An industrial city is a type of urban center characterised by its relatively large size and population density, a dynamic and often competitive environment, a more open class system compared to pre-industrial societies, and a significant level of elaborate specialisation in the manufacturing of goods and the provision of related services. These cities emerged and grew rapidly during the Industrial Revolution, becoming centers of production, innovation, and migration, attracting large numbers of people seeking employment in factories and related industries. The social structure of industrial cities often reflects a greater degree of social mobility based on achieved status compared to more traditional, agrarian-based societies. However, they can also be characterised by social inequalities and challenges associated with rapid urbanisation, such as overcrowding, pollution, and the development of distinct social and economic neighborhoods.