Fundamentalism is a belief in returning to the literal, strict, and inerrant meanings of scriptural texts or the foundational doctrines of a religion, often accompanied by a strong emphasis on traditional values and practices. Fundamentalism may arise as a reaction or response to modernisation, secularisation, and rationalisation, which are perceived as threats to religious beliefs and traditional ways of life. It often involves a rejection of more liberal or interpretive approaches to religious texts and a strong insistence on faith-based answers to contemporary issues, defending tradition by appealing to what are considered to be the unchanging and absolute truths found in religious scriptures. Fundamentalist movements can be found across various religions and may manifest in different ways, including social activism, political engagement, and the establishment of separate communities adhering strictly to their religious principles.