanding various social phenomena, including deviance, that emphasises the role of culture, social interaction, and shared meanings in the creation and definition of social reality. In the context of deviance, this perspective argues that what is considered deviant is not inherent in a particular behaviour itself but rather is socially defined and labeled as such by particular groups or societies based on cultural norms, values, and power dynamics. The social construction of deviance involves processes through which certain behaviours come to be defined as unacceptable or abnormal, and individuals who engage in these behaviours are labeled as deviant, often with significant social consequences for their identity and life chances. This perspective highlights the relativity of deviance across different cultures and time periods.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Control' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social control refers to the diverse techniques, mechanisms, and strategies that are used by individuals, groups, institutions, and societies to prevent or regulate deviant human behaviour and to ensure conformity to established norms, rules, and laws. Social control can be informal, operating through everyday social interactions and the use of social sanctions such as disapproval, ridicule, or ostracism within families, peer groups, and communities. It can also be formal, involving the use of laws, regulations, and the authority of institutions like the police, courts, and correctional systems to enforce norms and punish deviance. The goal of social control is to maintain social order, stability, and cohesion within a society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Control_And_Regulatory_Mechanism' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Control_And_Regulatory_Mechanism encompasses the systematic processes, institutions, and practices through which societies maintain order, enforce norms, and regulate behaviour to ensure conformity with established rules and expectations. This category represents the coercive and normative apparatus that societies develop to prevent deviance, punish violations, and maintain social stability. These mechanisms operate as realizable entities that can be activated when norm violations occur, representing the potential for societies to respond to threats to social order through both formal institutional responses and informal social sanctions. The category includes both the legal framework that provides formal rules and procedures for addressing deviance, as well as broader social control processes that operate through everyday interactions and community responses. These mechanisms demonstrate how societies balance individual autonomy with collective order, establishing boundaries of acceptable behaviour and consequences for transgression. The regulatory dimension captures how these control mechanisms not only punish deviance but also serve preventive functions by establishing clear expectations and demonstrating the consequences of norm violation to the broader community.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Control_And_Response_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Control_And_Response_Process encompasses systematic societal mechanisms for maintaining order, addressing norm violations, and managing social conflicts through various forms of intervention, punishment, and exclusion. These processes represent how societies respond to deviance and attempt to maintain social cohesion through both formal and informal control mechanisms. Capital punishment represents the most extreme form of state-sanctioned social control. Rehabilitation focuses on transformative interventions aimed at reintegrating offenders into society. Discrimination and segregation involve systematic exclusion and differential treatment based on group characteristics. Sexual harassment represents processes of gender-based social control and victimisation. Hate crimes involve targeted violence based on group identity. Social exclusion encompasses broader patterns of marginalisation and systematic denial of participation in social life. Strikes represent organised collective action challenging economic power structures. Victimisation processes highlight the experiences and impacts of being targeted by various forms of harm. These processes demonstrate the complex interplay between social control, resistance, and the ongoing negotiation of power relations within society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Deviance_And_Norm_Violation_Process' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Deviance_And_Norm_Violation_Process represents behaviours and activities that challenge, violate, or exist outside established social norms, moral codes, and cultural expectations, regardless of their legal status. These processes demonstrate how societies define boundaries between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour and how individuals and groups navigate these boundaries. Deviance serves as the overarching concept for understanding norm violation and social boundary maintenance. Victimless crimes represent activities where willing participants engage in legally prohibited behaviours without clear harm to others. The underground economy encompasses economic activities that operate outside formal regulatory frameworks. Collective behaviour involves spontaneous group actions that deviate from routine social patterns and institutional procedures. These processes highlight the socially constructed nature of normalcy and deviance, showing how cultural context, power relations, and social change influence what behaviours are considered acceptable or problematic within different social groups and historical periods.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Epidemiology' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social epidemiology is a subfield within epidemiology and sociology that focuses on the study of the social determinants of health, examining the distribution of disease, impairment, and general health status across a population and identifying the social factors, such as socioeconomic status, race, ethnicity, gender, social networks, and neighborhood conditions, that influence health outcomes and contribute to health inequalities within and between populations. Social epidemiologists investigate how these social factors affect the risk, incidence, prevalence, and progression of diseases, as well as overall well-being, aiming to understand the underlying social mechanisms that shape health and to inform public health policies and interventions that can reduce health disparities and promote health equity.