Job insecurity refers to a sense of apprehension, worry, or anxiety experienced by employees about both the stability of their current work position and their future role within the workplace or the broader labor market. This feeling can arise from various factors, such as economic downturns, company restructuring, technological changes leading to automation, globalisation and outsourcing of jobs, or changes in employment contracts and labor laws that reduce job security. High levels of job insecurity can have negative consequences for employees' mental and physical health, job satisfaction, productivity, and overall well-being, as well as impacting their families and communities. It can also affect organisational outcomes, leading to decreased employee loyalty and motivation.