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Evolution' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social evolution is a theoretical perspective that was initially popular among nineteenth-century sociological scholars who sought to apply the principles of evolutionary theory from biology to the study of the long-term development and progression of human societies over time. These early social evolutionists often posited that societies develop through a series of fixed stages, moving from simpler, more primitive forms to more complex, advanced, and civilised states, drawing analogies to the biological evolution of species. While this unilinear view of social evolution, suggesting a single path of development for all societies, has largely been discredited in contemporary sociology due to its ethnocentric biases and lack of empirical support, the broader concept of social evolution still informs the study of long-term social change and the ways in which societies adapt and transform over extended periods in response to various factors such as technological innovation, environmental pressures, and intergroup interactions. Modern sociological approaches to social change recognise the multilinear nature of societal development, acknowledging that different societies can follow diverse paths and experience change in various ways, not necessarily leading to a single predetermined endpoint.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Exclusion' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social exclusion is a complex and multidimensional process and outcome where individuals or groups are prevented from fully participating in the economic, social, political, and cultural life of the society in which they are located due to a combination of multiple and often intersecting deprivations. These deprivations can include lack of adequate income and resources, limited access to employment, education, healthcare, housing, and social support networks, as well as experiences of discrimination, marginalisation, and a lack of voice or power in decision-making processes that affect their lives. Social exclusion can lead to feelings of isolation, alienation, and a diminished sense of belonging, hindering individuals\' ability to exercise their rights, fulfill their potential, and participate as full and valued members of society. Addressing social exclusion requires tackling the various interconnected factors that contribute to it through inclusive policies and practices that promote equal opportunities and social integration for all members of society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Experience_And_Condition_Quality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Experience_And_Condition_Quality encompasses characteristics that describe the subjective experiences and social conditions that shape individual and collective social life. These qualities include various forms of social alienation, anomie, and other conditions that affect social well-being and integration. They represent both positive and negative aspects of social experience and highlight the psychological and social dimensions of life in modern society. These qualities are important for understanding the human costs and benefits of different forms of social organisation and the various challenges that individuals face in navigating complex social environments.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Fact' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social facts, according to the foundational sociologist Émile Durkheim, are the aspects of social life—such as norms, values, beliefs, institutions, and social structures—that exist external to individuals and yet shape our actions, thoughts, and feelings as individuals, exerting a coercive influence over us. Durkheim argued that these social facts have an objective reality and are not simply the product of individual psychology or biology, and therefore, they could and should be studied scientifically, using empirical observation and analysis to uncover the patterns and laws that govern social life. Examples of social facts include the institution of marriage, the education system, religious beliefs, and legal codes, which exist independently of any single individual but influence how people behave and organise their lives within a society. Durkheim emphasised the importance of studying social facts to understand the nature of society and the forces that maintain social order and cohesion.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Function' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social function refers to the consequences or effects of any social pattern, institution, behaviour, or social activity for the overall operation, stability, and maintenance of a society or a social system. In functionalist sociology, the focus is on understanding how different parts of society contribute to the whole and help to meet the needs of the social system. Social functions can be manifest, meaning they are the recognised and intended consequences of a social pattern, or latent, meaning they are the unintended and often unrecognised consequences. For example, the manifest function of education is to transmit knowledge and skills, while a latent function might be the development of social networks among students. Analysing the social functions of various aspects of society helps sociologists understand how societies are structured and how they maintain themselves over time.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'A social group is defined as a collection of two or more individuals who interact with one another in systematic and patterned ways on a regular or recurring basis, share common norms, values, and expectations, and develop a sense of collective identity or belonging. Groups can vary in size, from small, intimate primary groups like families and close friends, to larger, more formal secondary groups like workplaces or voluntary organisations, and even larger social categories like ethnic groups or social classes. The interaction within social groups is characterised by shared understandings, reciprocal influence, and a sense of "we-ness" that distinguishes members from non-members. Social groups are fundamental to social life, providing individuals with social support, a sense of identity, and a context for learning and enacting social roles and behaviours.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Groups_And_Collective' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Groups_And_Collective encompasses the fundamental building blocks of social organisation that emerge from regular patterns of human interaction, shared identity, and mutual recognition among members. These object aggregates represent various scales and types of social association, from intimate personal relationships to large-scale social categories, each characterised by distinct patterns of interaction, solidarity, and group consciousness. They include both primary groups that provide emotional support and identity formation, and secondary groups that serve more instrumental purposes. The diversity within this domain reflects the multiple ways humans organise themselves socially, create boundaries between "us" and "them," and develop collective identities that transcend individual characteristics. These aggregates are essential for understanding how social structure emerges from individual action and how social identity and belonging are constructed and maintained.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Identity_And_Category_Group' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Identity_And_Category_Group encompasses collective entities defined by shared characteristics, social positions, or cultural attributes that create group consciousness and social identity among members. These aggregates are often based on ascribed characteristics or shared experiences that become socially significant through processes of social construction and group formation. Members may not interact directly but share common experiences, challenges, or social positions that create a sense of group belonging and shared fate. These groups play crucial roles in social stratification, identity formation, and political mobilisation, often serving as the basis for social movements and political action. The boundaries and significance of these groups are socially constructed and can change over time, reflecting broader social and political dynamics within society.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Identity_And_Personal_Quality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Identity_And_Personal_Quality encompasses the fundamental characteristics and attributes that define individual and collective identity within social contexts. These qualities represent both ascribed characteristics determined by birth or social assignment and achieved attributes developed through social interaction and personal development. They include demographic characteristics, psychological attributes, and social positions that shape how individuals and groups are perceived and how they perceive themselves within society. These qualities form the foundation for social categorisation, group membership, and the construction of social identity, influencing patterns of interaction, opportunity, and social organisation. Understanding these qualities is essential for analysing social stratification, identity formation, and the dynamics of inclusion and exclusion in social systems.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Inequality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social inequality refers to a condition within a society in which its members have significantly different amounts of wealth, income, prestige, power, or other valued resources and opportunities. This unequal distribution can be based on various social categories such as social class, race, ethnicity, gender, age, sexual orientation, and disability, often resulting in hierarchical arrangements where some groups have more access to resources and privileges than others. Social inequality is a fundamental topic of study in sociology, with researchers examining its causes, consequences, and the ways in which it is maintained and challenged over time. It can manifest in various forms, including economic disparities, differences in social status and respect, and unequal access to political influence and decision-making power.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Inequality_And_Stratification_Quality' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social_Inequality_And_Stratification_Quality encompasses the characteristics and attributes that reflect and constitute systems of social hierarchy, privilege, and disadvantage within society. These qualities represent both the manifestations of inequality and the mechanisms through which social stratification is maintained and reproduced. They include economic conditions, social status markers, and experiences of discrimination and disadvantage that create and sustain hierarchical social arrangements. These qualities are central to understanding how societies organise themselves into different social strata and how individuals and groups experience differential access to resources, opportunities, and social rewards. They highlight the multidimensional nature of social inequality and the various ways in which advantage and disadvantage are distributed across social categories.'
       ) ;
INSERT INTO  CLASS_ANNOTATIONS (class_IRI, annotation_type_IRI, language, annotation)
VALUES ('Social_Institution' ,
        'skos:definition' ,
        'en' ,
        'Social Institutions represent complex, enduring, and organised sets of norms, values, statuses, roles, and groups that are established and accepted as fundamental components of a society\'s structure, primarily organised to meet basic human needs and perform essential societal functions. These major spheres of social life, such as the family, education, religion, government, and the economy, provide a framework for social interaction, guide individual and group behaviour, and contribute to the overall stability and continuity of society. Each institution has its own specific purposes, functions, and established ways of operating, and they are interconnected, influencing and being influenced by one another. Sociologists study social institutions to understand how they are structured, how they function, and how they evolve over time, as well as their impact on individuals and the perpetuation of social inequalities within a society.'
       ) ;
